Oxygen and the evolution of life

Oxygen and the Evolution of Life

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-172

  Decker, Heinz ^a   Van Holde, Kensal E ^b  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920184287     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13179-0     Document Type: Book

References (309)

1. Elstner EF (1990) Der Sauerstoff: Biochemie, Biologie, Medizine. BI-Wiss-Verl, Mannheim, 3-411-14001-1.
2. Frank HS, Wen WY (1957) Structural aspects of ion-solvent interaction in aqueous solutions: A suggested picture of water structure. Discuss Faraday Soc 24:133-140.
3. Hellmann N, Raithel K, Decker H (2003) A potential role for water in the modulation of oxygenbinding by tarantula hemocyanin. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 136:725-734.
4. Houghton J (1997) Global warming: The complete briefing, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Mathews CK, van Holde KE, Ahern K (2000) Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley-Longman, San Francisco, CA.
6. Müller G, Fago A, Weber RE (2003) Water regulates oxygen binding in hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) hemoglobin. J Exp Biol 206:1389-1395.
7. Nemethy G, Scheraga HA (1962) Structure of water and hydrophobic bonding in proteins. 1. A model for the thermodynamic properties of liquid water. J Chem Phys 36:3382-3401.
8. Sies H, Stahl W (1995) Antioxidant functions of vitamins E and C, beta-carotene and other carotenoids. Am J Clin Nutr 62:1315S-1321S.
9. Tinoco F, Sauer K, Wang IC (2002) Physical chemistry, chapter 9, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Uppersaddle, NJ.
10. Allday J (1999) Quarks, leptons, and the big bang, 2nd edn. Institute of Physics, Bristol, UK.
11. Canfield DE (2005) The early history of atmospheric oxygen. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 83:1-36.
12. Chyba CF, Sagan C (1997) Comets as a source of prebiotic organic molecules for the Early Earth. In: Thomas PJ, Chyba CF, Mc Kay CP (eds) Comets and the origin and evolution of life. Springer, Berlin, p 147.
13. Delsemme AH (1992) Cometary origin of carbon, nitrogen and water on the Earth. Orig Life Evol Biosph 21:279-298.
14. Fedo VM, Whitehouse M, Kamber B (2006) Geological constrains on detecting the earliest life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:851-867.
15. Frausto da Silva FIJR, Williams RSP (2001) The biological chemistry of the elements, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
16. Gutzman I, Benkes NI (1998) Earliest laterites and possible evidence for terrestrial vegetation in the early Proterozoic. Geology 26:263-266.
17. Heuseler H, Jaumann R, Neukum G (2000) Zwischen Sonne und Pluto. BLV, München.
18. Holland AD (2006) The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:903-915.
19. Hunten PH (1993) Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets. Science 254:915-919.
20. Joyce GF (1989) RNA evolution and the origins of life. Nature 338:217-244.
21. Kasting JF, Howard MZ (2006) Atmospheric composition and climate on the Early Earth. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1733-1742.
22. Kopp RE, Kirshvink IL, Hillburn IA, Cody Z (2005) The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by evolution of oxygenic photosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11131-11136.
23. Lambert IB, Donnelly TH (1991) Atmospheric oxygen levels in the Precambrian: A review of isotopic and geological evidence. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 97:83-91.
24. Martin A, Line MA (2002) The enigma of the origin of life and its timing. Microbiology 148: 21-27.
25. Mathews C, van Holde KE, Ahem K (2000) Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley-Longman, Reading, MA.
26. Müller J, Lesch H (2005) Vom Urknall zum roten Riesen - die Entstehung der. chemischen Elemente. Chem unserer Zeit 39:100-105.
27. Münker C, Pfänder J, Weyer S, Büchl A, Kleine T, Mezger K (2003) Evolution of planetary cores and the Earth - Moon system from Nb/Ta systematics. Science 301:84-87.
28. O'Neil J, Carlson RW, Francis D, Stevenson RK (2008) Neodymium-142 evidence for Hadean Mafic crust. Science 321:1828-1831.
29. Orgel LE (2004) Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39:99-123.
30. 2 greenhouse to compensate for reduced solar luminosity on early Earth. Nature 277:640-642.
31. Press F, Siefer R (1995) Allgemeine Geologie. Spektrum-Verlag, Heidelberg.
32. Quenzel H (1987) Die Entwicklung der Erdatmosphäre. In: Wilhelm F (Hrsg) Gang der Evolution. Beck Verlag, München.
33. Rauchfuss H (2005) Chemische Evolution und der Ursprung des Lebens. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 10-3-540-23965-0.
34. Robert F (2001) The origin of water on Earth. Science 293:1056-1058.
35. Rye R, Holland HD (1998) Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: A critical review. Am J Sci 298:621-672.
36. Sagan C, Mullen G (1972) Earth and Mars: evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 177:52-56.
37. Schneider R, Ferrara A, Salvaterra R, Omukai K, Bromm V (2003) Low-mass relics of early star formation. Nature 422:869-871.
38. Schopf JW (2006) Fossil evidence of archean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:869-885.
39. Seki K, Elphic RC, Hirahara M, Terasawa T, Mukai T (2001) On atmospheric loss of oxygen ions from Earth through magnetospheric processes. Science 291:1939-1941.
40. Thomas-Keprta KL, Clemett SJ, Bazylinski DA, Kirschvink JL, McKay DS, Wentworth SJ, Vali H, Gibson EK, Jr RCS (2002) Magnetofossils from ancient Mars: A robust biosignature in the martian meteorite ALH84001. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3663-3672.
41. Tice MM, Lowe DR (2004) Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3, 416-Myr-old ocean. Nature 431:549-552.
42. Truran IW, Heger A (2004) Origin of the elements. In: Davis AM (volume ed) Treatise in geochemistry, vol I. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
43. van Holde KE (1980) The origin of life: A thermodynamic critique. In: Halvorson HO, van Holde KE (eds) The origins of life and evolution. Alan Liss, New York.
44. Wacey D (2009) Early life on Earth: A practical guide. Springer, New York.
45. Weigert A, Wendker JH, Wisotzki L (1996) Astronomie und Astrophysik, 4 Aufl. VCH, Weinheim.
46. Wetherhill G (1981) Spektrum der Wissenschaften August:107.
47. Wills C, Bada J (2000) The spark of life. Perseus, Cambridge, MA.
48. Yoshida N, Omukai K, Hernquist L (2008) Protostar formation in the early universe. Science 321:669-671.
49. Bodaness RS, Chan PC (1977) Singlet oxygen as a mediator in the hematoporphyrin-catalyzed photooxidation of NADPH to NADP in deuterium oxide. J Biol Chem 252:8554-8560.
50. Bogdan C (2007) Oxidative burst without phagocytes: The role of respiratory proteins. Nat Immunol 8:1029-31.
51. Castresana J, Saraste M (1995) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8578586?ordinalpos1/42& itool1/4EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed-ResultsPanel.Pubmed-RVDoc SumEvolution of energetic metabolism: The respiration-early hypothesis. Trends Biochem Sci 20:443-448.
52. Claus H (2008) Laccases and their occurrence in prokaryotes. Arch Microbiol 179:145-150.
53. Claus H (2009) Laccase, Wiley encyclopedia of industrial biotechnology. Wiley, New York.
54. Claus H, Decker H (2006) Bacterial Tyrosinases. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 29:3-14.
55. Crack JC, Jervis AJ, Gaskell AA, White GF, Green J, Thomson AJ, Le Brun NE (2008) Signal perception by FNR: The role of the iron-sulfur cluster. Biochem Soc Trans 36:1144-1148.
56. Decker H, Schweikardt T, Tuczek F (2006) The first crystal structure of tyrosinase: All questions answered? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 45:4546-4550.
57. Forni LG, Willson RL (1986) Thiyl and phenoxyl free radicals and NADH. Direct observation of one-electron oxidation. Biochem J 240:897-903.
58. Fridovich I (1981) The biology of superoxide and of superoxide dismutases - in brief. Prog Clin Biol Res 51:153-172.
59. Fridovich I (1995) Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Annu Rev Biochem 64:97-112.
60. -) superoxide dismutases and related matter. J Biol Chem 272:18515-18517.
61. Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408:239-247.
62. Green J, Crack JC, Thomson AJ, LeBrun NE (2009) Bacterial sensors of oxygen. Curr Opin Microbiol 12:145-151.
63. Hancock JT, Desikan R, Neill SJ (2001) Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signalling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans Part 29(2):345-350.
64. Hashida K, Sasaki K, Makino N (2000) Interactions of nitric oxide and oxygen in cytotoxicity: Proliferation and antioxidant enzyme activities of endothelial cells in culture. Free Radic Res 33:147-156.
65. Hamanaka RB, Chandel NS (2010) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes. Trends Biochem Sci 35:505-513.
66. Herrera E, Barbas C (2001) Vitamin E: Action, metabolism and perspectives. J Physiol Biochem 57:43-56.
67. Jiang N, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL (2007) Respiratory protein-generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy. Nat Immunol 8:1114-1122.
68. Kasting JF (1991) Box models for the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: An update. Glob Planet Change 97:125-131.
69. Krieger-Liszkay A (2005) Singlet oxygen production in photosynthesis. J Exp Bot 56:337-346.
70. Lane N (2002) Oxygen: The molecule that made the world. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-860783-0.
71. Ma M, Eaton IW (1992) Multicellular oxidant defense in unicellular organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7924-7928.
72. Matoba Y, Kumagai T, Yamamoto A, Yoshitsu H, Sugiyama M (2006) Crystallographic evidence that the dinuclear copper center of tyrosinase is flexible during catalysis. J Biol Chem 281:8981-8990.
73. Oetting WS, Fryer JP, Shriram S, King RA (2003) Oculocutaneous albinism type 1: The last 100 years. Pigment Cell Res 16:307-311.
74. Plonka PM, Passeron T, Brenner M, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Thomas A, Slominski A, Kadekaro AL, Hershkovitz D, Peters E, Nordlund JJ, Abdel-Malek Z, Takeda K, Paus R, Ortonne JP, Hearing VJ, Schallreuter KU (2009) What are melanocytes really doing all day long...? Exp Dermatol 18:799-819.
75. Ramsey MR, Sharpless NE (2006) ROS as a tumour suppressor? Nat Cell Biol 8:1213-1215.
76. Sardi B (2004) The anti-aging-pill, is the 125-year life span about to become common? 1st edn. Here and Now Books, San Dimas, CA. ISBN 097742720X/0-9774272-0-X.
77. Scandalios JG (2002) The rise of ROS. Trends Biochem Sci 27:483-486.
78. Scherz-Shouval R, Elazar Z (2010) Regulation of autophagy by ROS: Physiology and pathology. Trends Biochem Sci. 2010 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print].
79. Schweikardt T, Olivares C, Solano F, Jaenicke E, García-Borrón JC, Decker H (2007) A threedimensional model of mammalian tyrosinase active site accounting for loss of function mutations. Pigment Cell Res 20:394-401.
80. Seiler A, SchneiderM, FörsterH, Roth S, Wirth EK, Culmsee C, PlesnilaN, Kremmer E, RadmarkO, WurstW, Bornkamm GW, Schweizer U, Conrad M (2008) Glutathione peroxidase 4 senses and translates oxidative stress into 12/15-lipoxygenase dependent- And AIF-mediated cell death. Cell Metab 8:237-248.
81. Semenza GL (2008) Tumor metabolism: cancer cells give and take lactate. J Clin Invest 118: 3835-3837.
82. Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S (2006) Tocotrienols: vitamin E beyond tocopherols. Life Sci 78:2088-2098.
83. Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M, Miyagawa Y, Takeda T, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K (2002) Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes. J Exp Bot 53:1305-1319.
84. Stadtman E (1992) Protein oxidation and aging. Science 257:1220-1224.
85. Szurmant H, Ordal GW (2004) Diversity in chemotaxis mechanisms among the bacteria and Archaea. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68:301-319.
86. 2- dependent gene regulation in facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 164:81-90.
87. van Kuijk FJ, Dratz EA (1987) Detection of phospholipid peroxides in biological samples. Free Radic Biol Med 3:349-354.
88. Vinogradov SN, Hoogewijs D, Bailly X, Mizuguchi K, Dewilde S, Moens L, Vanfleteren JR (2007) A model of globin evolution. Gene 398:132-142.
89. Wang X, Quinn PJ (1999) Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Prog Lipid Res 38:309-336.
90. Wells WW, Xu DP, Yang YF, Rocque PA (1990) Mammalian thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) and protein disulfide isomerase have dehydroascorbate reductase activity. J Biol Chem 265:15361-15364.
91. 2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair colour by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair. FASEB J 23:2065-2075.
92. Albert BD, Lewis I, Raff M, Robert K, Watson IW (1994) Molecular biology of the cell, 3rd edn. Garland, New York, pp 699-763.
93. Bottjer DJ (2005) The early earth evolution of animals. Sci Am 293:42-47.
94. Castresana J, Saraste M (1995) Evolution of energetic metabolism: The respiration-early hypothesis. Trend Biochem Sci 20:443-448 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8578586?ordinalpos1/42&itool1/4EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed-ResultsPanel.Pubmed-RVDocSum.
95. Cavalier-Smith T, Brazier M, Embley TM (2006) Introduction: how and when did microbes change the world. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:845-850.
96. Cleaves HJ, Miller SL (2001) The nicotinamide biosynthetic pathway is a by-product of the RNA world. J Mol Evol 52:73-77.
97. Conway-Morris S (2000) Evolution: bringing molecules into the fold. Cell 100:1-11.
98. Conway-Morris S (2006) Darwin's dilemma: The realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1069-1083.
99. Doolittle WF (1998) A paradigm gets shifty. Nature 392:15-16.
100. Fedonkin MA (1994) Vendian body forms and traces. In: Nengston S (ed) Early life on earth. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 370-388.
101. Fedonkin MA (2003) The origin of the metazoa in the light of the proterozoic fossil record. Paleontol Res 7:9-41.
102. Fedonkin MA, Waggoner BM (1997) The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism. Nature 388:868-871.
103. Grazhdankin D (2004) Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution. Paleobiology 30:203-221.
104. Hedges SB, Blair JF, Venturi M, Shoe J (2004) A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evol Biol 4:2-10.
105. Holland HD (2006) The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:903-915.
106. Knoll AH, Javaux EJ, Hewitt D, Cohn P (2006) Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1033-1038.
107. König H, Fröhlich J, Lil L, Wenzel M, Berchtold M, Dröge S, Breunig A, Pfeiffer P, Radek R, Brugerolle G (2007) The flagellates of the Australian termite Mastotermes darwiniensis: identification of their symbiotic bacteria and cellulases. Symbiosis 44:51-65.
108. Lallier FH (2006) Thioautotrophic symbiosis: Towards a new step in eukaryotic evolution. Cah Biol Mar 47:391-396.
109. Margulis L (1970) Origin of eukaryotic cell. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
110. Martin W, Müller M (1998) The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature 392:37-41.
111. Mathews CK, van Holde KE, Ahern K (2000) Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley-Longman, San Francisco, CA.
112. McMenamin MAS (2003) Origin and early predators. In: Kelley P, Kowalewski M, Hansen T (eds) Predator-prey interactions in the fossil record. Kluwer/Academic, New York, pp 379-400.
113. Mereschowsky C (1905) Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol Zent Bl 25:595-596.
114. Müller WEG, Li J, Schröder HC, Qiao L, Wang X (2001) The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: A review. Biogeosciences 4:219-232.
115. Peterson KJ, Davidson EH (2000) Regulatory evolution and the origin of the bilaterians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:4430-4433.
116. Reiger RM (1994) Evolution of the lower metazoan. In: Bengstron S (ed) Early life on earth. Colombia University Press, New York, pp 475-488.
117. Rumpho ME, Worful JM, Lee J, Kannan K, Tyler MS, Bhattacharya D, Moustafa A, Manhart JR (2008) Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:17867-17871.
118. Runnegar B (1994) Proterozoic eukaryotes: evidence from biology and geology. In: Bengstron S (ed) Early life on earth. Colombia University Press, New York, pp 287-297.
119. Shixing Z, Huineng C (1995) Megascopic multicellular organism from the 1700 million-years-old Tuanshanzi formation in the Jixian area, North China. Science 279:620-622.
120. Wang DYC, Kumar S, Hedges SB (1999) Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi. Proc R Soc B Lond Biol Sci 266:163-171.
121. Weiguo S (1994) Early multicellular fossils. In: Bengstron S (ed) Early life on earth. Colombia University Press, New York, pp 358-369.
122. 2 secretion in the eye and swimbladder of fishes. J Exp Biol 210:1641-1652.
123. Berenbrink M, Koldkjaer P, Kepp O, Cossins AR (2005) Evolution of oxygen secretion in fishes and the emergence of a complex physiological system. Science 307:1752-1757.
124. Bohr C, Hasselbach KA, Hrogh A (1904) Über einen in biologischer Beziehung wichtigen Einfluß, den die Kohlensauerstoffspannung des Blutes auf dessen Sauerstoffbindung übt. Skand Arch Physiol 15:401-412.
125. Burmester T (2001) Molecular evolution of the arthropod hemocyanin superfamily. Mol Biol Evol. 18:184-195.
126. Brunori M, Vallone B (2007) Neuroglobin, seven years after. Cell Mol Life Sci 64:1259-1268.
127. Burmester T (2002) Origin and evolution of arthropod hemocyanins and related proteins. J Comp Physiol B 172:95-107.
128. Burmester T, Hankeln T (2007) The respiratory proteins of insects. J Insect Physiol 53:285-294.
129. Chyou DT, Rawle VL, Trotman CN (2007) Quaternary structure of Artemia haemoglobin II: Analysis of T and C polymer alignment and interpolymer interface. BMC Struct Biol 18:7-26.
130. Coleman M, Matthews CM, Trotman CN (2001) Multimeric hemoglobin of the Australian brine shrimp Parartemia. Mol Biol Evol 18:570-576.
131. Cong Y, Zhang Q, Woolford D, Schweikardt T, Khant H, Dougherty M, Ludtke SJ, Chiu W, Decker H (2009) Structural mechanism of SDS-induced enzyme activity of scorpion hemocyanin revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. Structure 17:749-758.
132. Conway-Morris S (2006) Darwin's dilemma: The realities of the Cambrian "explosion". Philos Trans Roy Soc B 361:1069-1083.
133. Cuff ME, Miller KI, van Holde KE, Hendrickson WA (1998) Crystal structure of a functional unit from Octopus hemocyanin. J Mol Biol 278:855-870.
134. Decker H, Hellmann N (2007) Negative cooperativity in root-effect hemoglobin: Role of heterogeneity. Integr Comp Biol 47:656-661.
135. Decker H, Tuczek F (2000) Phenoloxidase activity of hemocyanins: Activation, substrate orientation and molecular mechanism. Trends Biochem Sci 25:392-397.
136. Decker H, Sterner R (1990) Hierarchien in der Struktur und Funktion von sauerstoffbindenden Proteinen. Naturwissenschaften 77:561-568.
137. Decker H, Schweikardt T, Nillius D, Salzbrunn U, Jaenicke E, Tuczek F (2007) Similar activation process and catalysis in hemocyanins and tyrosinases. Gene 398:183-191.
138. 2 binding pocket. J Biol Inorg Chem 6:418-429.
139. Fedonkin MA (2003) The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record. Paleontol Res 1:9-41.
140. French CE, Bell JM, Ward FB (2008) Diversity and distribution of hemerythrin-like proteins in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 279:131-145.
141. Gatsogiannis C, Markl J (2009) Keyhole limpet hemocyanin: 9-A CryoEM structure and molecular model of the KLH1 didecamer reveal the interfaces and intricate topology of the 160 functional units. J Mol Biol 385:963-983.
142. Gatsogiannis C, Moeller A, Depoix F, Meissner U, Markl J (2007) Nautilus pompilius hemocyanin: 9A ° cryo-EM structure and molecular model reveal the subunit pathway and the interfaces between the 70 functional units. J Mol Biol 374:465-486.
143. Hagner-Holler S, Schoen A, Erker W, Marden JH, Rupprecht R, Decker H, Burmester T (2004) A respiratory hemocyanin from an insect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:871-874.
144. Haldane JS, Priestley SJ (1935) Respiration. Oxford Press, Oxford, UK.
145. Hazes B, Magnus KA, Bonaventura C, Bonaventura J, Dauter Z, Kalk KH, Hol WG (1993) Crystal structure of deoxygenated Limulus polyphemus subunit II hemocyanin at 2.18 A resolution: clues for a mechanism for allosteric regulation. Protein Sci 2:597-619.
146. Jaenicke E, Büchler K, Markl J, Decker H, Barends TRM (2010) Cupredoxin-like domain in haemocyanins. Biochem J 426(3):373-378.
147. Koshland DE, Nemethy G, Filmer D (1966) Comparison of experimental binding data and theoretical models in proteins containing subunits. Biochemistry 5:365-385.
148. Lieb B, Altenhein B, Markl J, Vincent A, van Olden E, van Holde KE, Miller KI (2001) Structures of two molluscan hemocyanin genes: Significance for gene evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4546-4551.
149. Lieb B, Gebauer W, Gatsogiannis C, Depoix F, Hellmann N, Harasewych MG, Strong EE, Markl J (2010) Molluscan mega-hemocyanin: An ancient oxygen carrier tuned by a ~550 kDa polypeptide. Front Zool 7:14.
150. Magnus KA, Hazes B, Ton-That H, Bonaventura C, Bonaventura J, Hol WG (1994) Crystallographic analysis of oxygenated and deoxygenated states of arthropod hemocyanin shows unusual differences. Proteins 19:302-309.
151. Markl J, Decker H (1992) Molecular structure of arthropodan hemocyanins. Adv Comp Environ Physiol 13:325-376.
152. Markl J, Moeller A, Martin AG, Rheinbay J, Gebauer W, Depoix F (2009) 10-A cryoEM structure and molecular model of the Myriapod (Scutigera) 6x6mer hemocyanin: understanding a giant oxygen transport protein. J Mol Biol 392:362-380.
153. Martin AG, Depoix F, Stohr M, Meissner U, Hagner-Holler S, Hammouti K, Burmester T, Heyd J, Wriggers W, Markl J (2007) Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin: 10 A ° cryo-EM structure, sequence analysis, molecular modelling and rigid-body fitting reveal the interfaces between the eight hexamers. J Mol Biol 366:1332-1350.
154. Meyer A, Lieb B (2010) Respiratory proteins in Sipunculus nudus - implications for phylogeny and evolution of the hemerythrin family. Comp Biochem Physiol B 155:171-177.
155. Monod J, Wyman J, Changeaux JP (1965) On the nature of allosteric transitions: A plausible model. J Mol Biol 12:88-118.
156. Müller WE, Grebenjuk VA, Thakur NL, Thakur AN, Batel R, Krasko A, Müller IM, Breter HJ (2004) Oxygen-controlled bacterial growth in the sponge Suberites domuncula: Toward a molecular understanding of the symbiotic relationships between sponge and bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2332-2341.
157. Mylvaganam SE, Bonaventura C, Bonaventura J, Getzoff ED (1996) Structural basis for the root effect in haemoglobin. Nat Struct Biol 3:275-283.
158. Pelster B, Decker H (2004) New physiological insights in the root effect. Micron 35:73-74.
159. Perbandt M, Guthöhrlein EW, Rypniewski W, Idakieva K, Stoeva S, Voelter W, Genov N, Betzel C (2003) The structure of a functional unit from the wall of a gastropod hemocyanin offers a possible mechanism for cooperativity. Biochemistry 42:6341-6346.
160. Perutz MF (1970) Stereochemistry of cooperative effects in haemoglobin. Nature 228:726-739.
161. Raff RA, Raff EC (1970) Respiratory mechanisms and the metazoan fossil record. Nature 228:1003-1005.
162. Robert CH, Decker H, Richey B, Gill SJ, Wyman J (1987) Nesting: hierarchies of allosteric interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:1891-1895.
163. Root RW (1931) The respiratory function of the blood of marine fishes. Biol Bull 61:427-456.
164. Royer WE Jr, Sharma H, Strand K, Knapp JE, Bhyravbhatia B (2006) Lumbricus erythrocruorin at 3.5 A resolution: Architecture of a megadalton respiratory complex. Structure 14:116-1177.
165. Runnegar B (1991) Nucleic acid and protein clocks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 333:391-397.
166. Sidell BD, O'Brien KM (2006) When bad things happen to good fish: The loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin expression in Antarctic icefishes. J Exp Biol 209:1791-1802.
167. Terwilliger N, Decker H (2000) COPs and robbers: evolution of copper oxygen proteins. J Exp Biol 203:1777-1782.
168. van Holde KE, Brenowitz M (1981) Subunit structure and physical properties of the hemocyanin of the giant isopod Bathynomus giganteus. Biochemistry 20:5232-5239.
169. van Holde KE, Miller KI (1995) Hemocyanins. Adv Protein Chem 47:1-81.
170. van Holde K, Miller KI, Decker H (2001) Hemocyanins and invertebrate evolution. J Biol Chem 276:15563-15566.
171. Vanin S, Negrisolo E, Bailly X, Bubacco L, Beltramini M, Salvato B (2006) Molecular evolution and phylogeny of sipunculan hemerythrins. J Mol Evol 62:32-41.
172. Verde C, Warage S, Guordano D, Mazzarella D, di Prosco G (2007) The root-effect - structural and evolutionary perspective. Antarct Sci 19:271-278.
173. Vinogradov SN, Hoogewijs D, Bailly X, Mizuguchi K, Dewilde S, Moens L, Vanfleteren JR (2007) A model of globin evolution. Gene 398:132-142.
174. Weber RE, Vinogradov SN (2001) Nonvertebrate hemoglobins: functions and molecular adaptations. Physiol Rev 81:569-628.
175. Wirstam M, Lippard SJ, Friesner RA (2003) Reversible dioxygen binding to hemerythrin. J Am Chem Soc 125:3980-3987.
176. Benton MJ (2005) When life nearly died: The greatest mass extinction of all time. Thames and Hudson, London.
177. 2 over Phanerozoic time. Am J Sci 301:182-204.
178. Berner RA, Vandenbrooks JM, Ward PD (2007) Oxygen and evolution. Science 316:557-558.
179. Berger A, Loutre MF (2002) An exceptionally long interglacial ahead? Science 297:1287-1288.
180. Bhattacharya D, Medlin L (1998) Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants. Plant Physiol 116:9-15.
181. Bond G, Showers W, Cheseby M, Lotti R, Almasi P, de Menocal P, Priore P, Cullen H, Hajdas I, Bonani G (1997) A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science 278:1257-1266.
182. Bond G, Kromer B, Beer J, Muscheler R, Evans MN, Showers W, Hoffmann S, Lotti-Bond R, Hajdas I, Bonani G (2001) Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294:2130-2136.
183. Braddy SJ, Poschmann M, Tetlie OE (2008) Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod. Biol Lett 4:106-109.
184. Childress JJ, Seibel BA (1998) Life at stable low oxygen levels: Adaptation of animals to oceanic oxygen minimum layers. J Exp Biol 201:1223-1232.
185. Conway-Morris S (2006) Darwin's dilemma: The realities of the Cambrian explosion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1069-1083.
186. Cox GFN, Weeks WF (1983) Equation for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea-ice samples. J Glaciol 29:306-316.
187. Crowley TJ (1998) Significance of tectonic boundary conditions for paleoclimate simulations. In: Crowley TJ, Burke K (eds) Tectonic boundary conditions for climate reconstruction. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 3-17.
188. Crutzen PJ, Steffen W (2003) How long have we been in the Antropocene era? Climate Change 61:251-257.
189. Dawkins R (2004) The ancestor's tale: A pilgrimage to the dawn of life, 1st edn. Mariner Books, New York.
190. Dudley R (1998) Atmospheric oxygen, giant Paleozoic insects and the evolution of aerial locomotor reformance. J Exp Biol 201:1043-1050.
191. Erwin DH (1993) The Great Paleozoic crisis; life and death in the Permian. Columbia University Press, New York.
192. Ferry JG, House CH (2006) The stepwise evolution of early life is driven by energy conservation. Mol Biol Evol 23:1286-1292.
193. Fortey R (1999) Life: A natural history of the first four billion years of life on Earth. Vintage Books, New York. ISBN 0-375-70261-X.
194. Frausto da Silva JJR, Williams RJP (2001) The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life. Oxford University Press, New York.
195. Gosselin M, Levasseur M, Wheeler PA, Horner RA, Booth BC (1997) New measurements of phytoplankton and ice algal production in the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 44:1623-1644.
196. Graham JB, Dudley R, Agullar N, Gans C (1995) Implications of the late Palaeozoic oxygen pulse from physiology and evolution. Nature 375:117-120.
197. Hedges SB (2004) Molecular clocks and a biological trigger for neoproterozoic snowball Earth events and the Cambrian explosion. In: Doneghue PCJ, Smiti MP (eds) Telling the evolutionary time. Molecular clock and the fossil record. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 27-39.
198. Holland HD (2006) The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:903-915.
199. Hoffman PF, Kaufman AJ, Halverson GP, Schrag DP (1998) A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 281:1342-1346.
200. Horner RA, Ackley SF, Dieckmann GS, Gulliksen B, Hoshiai T, Legendre L, Melnikov IA, Reeburgh WS, Spindler M, Sullivan CW (1992) Ecology of sea ice biota. 1. Habitat, terminology, and methodology. Polar Biol 12:417-427.
201. Kasting JF (2001) Earth history. The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science 293:819-820.
202. Kasting JF (2004) When methane made climate. Sci Am 291:79-85.
203. Kasting JF, Ono S (2006) Palaeoclimates: The first two billion years. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:917-929.
204. Kerr RA (2008) Mass extinction. Most devastating mass extinction followed long bout of sea sickness. Science 222:359.
205. Kerr RA (1987) Milankovitch climate cycles through the ages: Earth's orbital variations that bring on ice ages have been modulating climate for hundreds of millions of years. Science 235: 973-974.
206. Karner DB, Muller RA (2000) Paleoclimate: A causality problem for Milankovitch. Science 288: 2143-2144.
207. Kirschvink IL, Gaidos ES, Bertani LE, Benkas NJ, Gatzmer J, Maepa L, Sternberger RE (2000) Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: extreme climatic and geochemical global changes and its biological consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1400-1405.
208. Krembs C, Deming J (2006) Sea ice: A refuge for life in polar seas? http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay-krembsdeming.html#ref7.
209. Krembs C, Gradinger R, Spindler M (2000) Implications of brine channel geometry and surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice. J Exp Mar Ecol 243:55-80.
210. Kukla G (2005) Saalian supercycle, Mindel/Riss interglacial and Milankovitch's dating. Quatern Sci Rev 24:1573-1583.
211. Masklin M(2004) Global warming: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
212. Moran JJ, House CH, Freeman KH, Ferry JG (2005) Trace methane oxidation studied in several Euryarchaeota under diverse conditions. Archaea 1:303-309.
213. Niedzwiedski G, Szrek P, Narkiewicz K, Narkiewicz M, Ahlberg PE (2010) Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland. Nature 463:43-48.
214. Paillard D (2001) Glacial cycles: Towards a new paradigma. Rev Geophys 39:325-346.
215. 4 in the atmosphere of early Earth. J Geophys Res Planets 105:11981-11990.
216. Pavlov AA, Hurtgen MT, Kasting JF, Arthur MA (2003) Methane-rich proterozoic atmosphere? Geology 31:87-90.
217. Pisani D, Poling LL, Lyons-Weiler M, Hedges SB (2004) The colonization of land by animals; molecular phylogeny and divergence times among arthropods. BMC Biol 2:1.
218. Rahmstorf S, Schellnhuber HJ (2006) Der Klimawandel - Diagnose, Prognose, Therapie. C.H. Beck, München. ISBN 3-406-50866-9.
219. Rieu R, Allen PA, Plötze M, Pettke T (2007) Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic "snowball" glacial epoch. Geology 35:299-302.
220. 2 as a primary driver of Phaneroerzoiv climate. GSA Today 14:4-10.
221. Ruddiman WE (2000) Earths climate: Past and future. Freeman, New York.
222. Scotese CR (2001) Atlas of Earth History, Volume 1, Paleogeography, PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, Texas, 52 pp.
223. Scotese CR (2009) Plate Tectonic and Paleogeographic maps and animations, PALEOMAP Project (www.scotese.com).
224. Vermelic GJ (1989) The origin of skeletons. Paleos 4:585-589.
225. Yin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao CQ, Erwin DH (2000) Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Science 289:432-436.
226. Ward PD (ed) (2006) Out of Thin Air: Dinosaurs, Birds, and Earth's Ancient Atmosphere. The National Academic Press.
227. Alley RB, Clark PU, Huybrechts P, Joughin I (2005) Ice-sheet and sea-level changes. Science 310:456-460.
228. Boehm R (2008) Heisse Luft. Bene, Wien-Klosterneuburg. ISBN 978-3-85167-213-8.
229. Braithwaite RJ (2002) Glacier mass balance: The first 50 years of international monitoring. Prog Phys Geogr 26:76-95.
230. Broecker WS (1991) The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 4:79-91.
231. Buechel KG (2007) Der Klimaschwindel. C. Bertelsmann Verlag, München. ISBN 978-3-570- 01010-5.
232. 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18866-18870.
233. Church JA, White NJ (2006) A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophys Res Lett 33:L01602.
234. DeConto R, Pollard B, Wilson PA, Pälcke H, Lear CH, Pagini M (2008) Thresholds for cenozoic bipolar glaciations. Nature 455:652-654.
235. Hansen B, Østerhus S, Quadfasel D, Turrell W (2004) Already the day after tomorrow? Science 305:953-954.
236. Hansen J, Mki S, Ruedy R, Lo K, Lea DW, Medina-Elizade M (2006) Global temperature change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:14288-14293.
237. Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA (eds) (2001) Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, New York.
238. IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Summary for policymakers for working group I of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (available from http://www.ipcc.ch).
239. Johannessen OM, Khvorostovsky K, Miles MW, Bobylev LP (2005) Recent ice-sheet growth in the interior of Greenland. Science 310:1013-1016.
240. Kerr RA (2007) Global warming is changing the world. Science 316:188-190.
241. Meehl GA, Washington WM, Collins WD, Arblaster JM, Hu A, Buja LE, Strand WG, Teng H (2005) How much more global warming and sea level rise? Science 307:1769-1772.
242. Nerem RS, Leuliette E, Cazenave A (2006) Present-day sea-level change: A review. CR Geosci 338:1077-1083.
243. Overpeck JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, Miller GH, Muhs DR, Alley RB, Kiehl JT (2006) Paleoclimatic evidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. Science 311:1747-1750.
244. Pekar SF (2008) When did the icehouse come? Nature 455:602-603.
245. Petit JR, Jouzel J, Raynaud D, Barkov NI, Barnola JM, Basile I, Bender M, Chappellaz J, Davis M, Delaygue G, Delmotte M, Kotlyakov VM, Legrand M, Lipenkov VY, Lorius C, Pepin L, Ritz C, Saltzman E, Stievenard M(1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420, 000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399:429-436.
246. Pielke RA Jr, Gratz J, Landsea CW, Collins D, Saunders MA, Musulin R (2008) Normalized hurricane damage in the United States: 1900-2005. Nat Hazard Rev 9:29-42.
247. Rahmstorf S (2007) A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science 315:368-370.
248. Rignot E, Kanagaratnam P (2006) Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland ice sheet. Science 311:986-990.
249. Siddell M, Rohling EJ, Almogi-Labin A, Hemleben Ch, Meischner D, Schmelzer I, Smeed DA (2003) Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 423:853-858.
250. Sluijs A, Brinkhuis H, Schouten S, Bohaty SM, John CM, Zachos JC, Reichart G-J, Damsté JSS, Crouch EM, Dickens GR (2007) Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 450:1218-1221.
251. Stoddart DM (ed) (2008) Australia's contribution to Antarctic climate science. Australian Antarctic Division. http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid1/434583.
252. Thomas R, Frederick E, Krabill W, Manizade S, Martin C (2006) Progressive increase in ice loss from Greenland. Geophys Res Lett 33:L10503.
253. Velicogna I, Wahr J (2006) Measurements of time-variable gravity show mass loss in Antarctica. Science 311:1754-1756.
254. Zedillo E (2008) Global warming. In: Rahmsdorf S (ed) Anthropogenic climate change: Revisiting the facts. Brooklings University Press, Washington, pp 34-53.
255. Andziak B, O'Connor TP, Buffenstein R (2005) Antioxidants do not explain the disparate longevity between mice and the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat. Mech Ageing Dev 126:1206-1212.
256. Anggard E (1994) Nitric oxide: mediator, murderer, and medicine. Lancet 343:1199-1206.
257. Ashby MT (2008) Inorganic chemistry of defensive peroxidases in the human oral cavity. J Dent Res 87:900-914.
258. Beckman KB, Ames BN (1998) Mitochondrial aging: open questions. Ann NY Acad Sci 854:118-127.
259. Benesch R, Benesch RE, Enoki Y (1968) The interaction of hemoglobin and its subunits with 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 61:1102-1106.
260. Bhakdi S, Lackner KJ, Han SR, Torzewski M, Husmann M(2004) Beyond cholesterol: The enigma of atherosclerosis revisited. Thromb Haemost 91:639-645.
261. Bogdan C (2007) Oxidative burst without phagocytes: The role of respiratory proteins. Nat Immunol 8:1029-1031.
262. Boyer R (2002) Interactive concepts in biochemistry. Wiley, New Jersey.
263. Butler A, Nicholson R (2003) Life, death and NO. Cambridge Press, Cambridge. ISBN 13: 978-0- 85404-686-7.
264. Cherubini A, Vigna G, Zuliani G, Ruggiero C, Senin U, Fellin R (2005) Dual effects of antioxidants in neurodegeneration: direct neuroprotection against oxidative stress and indirect protection via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation. Curr Pharm Des 12:3521-3533.
265. Conner GE, Salathe M, Forteza R (2002) Lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide metabolism in the airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:S57-S61.
266. Decker H, Schweikardt T, Tuczek F (2006) The first crystal structure of tyrosinase: All questions answered? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 45:4546-4550.
267. Erzurum SC, Ghosh S, Janocha AJ, Xu W, Bauer S, Bryan NS, Tejero J, Hemann C, Hille R, Stuehr DJ, Feelisch M, Beall CM (2007) Higher blood flow and circulating NO products offset high-altitude hypoxia among Tibetans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17593-17598.
268. Fang FC (2004) Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:820-832.
269. Gerschman R, Gilbert DL, Nye SW, Dwyer P, Fenn WO (1954) Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: A mechanism in common. Science 119:623-626.
270. Gupta KJ, Stoimenova M, Kaiser WM(2005) In higher plants, only root mitochondria, but not leaf mitochondria reduce nitrite to NO, in vitro and in situ. J Exp Bot 56:2601-2609.
271. Hancock JT, Desikan R, Neill SJ (2001) Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signalling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 29:345-350.
272. Harman D (1956) Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11:298-300.
273. Helbock HJ, Beckman KB, Shigenaga MK, Walter PB, Woodall AA, Yeo HC, Ames BN (1998) DNA oxidation matters: The HPLC-electrochemical detection assay of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:288-293.
274. Hogg N (1998) Free radicals in disease. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 16:241-248.
275. Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Schlomchik M(2005) Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease, 6th edn. Garland, New York.
276. Jiang N, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL (2007) Respiratory protein-generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy. Nat Immunol 8:1114-1122.
277. Jones RD, Hancock JT, Morice AH (2000) NADPH oxidase: A universal oxygen sensor? Free radic Biol Méd 29:416-424.
278. Ketteridge DJ (2000) What is oxidative stress? Metabolism 49:3-8.
279. Luo S, Levine RL (2009) Methionine in proteins defends against oxidative stress. FASEB J 23:464-472.
280. Matoba Y, Kumagai T, Yamamoto A, Yoshitsu H, Sugiyama M (2006) Crystallographic evidence that the dinuclear copper center of tyrosinase is flexible during catalysis. J Biol Chem 281:8981-8990.
281. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA (1991) Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43:109-142.
282. Nathan C, Shiloh M (2000) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8841-8848.
283. Neubauer RA, Walker M (1998) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Avery, New York.
284. Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L (2007) Nitric Oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 87:315-424.
285. Petropoulos I, Friguet B (2006) Maintenance of proteins and aging: The role of oxidized protein repair. Free Radic Res 40:1269-1276.
286. Rice-Evans CA, Gopinathan V (1995) Oxygen toxicity, free radicals and antioxidants in human disease: biochemical implications in atherosclerosis and the problems of premature neonates. Essays Biochem 29:39-63.
287. Schwarz M, Spath L, Lux CA, Paprotka K, Torzewski M, Dersch K, Koch-Brandt C, Husmann M, Bhakdi S (2008) Potential protective role of apoprotein J (clusterin) in atherogenesis: binding to enzymatically modified low-density lipoprotein reduces fatty acid-mediated cytotoxicity. Thromb Haemost 100:110-118.
288. Schweikardt T, Olivares C, Solano F, Jaenicke E, Garcia-Borron JC, Decker H (2007) A threedimensional model of mammalian tyrosinase active site accounting for loss of function mutations. Pigment Cell Res 20:394-401.
289. Sies H, Stahl W (1995) Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6 Suppl):1315S-1321S.
290. Szilard L (1959) On the nature of the aging process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 45:30-45.
291. van Faassen EE, Vanin AF (eds) (2007) Radicals for life: The various forms of nitric oxide. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 13: 978-0-444-52236-8.
292. Wang J, Wen L, Huang Y, Chen Y, Ku M (2006) Role of antioxidants in atherosclerosis: epidemiological and clinical update. Curr Pharm Des 11:2017-2032.
293. Weber RE (2007) High-altitude adaptation in invertebrate hemoglobins. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 158:132-142.
294. Weuffen W, Decker H (eds) (2004) Thiocyanat - ein bioaktives Ion mit orthomolekularem Charakter. I.S.M.H. Verlag, Sarow. ISBN 3-934043-06-2.
295. Wijkstrom-Frei C, El-Chemaly S, Ali-Rachedi R, Gerson C, Cobas MA, Forteza RS, Salathe M, Conner GE (2003) Lactoperoxidase and human airway host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29:206-212.
296. 22-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair colour by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair. FASEB J 23:2065-2075.
297. Bada JL (2001) State of the art instruments for detecting extraterrestrial life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:797-800.
298. Chyba CF, Phillips CB (2001) Possible ecosystems and the search for life on Europa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:801-804.
299. Chyba CF, Phillips CB (2002) Europa as an abode of life. Orig Life Evol Biosph 32:47-68.
300. Houghton J (2004) Global warming, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
301. Hunten DM (1993) Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets. Science 259:915-919.
302. Kiang NY, Segura A, Tinetti G, Govindjee G, Blankenship RE, Siefert J, Cohen M, Crisp D, Meadows VS (2007) Spectral signatures of photosynthesis II: coevolution with other stars and the atmosphere on extrasolar worlds. Astrobiology 7:252-279.
303. Pappalardo R (2007) Oceans in the outer solar systems. Planetary Report 27 No.4, pp 12-17.
304. Rojo P, Harrington J, Zeehandelaar D, Dermody J, Drake D, Stegert D, Richardson LT, Wiedemann G (2004) Transit spectroscopy of the extrasolar planet HD 2094586: The search for water. In: Holt SS, Deming D (eds) The search for otherWorlds: Fourteenth Astrophysics Conference, American Institute of Physics.
305. Rumpho ME, Worful JM, Lee J, Kannan K, Tyler MS, Bhattacharya D, Moustafa A, Manhart JR (2008) Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:17867-17871.
306. Sanderson K (2008) The Photon trap. Nature 452:400-402.
307. Schneider J (2010) Interactive extra-solar planets catalog. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia http://exoplanet.eu/.
308. Tinetti G, Vidal-Madjar A, Liang M-C, Beauöieu J-P, Yung Y, Carey S, Barber RJ, Tennyson J, Ribas I, Allard N, Ballester GE, Sing D, Salsip F (2007) Water vapor in the atmosphere of a transiting planet. Nature 448:169-171.
309. Traub WA, Jucks KW (2002) A possible aeronomy of extrasolar terrestrial planets. In: Mendilla M, Nagy A, Watts J (eds) Atmospheres in the solar system. Am Geophys Union, Washington, DC, pp 370-380.