Spectral signatures of photosynthesis. II. Coevolution with other stars and the atmosphere on extrasolar worlds

Astrobiology

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 252-274

  Kiang, Nancy Y ^a,b   Segura, Antígona ^b,c   Tinetti, Giovanna ^b,d   Govindjee, ^e   Blankenship, Robert E ^f   Cohen, Martin ^b,g   Siefert, Janet ^b,h   Crisp, David ^b,i   Meadows, Victoria S ^b,j  

^a NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^b NASA   (United States)

^c INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS NUCLEARES   (Mexico)

^d EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^f WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h Rice University   (United States)

ⁱ CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^j CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

AD Leo; Anoxygenic photosynthesis; Astrobiology; Atmospheric oxygen; Atmospheric photochemistry; Atmospheric radiative transfer; Bacteriochlorophyll; Chlorophyll; Earth like planets; Extrasolar planets; F stars; G stars; K stars; Light harvesting; M stars; Modeling; Oxygenic photosynthesis; Photosynthesis; Photosynthetic pigments; Photosynthetically active radiation; Photosystems; Radiation spectrum; Sun; Virtual Planet

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN; PIGMENT; WATER;

ASTRONOMY; ATMOSPHERE; BIOLOGY; MICROCLIMATE; PHOTON; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SOLAR ENERGY;

ASTRONOMY; ATMOSPHERE; EARTH (PLANET); EVOLUTION, PLANETARY; EXOBIOLOGY; EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; OXYGEN; PHOTONS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL; PLANETS; SOLAR ACTIVITY; WATER;

EID: 34249735839     PISSN: 15311074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0108     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ager, C.M. and Milton, N.M. (1987) Spectral reflectance of lichens and their effects on the reflectance of rock substrates. Geophysics 52(7), 898-906.
2. Arnold, L., Gillet, S., Lardiere, O., Riaud, P., and Schneider, J. (2002) A test for the search for life on extrasolar planets: looking for the terrestrial vegetation signature in the Earthshine spectrum. Astron. Astrophys. 392(1), 231-237.
3. Basri, G., Borucki, W.J., and Koch, D. (2005) The Kepler Mission: a wide-field transit search for terrestrial planets. New Astron. Rev. 49(7-9), 478-485.
4. Beatty, J.T., Overmann, J., Lince, M.T., Manske, A.K., Lang, A.S., Blankenship, R.E., Van Dover, C.L., Martinson, T.A., and Plumley, F.G. (2005) An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 102(26), 9306-9310.
5. Beaulieu, J.-P., Bennett, D.P., Fouque, P., Williams, A., Dominik, M., Jorgensen, U.G., et al. (2006) Discovery of a cool planet of 5.5 Earth masses through gravitational microlensing. Nature 439(7075), 437-440.
6. Beichman, C.A., Woolf, N.J., and Lindensmith, C.A. (1999) The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF): A NASA Origins Program to Search for Habitable Planets, JPL Publication No. 99-003, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. Blankenship, R.E. (2002) Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
7. Bordé, P., Rouan, D., and Léger, A. (2003) Exoplanet detection capability of the COROT space mission. Astron. Astrophys. 405(3), 1137-1144.
8. Borucki, W.J., Koch, D.G., Basr, G.B., Caldwell, D.A., Caldwell, J.F., Cochran, W.D., DeVore, E., Dunham, E.W., Geary, J.C., Gilliland, R.L., Gould, A., Jenkins, J.M., Kondo, Y., Latham, D.W., and Lissauer, J.J. (2003) The Kepler Mission: finding the sizes, orbits, and frequencies of Earth-size and larger extrasolar planets. In ASP Conference Series, Vol. 294: Scientific Frontiers in Research on Extrasolar Planets, edited by D. Deming and S. Seager, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, pp. 427-440.
9. Butler, R.P., Vogt, S.S., Marcy, G.W., Fischer, D.A., Wright, J.T., Henry, G.W., Laughlin, G., and Lissauer, J.J. (2004) A Neptune-mass planet orbiting the nearby M dwarf GJ 436. Astrophys. J. 617(1), 580-588.
10. Campbell, B.J., Jeanthon, C., Kostka, J.E., Luther, G.W.I., and Cary, S.C. (2001) Growth and phylogenetic properties of novel bacteria belonging to the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria enriched from Alvinella pompejana and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(10), 4566-4572.
11. Canfield, D.E., Rosing, M.T., and Bjerrum, C. (2006) Early anaerobic metabolisms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 361(1474), 1819-1834.
12. Carder, K.L. and Steward, R.G. (1985) A remote-sensing reflectance model of a red-ride dinoflagellate off west Florida. Limnol. Oceanogr. 30(2), 286-298.
13. Catling, D.C., Zahnle, K.J., and McKay, C.P. (2001) Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth. Science 293(5531), 839-843.
14. 2 is required by complex life on habitable planets and the concept of planetary "oxygenation time." Astrobiology 5(3), 415-438.
15. Chen, M., Telfer, A., Lin, S., Pascal, A., Larkum, A.W.D., Barber, J., and Blankenship, R.E. (2005) The nature of the photosystem II reaction centre in the chlorophyll d-containing prokaryote, Acaryochloris marina. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 4(12), 1060-1064.
16. Cockell, C.S. and Raven, J.A. (2004) Zones of photosynthetic potential on Mars and the early Earth. Icarus 169(2), 300-310.
17. Cramer, W., Kicklighter, D.W., Bondeau, A., Moore, B.I., Churkina, G., Nemry, B., Ruimy, A., and Schloss, A.L. (1999) Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results. Global Change Biol. 5(Suppl. 1), 1-15.
18. Crespo-Chacon, I., Montes, D., Garcia-Alvarez, D., Fernandez-Figueroa, M., Lopez-Santiago, J., and Foing, B. (2006) Analysis and modeling of high temporal resolution spectroscopic observations of flares on AD Leonis. Astron. Astrophys. 452(3), 987-1000.
19. Crisp, D. (1997) Absorption of sunlight by water vapor in cloudy conditions: a partial explanation for the cloud absorption anomaly. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24(5), 571-574.
20. Ferreira, K.N., Iverson, T.M., Maghlaoui, K., Barber, J., and Iwata, S. (2004) Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex. Science 303(5665), 1831-1838.
21. Franck, S., von Bloh, W., Bounama, C., Steffen, M., Schön-berner, D., and Schellnhuber, H.-J. (2001) Limits of photosynthesis in extrasolar planetary systems for Earth-like planets. Adv. Space Res. 28(4), 695-700.
22. Gould, A., Udalski, A., An, D., Bennett, D.P., Zhou, A.-Y., Dong, S., Rattenbury, N.J., Gaudi, B.S., Yock, P.C.M., Bond, I.A., Christie, G.W., Horne, K., Anderson, J., Stanek, K.Z., DePoy, D.L., Han, C., McCormick, J., Park, B.-G., Pogge, R.W., Poindexter, S.D., Soszynski, I., Szymanski, M.K., Kubiak, M., Pietrzynski, G., Szewczyk, O., Wyrzykowski, L., Ulaczyk, K., Paczynski, B., Bramich, D.M., Snodgrass, C., Steele, I.A., Burgdorf, M.J., Bode, M.F., Botzler, C.S., Mao, S., and Swaving, S.C. (2006) Microlens OGLE-2005-BLG-169 implies cool Neptune-like planets are common. Astrophys. J. 644(1), L37-L40.
23. Govindjee (1999) On the requirement of minimum number of four versus eight quanta of light for the evolution of one molecule of oxygen in photosynthesis: a historical note. Photosynthesis Res. 59(2-3), 249-254.
24. Grace, J. and Rayment, M. (2000) Respiration in the balance. Nature 404(6780), 819-820.
25. Grant, L. (1987) Diffuse and specular characteristics of leaf reflectance. Remote Sensing Environ. 22(2), 309-322.
26. Grinspoon, D.H. (1997) Venus Revealed: A New Look Below the Clouds of Our Mysterious Twin Planet, Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
27. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C.N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W.A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P. (1995) A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 100(D5), 8873-8892.
28. Hart, M.H. (1978) The evolution of the atmosphere of the Earth. Icarus 33(1), 23-39.
29. Hawley, S.L. and Pettersen, B.R. (1991) The great flare of 1985 April 12 on AD Leonis. Astrophys. J. 378(2), 725-741.
30. Heath, M.J., Doyle, L.R., Joshi, M.M., and Haberle, R.M. (1999) Habitability of planets around red dwarf stars. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 29, 405-424.
31. Hill, R. and Bendall, F.L. (1960) Function of the two cytochrome components in chloroplasts: a working hypothesis. Nature 186(4719), 136-137.
32. Hill, R. and Rich, P.R. (1983) A physical interpretation for the natural photosynthetic process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 80(4), 978-982.
33. Ito, A. and Oikawa, T. (2004) Global mapping of terrestrial primary productivity and light-use efficiency with a process-based model. In Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land, edited by M. Shiyomi, H. Kawahata, H. Koizumi, A. Tsuda, and Y. Awaya, TERRAPUB, Tokyo, pp. 343-358.
34. Joshi, M.M., Haberle, R.M., and Reynolds, R.T. (1997) Simulations of the atmospheres of synchronously rotating terrestrial planets orbiting M dwarfs: conditions for atmospheric collapse and the implications for habitability. Icarus 129(2), 450-465.
35. Kakani, V.G., Reddy, K.R., Zhao, D., and Sailaja, K. (2003) Field crop responses to ultraviolet-B radiation: a review. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 120(1-4), 191-218.
36. Karl, D.M., Wirsen, C.O., and Jannasch, H.W. (1980) Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents. Science 207(4437), 1345-1347.
37. Kasting, J.F. (2001) Earth history-The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science 293(5531), 819-843.
38. Kasting, J.F., Whitmire, D.P., and Reynolds, R.T. (1993) Habitable zones around main sequence stars. Icarus 101(1-3), 108-128.
39. Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999) Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): an overview of emission, physiology and ecology. J. Atmos. Chem. 33(1), 23-88.
40. Kiang, N.Y., Siefert, J., Govindjee, and Blankenship, R.E. (2007) Spectral signatures of photosynthesis. I. Review of Earth organisms. Astrobiology 7(1), 222-251.
41. Kou, L., Labrie, D., and Chylek, P. (1993) Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65-2.5μm spectral range. Appl. Opt. 32(19), 3531-3540.
42. Krishtalik, L.I. (1986) Energetics of multielectron reactions. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 849(1), 162-171.
43. Krishtalik, L.I. (2003) pH-dependent redox potential: how to use it correctly in the activation energy analysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1604(1), 13-21.
44. Lawson, P.R., Unwin, S.C., and Beichman, C.A. (2004) Precursor Science for the Terrestrial Planet Finder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication No. 04-014, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
45. Lean, J. and Rind, D. (1998) Climate forcing by changing solar radiation. ]. Clim. 11(2), 3069-3094.
46. Leger, A. (2000) Strategies for remote detection of life: Darwin-IRSI and TPF missions. Adv. Space Res. 25(11), 2209-2223.
47. 3-detection. Astron. Astrophys. 277(1), 309-313.
48. 3 in an exoplanet a reliable signature of a biological activity? Astron. Astrophys. 341(1), 304-311.
49. Lin, L.-H., Wang, P.-L., Rumble, D., Lippmann-Pipke, J., Boice, E., Pratt, L.M., Lollar, B.S., Brodie, E.L., Hazen, T.C., Andersen, G.L., DeSantis, T.Z., Moser, D.P., Kershaw, D., and Onstott, T.C. (2006) Long-term sustainability of a high-energy, low-diversity crustal biome. Science 314(5798), 479-483.
50. Lovelock, J.E. (1965) A physical basis for life detection experiments. Nature 207(4997), 568-570.
51. Lubin, D., Li, W., Dustan, P., Mazel, C.H., and Stamnes, K. (2001) Spectral signatures of coral reefs: features from space. Remote Sensing Environ. 75(1), 127-137.
52. McArthur, B.E., Endl, M., Cochran, W.D., Benedict, G.F., Fischer, D.A., Marcy, G.W., Butler, R.P., Naef, D., Mayor, M., Queloz, D., Udry, S., and Harrison, T.E. (2004) Detection of a Neptune-mass planet in the rho(1) Cancri system using the Hobby-Eberly telescope. Astrophys. J. 614(1), L81-L84.
53. McEvoy, J.P., Gascon, J.A., Batista, V.S, and Brudvig, G.W. (2005) The mechanism of photosynthetic water splitting. Photochem. Photobiol. Soc. 4(12), 940-949.
54. Meadows, V.S. and Crisp, D. (1996) Ground-based near-infrared observations of the Venus nightside: the thermal structure and water abundance near the surface. J. Geophys. Res. 101(E2), 4595-4622.
55. Montañes-Rodriguez, P., Palle, E., Goode, P.R., Hickey, J., Qiu, J., Yurchyshyn, V., Chu, M.C., Kolbe, E., Brown, C.T., and Koonin, S.E. (2004) The earthshine spectrum. Adv. Space Res. 34(2), 293-296.
56. Montañes-Rodriguez, P., Palle, E., Goode, P.R., Hickey, J., and Koonin, S.E. (2005) Globally integrated measurements of the Earth's visible spectral albedo. Astrophys. J. 629(2), 1175-1182.
57. Nobel, P.S. (1999) Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Olson, J.M. (2006) Photosynthesis in the Archean era. Photosynthesis Res. 99(2), 109-117.
58. Overmann, J., Cypionka, H., and Pfennig, N. (1992) An extremely low-light-adapted phototrophic sulfur bacterium from the Black Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37(1), 150-155.
59. Parson, W.W. (1978) Thermodynamics of the primary reactions of photosynthesis. Photochem. Photobiol. 28(3), 389-393.
60. Pavlov, A.A. and Kasting, J.F. (2002) Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere. Astrobiology 2(1), 27-41.
61. 4 in the atmosphere of early Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 105(E5), 11981-11990.
62. Raich, J.W. and Schlesinger, W.H. (1992) The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus 4B(2), 81-99.
63. Raven, J.A. and Wolstencroft, R.D. (2004) Constraints on photosynthesis on Earth and Earth-like planets. In Proceedings of IAU Symposium 213: Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars, edited by R.P. Norris and F.H. Stootman, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, pp. 305-308.
64. Rees, W.G., Tutubalina, O.V., and Golubeva, E.I. (2004) Reflectance spectra of subarctic lichens between 400 and 2400 nm. Remote Sensing Environ. 90(3), 281-292.
65. Rivera, EJ., Lissauer, J., Butler, R.P., Marcy, G.W., Vogt, S.S., Fischer, D.A., Brown, T., and Laughlin, G. (2005) A 7.5 Earth-mass planet orbiting the nearby star, GJ 876. Astrophys. J. 634(1), 625-640.
66. Rutherford, A.W. and Boussac, A. (2004) Water photolysis in biology. Science 303(5665), 1782-1784.
67. Sagan, C. (1961) The Planet Venus - recent observations shed light on the atmosphere, surface, and possible biology of the nearest planet. Science 133(3456), 849-858.
68. Schlesinger, W.H. (1997) Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, Academic Press, San Diego.
69. Schulze-Makuch, D., Irwin, L.N., and Irwin, T. (2002) Astrobiological relevance and feasibility of a sample collection mission to the atmosphere of Venus. In ESA SP-518: Second European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology, edited by H. Sawaya-Lacoste, ESA Publications Division, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 247-252.
70. Schulze-Makuch, D., Grinspoon, D.H., Abbas, O., Irwin, L.N., and Bullock, M.A. (2004) A sulfur-based survival strategy for putative phototrophic life in the venusian atmosphere. Astrobiology 4(1), 11-18.
71. Seager, S., Turner, E.L., Schafer, J., and Ford, E.B. (2005) Vegetation's red edge: a possible spectroscopic biosignature of extraterrestrial plants. Astrobiology 5(3), 372-390.
72. Segelstein, D.J. (1981) The complex refractive index of water [M.S. thesis], University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
73. Segura, A., Krelove, K., Kasting, J.F., Sommerlatt, D., Meadows, V., Crisp, D., Cohen, M., and Mlawer, E. (2003) Ozone concentrations and ultraviolet fluxes on Earth-like planets around other stars. Astrobiology 3(4), 689-708.
74. Segura, A., Kasting, J.F., Meadows, V., Cohen, M., Scalo, J., Crisp, D., Butler, R.A.H., and Tinetti, G. (2005) Biosignatures from Earth-like planets around M dwarfs. Astrobiology 5(6), 706-725.
75. Sleep, N.H. (2001) Biogeochemistry-Oxygenating the atmosphere. Nature 410(6826), 317-319.
76. Sogandares, F.M. and Fry, E.S. (1997) Absorption spectrum (340-640nm) of pure water. I. Photothermal measurements. Appl. Opt. 36, 8699-8709.
77. Tinetti, G., Meadows, V.S., Crisp, D., Fong, W., Fishbein, E., Turnbull, M., and Bibring, J.P. (2006a) Detectability of planetary characteristics in disk-averaged spectra. I: The Earth model. Astrobiology 6(1), 34-47.
78. Tinetti, G., Meadows, V.S., Crisp, D., Kiang, N.Y., Kahn, B., Velusamy, T., Bosc, E., and Turnbull, M. (2006b) Detectability of planetary characteristics in disk-averaged spectra. II. Synthetic spectra and light curves of the Earth. Astrobiology 6(6), 881-900.
79. Tinetti, G., Rashby, S., and Yung, Y.L. (2006c) Detectability of red-edge shifted vegetation on M-star terrestrial planets. Astrophys. J. Lett. 644(2), L129-L132.
80. Tommos, C. and Babcock, G.T. (2000) Proton and hydrogen currents in photosynthetic water oxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1458(1), 199-219.
81. Trissl, H.-W., Law, C.J., and Cogdell, R.J. (1999) Uphill energy transfer in LH2-containing purple bacteria at room temperature. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1412(2), 149-172.
82. Tucker, C.J. (1976) Sensor design for monitoring vegetation canopies. Photogram. Eng. Remote Sensing 42(11), 1399-1410.
83. Wang, A., Haskin, L.A., Squyres, S.W., Jolliff, B.L., Crumpler, L., Gellert, R., Schroder, C., Herkenhoff, K., Hurowitz, J., Tosca, N.J., Farrand, W.H., Anderson, R., and Knudson, A.T. (2006) Sulfate deposition in subsurface regolith in Gusev Crater, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 111, E02S17, doi:10.1029/2005JE002513.
84. Watts, S.F. (2000) The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide. Atmos. Environ. 34(5), 761-779.
85. Wayne, R.P. (1991) Chemistry of Atmospheres, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
86. Wolstencroft, R.D. and Raven, J.A. (2002) Photosynthesis: likelihood of occurrence and possibility of detection on Earth-like planets. Icarus 157(2), 535-548.
87. Woolf, N.J., Smith, P.S., Traub, W.A., and Jucks, K.W. (2002) The spectrum of earthshine: a pale blue dot observed from the ground. Astrophys. J. 574(1), 430-433.
88. Woyke, T., Teeling, H., Ivanova, N.N., Hunteman, M., Richter, M., Gloeckner, F.O., Boffelli, D., Anderson, I.J., Barry, K.W., Shapiro, H.J., Szeto, E., Kyrpides, N.C., Mussmann, M., Amann, R., Bergin, C., Ruehland, C., Rubin, E.M., and Dubilier, N. (2006) Symbiosis insights through metagenomic analysis of a microbial consortium. Nature doi:10.1038/nature05192.
89. Wydrzynski, T.J. and Satoh, K., eds. (2005) Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration Series, Vol. 22: Photosystem II: The Light-Driven Water: Plastoquinone Oxidoreductase, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
90. Zhang, Y.C., Rossow, W.B., Lacis, A.A., Oinas, V., and Mischenko, M.I. (2004) Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 109(D19105) doi:10.1029/2003JD004457.