The Biological Carbon Pump in the North Atlantic

Progress in Oceanography

Volumn 129, Issue PB, 2014, Pages 200-218

  Sanders, Richard ^a   Henson, Stephanie A ^a   Koski, Marja ^b   De La Rocha, Christina L ^c   Painter, Stuart C ^a   Poulton, Alex J ^a   Riley, Jennifer ^a   Salihoglu, Baris ^d   Visser, Andre ^b   Yool, Andrew ^a   Bellerby, Richard ^e,f   Martin, Adrian P ^a  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^c INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE EUROPÉEN DE LA MER   (France)

^d MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^e NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESEARCH   (Norway)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE; GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE; IT TRANSFERS; NORTH ATLANTIC; PHYSICAL PROCESS; UPPER OCEAN;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

EID: 84919465825     PISSN: 00796611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.005     Document Type: Article

References (283)

1. Achterberg E.P., Moore C.M., Henson S.A., Steigenberger S., Stohl A., Sabine E., Avendano L.C., Cassidy M., Hembury D., Klar J.K., Lucas M.I., Macey A.I., Marsay C., Ryan-Keogh T.J. Natural iron fertilisation by the Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruption. Geophysical Research Letters 2013, 40(5):921-926.
2. Alldredge A.L. Abandoned larvacean houses: a unique food source in the pelagic environment. Science 1972, 177:885-887.
3. Alldredge A. The carbon, nitrogen and mass content of marine snow as a function of aggregate size. Deep-Sea Research I 1998, 45:529-541.
4. Alldredge A.L., Gotschalk C. The in situ settling behaviour of marine snow. Limnology and Oceanography 1988, 33(3). 10.4319/lo.1988.33.3.0339.
5. Alldredge A.L., Gotschalk C.C. Direct observations of the mass flocculation of diatom blooms: characteristics, settling velocities and formation of diatom aggregates. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 1989, 36(2):159-171. 10.1016/0198-0149(89)90131-3.
6. Alldredge A.L., Silver M.W. Characteristics, dynamics and significance of marine. Progress in Oceanography 1988, 20:41-82.
7. Alldredge A.L., Cole J.J., Caron D.A. Production of heterotrophic bacteria inhabiting macroscopic organic aggregates (marine snow) from surface waters. Limnology and Oceanography 1986, 31(1):68-78.
8. Alldredge A.L., Passow U., Logan B.E. The abundance and significance of a class of large, transparent organic particles in the ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 1993, 40(6):1131-1140.
9. Allen J.I., et al. A highly spatially resolved ecosystem model for the North West European Continental Shelf. Sarsia 2001, 86:423-440.
10. Alonso-González I.J., Arístegui J., Lee C., Sanchez-Vidal A., Calafat A., Fabrés J., Sangrá P., Masqué P., Hernández-Guerra A., Benítez-Barrios V. Role of slowly settling particles in the ocean carbon cycle. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37(13):L13608. 10.1029/2010gl043827.
11. Anderson T.R., Pondaven P. Non-Redfield carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Sargasso Sea: pelagic imbalances and export flux. Deep Sea Research I 2003, 50(5):573-591. 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00034-7.
12. Anderson T.R., Williams P.J.B. Modelling the seasonal cycle of dissolved organic carbon at station E(1) in the English Channel. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1998, 46:93-109. 10.1006/ecss.1997.0257.
13. 2 sequestration. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2001, 15. 10.1029/2000gb001376.
14. Aristegui J., Gasol J.M., Duarte C.M., Herndl G.J. Microbial oceanography of the dark ocean's pelagic realm. Limnology and Oceanography 2009, 54(5):1501-1529.
15. Armstrong A., Lee C., Hedges J.I., Honjo S., Wakeham S.G. A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(1-3):219-236. 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00101-1.
16. Arrigo K.R. Carbon cycle: Marine manipulations. Nature 2007, 450(7169):491-492.
17. Azam F. Microbial control of oceanic carbon flux: the plot thickens. Science 1998, 280:694-696.
18. Balzano S., Pancost R.D., Lloyd J.R., Statham P.J. Changes in fatty acid composition in degrading algal aggregates. Marine Chemistry 2011, 124:2-13.
19. Bates N.R., Michaels A.F., Knap A.H. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of oceanic carbon dioxide species at the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Station (BATS) site. Deep-Sea Research II 1996, 43:347-383.
20. Bauerfeind E., Garrity C., Krumbholz M., Ramseier R.O., Voß M. Seasonal variability of sediment trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya. Part 2. Biochemical and microscopic composition of sedimenting matter. Journal of Marine Systems 1997, 10(1-4):371-389. 10.1016/s0924-7963(96)00069-3.
21. Behrenfeld M.J., Falkowski P.G. Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Limnology and Oceanography 1997, 42:1-20.
22. Behrenfeld M.J., O'Malley R.T., Siegel D.A., McClain C.R., Sarmiento J.L., Feldman G.C., Milligan A.J., Falkowski P.G., Letelier R.M., Boss E.S. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 2006, 444(7120):752-755.
23. Bellerby R.G.J., Schulz K.G., Riebesell U., Neill C., Nondal G., Heegaard E., Johannessen T., Brown K.R. Marine ecosystem community carbon and nutrient uptake stoichiometry under varying ocean acidification during the PeECE III experiment. Biogeosciences 2008, 5:1517-1527.
24. Benner R. Chemical composition and reactivity. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 2002, 59-90. Elsevier. D.A. Hansell, C.A. Carlson (Eds.).
25. Berline L., Stemmann L., Vichi M., Lombard F., Gorsky G. Impact of appendicularians on detritus and export fluxes: a model approach at DyFAMed site. Journal of Plankton Research 2011, 33(6):855-872. 10.1093/plankt/fbq163.
26. Besiktepe S., Dam H.G. Coupling of ingestion and defecation as a function of diet in the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 229:151-164.
27. Bishop J.K.B. Autonomous observations of the ocean biological carbon pump. Oceanography 2009, 22(2):182-193.
28. Bishop J.K.B., Wood T.J., Davis R.E., Sherman J.T. Robotic observations of enhanced carbon biomass and export at 55oS during SOFeX. Science 2004, 304:417-420.
29. Blackford J.C., Allen J.I., Gilbert F.J. Ecosystem dynamics at six contrasting sites: a generic modelling study. Journal of Marine Systems 2004, 52:191-215. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.02.004.
30. Bonnet D., Richardson A., Harris R., Hirst A., Beaugrand G., Edwards M., Ceballos S., Diekman R., López-Urrutia A., Valdes L., Carlotti F., Molinero J.C., Weikert H., Greve W., Lucic D., Albaina A., Yahia N.D., Umani S.F., Miranda A., Santos A.d., Cook K., Robinson S., Fernandez de Puelles M.L. An overview of Calanus helgolandicus ecology in European waters. Progress in Oceanography 2005, 65(1):1-53. 10.1016/j.pocean.2005.02.002.
31. Bopp L., Monfray P., Aumont O., Dufresne J.-L., Le Treut H., Madec G., Terray L., Orr J.C. Potential impact of climate change on marine export production. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2001, 15(1):81-99. 10.1029/1999GB001256.
32. Boyd P.W., Stevens C.L. Modelling particle transformations and the downward organic carbon flux in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 2002, 52(1):1-29. 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00020-4.
33. Boyd P.W., Trull T.W. Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?. Progress in Oceanography 2007, 72(4):276-312. 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.007.
34. Boyd P.W., Sherry N.D., Berges J.A., Bishop J.K., Calvert S.E., Charette M.A., Giovanni S.J., Goldblatt R., Harrison P.J., Moran S.B., Roy S., Soon M., Strom S., Thibault D., Vergin K.L., Whitney F.A., Wong C.S. Transformation of biogenic particulates from the pelagic to the deep ocean realm. Deep-Sea Research II 1999, 46:2761-2791.
35. Bozec Y., Bakker D.C.E., Hartmann C., Bellerby R.G.J., Nightingale P.D., Riebesell U., Watson A.J., de Baar H.J.W. The CO2 system in context of Redfield proportions during an iron enrichment experiment in the Southern Ocean. Marine Chemistry 2005, 95:89-105.
36. Bressac M., Guieu C., Doxaran D., Bourrin F., Obolensky G., Grisoni J.-M. A mesocosm experiment coupled with optical measurements to assess the fate and sinking of atmospheric particles in clear oligotrophic waters. Geo-Marine Letters 2012, 32:153-164. 10.1007/s00367-011-0269-4.
37. 2 changes. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:352-364.
38. Bronk, D.A., 2002. Dynamics of dissolved organic nitrogen. In: Hansell, D.A., Carlson, C.A. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, pp. 153-247.
39. Brown C.W., Yoder J.A. Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 1994, 99(C4):7467-7482.
40. Bruggeman J., Kooijman S.A.L.M. A biodiversity-inspired approach to aquatic ecosystem modeling. Limnology and Oceanography 2007, 52:1533-1544.
41. Buesseler K.O. The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1998, 12(2):297-310.
42. Buesseler K.O., Boyd P.W. Shedding light on processes that control particle export and flux attenuation in the twilight zone of the open ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 2009, 54(4):1210-1230.
43. Buesseler K.O., Lampitt R.S. Introduction to "Understanding the Ocean's biological pump: Results from VERTIGO" - Preface. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(14-15):1519-1521. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.009.
44. 238U disequilibria. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 1993, 39(7-8):1115-1137. 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90060-7.
45. Buesseler K.O., Antia A.N., Chen M., Fowler S.W., Gardner W.D., Gustafsson O., Harada K., Michaels A.F., Van der Loeff M.R., Sarin M., Steinberg D., Trull T. An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes. Journal of Marine Research 2007, 65:345-416.
46. Buesseler K.O., Lamborg C.H., Boyd P.W., Lam P.J., Trull T.W., Bidigare R.R., Bishop J.K.B., Casciotti K.L., Dehairs F., Elskens M., Honda M., Karl D.M., Siegel D.A., Silver M.W., Steinberg D.K., Valdes J., Van Mooy B., Wilson S. Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean's twilight zone. Science 2007, 316(5824):567-570. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1137959.
47. Burd A.B., Jackson G.A. Particle aggregation. Annual Review of Marine Science 2009, 1:65-90. 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163904.
48. Burd A.B., Hansell D.A., Steinberg D.K., Anderson T.R., Arístegui J., Baltar F., Beaupré S.R., Buesseler K.O., DeHairs F., Jackson G.A., Kadko D.C., Koppelmann R., Lampitt R.S., Nagata T., Reinthaler T., Robinson C., Robison B.H., Tamburini C., Tanaka T. Assessing the apparent imbalance between geochemical and biochemical indicators of meso- and bathypelagic biological activity: what the at $#! is wrong with present calculations of carbon budgets?. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2010, 57(16):1557-1571. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.022.
49. Bushaw K.L., Zepp R.G., Tarr M.A., Schulz-Jander D., Bourbonniere R.A., Hodson R.E., Miller W.L., Bronk D.A., Moran M.A. Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter. Nature 1996, 381:404-407.
50. Campbell J.W., Aarup T. New production in the North-Atlantic derived from seasonal patterns of surface chlorophyll. Deep-Sea Research 1992, 39(10A). 1669-&.
51. Caron G., Michel C., Gosselin M. Seasonal contributions of phytoplankton and faecal pellets to the organic carbon sinking flux in the North Water. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2004, 283:1-13.
52. Carr M.E. Estimation of potential productivity in Eastern Boundary Currents using remote sensing. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(1-3):59-80.
53. Charette M.A., Moran S.B., Bishop J.K.B. (234)Th as a tracer of particulate organic carbon export in the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 1999, 46(11-12):2833-2861.
54. Charette M.A., Moran S.B., Pike S.M., Smith J.N. Investigating the carbon cycle in the Gulf of Maine using the natural tracer thorium 234. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 2001, 106(C6):11553-11579.
55. Chelton D.B., Schlax M.G., Samelson R.M., de Szoeke R.A. Global observations of large oceanic eddies. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34(15). Artn L15606, 10.1029/2007gl030812.
56. Christian J.R., Lewis M.R., Karl D.M. Vertical fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre near Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102(C7):15667-15677. 10.1029/97jc00369.
57. Copin-Montegut C., Copin-Montegut G. Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in marine particulate matter. Deep-Sea Research 1983, 30(1):31-46.
58. Dam H.G., Miller C.A., Jonasdottir S.H. The Trophic Role of Mesozooplankton at 47-Degrees-N, 20-Degrees-W during the North-Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 1993, 40(1-2):197-212.
59. De La Rocha C.L., Passow U. Factors influencing the sinking of POC and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 2007, 54(5-7):639-658. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.01.004.
60. De La Rocha C.L., Nowald N., Passow U. Interactions between diatom aggregates, minerals, particulate organic carbon, and dissolved organic matter: further implications for the ballast hypothesis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2008, 22:GB4005. 10.1029/2007GB003156.
61. Devol A.H., Hartnett H.E. Role of the oxygen-deficient zone in transfer of organic carbon to the deep ocean. Limnolology & Oceanography 2001, 46(7):1684-1690.
62. Dickson B., Yashayaev I., Meincke J., Turrell B., Dye S., Holfort J. Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature 2002, 416(6883):832-837.
63. Diercks A.-R., Asper V.L. In situ settling speeds of marine snow aggregates below the mixed layer: Black Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 1997, 44(3):385-398.
64. Dilling L., Alldredge A.L. Fragmentation of marine snow by swimming macrozooplankton: a new process impacting carbon cycling in the sea. Deep-Sea Research I 2000, 47:1227-1245.
65. Doney S.C., et al. Evaluating global ocean carbon models: the importance of realistic physics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2004, 18:GB3017. 10.1029/2003GB002150.
66. Downing J.A. Marine nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometry and the global N: P cycle. Biogeochemistry 1997, 37:237-252.
67. Ducklow H.W., Steinberg D.K., Buesseler K.O. Upper ocean carbon export and the biological pump. Oceanography 2001, 14:50-58.
68. Dugas J.C., Koslow J.A. Microsetella norvegica: a rare report of a potentially abundant copepod on the Scotian Shelf. Marine Biology 1984, 84:131-134.
69. Dugdale R.C., Goering J.J. Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnology and Oceanography 1967, 12(2):196-206.
70. Dunne J.P., Armstrong R.A., Gnanadesikan A., Sarmiento J.L., Slater R.D. Empirical and mechanistic models for particle export ratio. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2005, 18. 10.1029/2004GB002390.
71. Dunne J.P., Sarmiento J.L., Gnanadesikan A. A synthesis of global particle export from the surface ocean and cycling through the ocean interior and on the seafloor. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2007, 21(4). Artn Gb4006, Doi 10.1029/2006gb002907.
72. Engel A., Schartau M. Influence of transparent expolymer particles (TEP) on sinking velocity of Nitzschia closterum aggregates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1999, 182:69-76. 10.3354/meps182069.
73. Engel A., Szlosek J., Abramson L., Liu Z., Lee C. Investigating the effect of ballasting by CaCO3 in Emiliania huxleyi: I. Formation, settling velocities and physical properties of aggregates. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2009, 56(18):1396-1407.
74. Eppley R.W., Peterson B.J. Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 1979, 282(5740):677-680. 10.1038/282677a0.
75. Falck E., Anderson L.G. The dynamics of the carbon cycle in the surface water of the Norwegian Sea. Marine Chemistry 2005, 94:43-53.
76. Fasham M.J.R., Ducklow H., McKelvie S.M. A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the ocean mixed layer. Journal of Marine Research 1990, 48:591-639.
77. 3 system in the oceans. Science 2004, 305:362-366.
78. Fernandez E., Boyd P., Holligan P.M., Harbour D.S. Production of organic and inorganic carbon within a large-scale coccolithophore bloom in the Northeast Atlantic-Ocean. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 1993, 97(3):271-285.
79. Field C.B., Behrenfeld M.J., Randerson J.T., Falkowski P. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 1998, 281(5374):237-240.
80. Fiksen Ø., Giske J. Vertical distribution and population dynamics of copepods by dynamic optimization. Ices Journal of Marine Science 1995, 52:483-503.
81. Fischer G., Karajas G. Sinking rates and ballast composition of particles in the Atlantic Ocean: implications for the organic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean. Biogeocsciences 2009, 6(1).
82. Follows M.J., Dutkiewicz S., Grant S., Chisholm S.W. Emergent biogeography of microbial communities in a model ocean. Science 2007, 315:1843-1846.
83. Francois R., Honjo S., Krishfield R., Manganini S. Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16. 10.1029/2001GB001722.
84. Gardes A., Iversen M.H., Grossart H.-P., Passow U., Ullrich M.S. Diatom-associated bacteria are required for aggregation of Thalassiosira weissflogii. ISME Journal 2011, 5(3):436-445. http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v5/n3/suppinfo/ismej2010145s1.html.
85. Gislason A. Seasonal and spatial variability in egg production and biomass of Calanus finmarchicus aroundIceland. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 286:177-192. 10.3354/meps286177.
86. Goldthwait S., Yen J., Jason B., Alldredge A. Quantification of marine snow fragmentation by swimming euphausiids. Limnology and Oceanography 2004, 49(4):940-952.
87. Gonzáles H.E., Smetacek V. The possible role of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona in retarding vertical flux of zooplankton faecal material. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1994, 113:233-246.
88. Green E.P., Dagg M.J. Mesozooplankton associations with medium to large marine snow aggregates in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Plankton Research 1997, 19(4):435-447. 10.1093/plankt/19.4.435.
89. Greene C.H., Pershing A.J., Conversi A., Planque B., Hannah C., Sameoto D., Head E., Smith P.C., Reid P.C., Jossi J., Mountain D., Benfield M.C., Wiebe P.H., Durbin E. Trans-Atlantic responses of Calanus finmarchicus populations to basin-scale forcing associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Progress in Oceanography 2003, 58(2-4):301-312. 10.1016/j.pocean.2003.08.009.
90. Grossart H.-P., Czub G., Simon M. Algae-bacteria interactions and their effects on aggregation and organic matter flux in the sea. Environmental Microbiology 2006, 8(6):1074-1084. 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00999.x.
91. Guidi L., Jackson G.A., Stemmann L., Miquel J.C., Picheral M., Gorsky G. Relationship between particle size distribution and flux in the mesopelagic zone. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2008, 55(10):1364-1374. 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.05.014.
92. Hansell D.A. DOC in the global ocean carbon cycle. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 2002, 685-715. Academica Press, San Diego. D.A. Hansell, C.A. Carlson (Eds.).
93. Hansell D.A., Carlson C.A. Net community production of dissolved organic carbon. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1998, 12(3):443-453.
94. Hansell D.A., Olson D.B., Dentener F., Zamora L.M. Assessment of excess nitrate development in the subtropical North Atlantic. Marine Chemistry 2008, 106:562-579.
95. Hansell D.A., Carlson C.A., Schlitzer R. Net removal of major marine dissolved organic carbon fractions in the subsurface ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2012, 26:GB1016. doi: 10.1029/2011GB004069.
96. Hansen J.L.S., Kiorboe T., Alldredge A.L. Marine snow derived from abandoned larvacean houses: sinking rates, particle content and mechanisms of aggregate formation. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 1996, 141(1-3):205-215.
97. Hayward T.L. Primary production in the north pacific central gyre - a controversy with important implications. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1991, 6(9):281-284.
98. Henson S.A., Sanders R., Madsen E., Morris P.J., Le Moigne F., Quartly G.D. A reduced estimate of the strength of the ocean's biological carbon pump. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38(4):L04606. 10.1029/2011gl046735.
99. Henson S.A., Sanders R., Madsen E. Global patterns in efficiency of particle organic carbon export and transfer to the deep ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2012, 26. 10.1029/2011GB004099.
100. Heywood K.J., McDonagh E.L., White M.A. Eddy kinetic energy of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre from satellite altimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99(C11):22525-22539. 10.1029/94jc01740.
101. Hirche H.-J., Kosobokova K. Distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in the northern North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean-Expatriation and potential colonisation. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2007, 54:2729-2747.
102. Holligan P.M., Fernández E., Aiken J., Balch W.M., Boyd P., Burkill P.H., Finch M., Groom S.B., Malin G., Muller K., Purdie D.A., Robinson C., Trees C.C., Turner S.M., van der Wal P. A biogeochemical study of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, in the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1993, 7(4):879-900. 10.1029/93gb01731.
103. Honjo S., Manganini S.J. Annual biogenic particle fluxes to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean; studied at 34°N 21°W and 48°N 21°W. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 1993, 40(1-2):587-607. 10.1016/0967-0645(93)90034-k.
104. Honjo S., Manganini S.J., Krishfield R.A., Francois R. Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: a synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983. Progress in Oceanography 2008, 76(3):217-285. 10.1016/j.pocean.2007.11.003.
105. Hood R.R., Bates N.R., Capone D.G., Olson D.B. Modeling the effect of nitrogen fixation on carbon and nitrogen fluxes at BATS. Deep-Sea Research II 2001, 48(8-9):1609-1648.
106. Howard M.T., Winguth A.M.E., Klaas C., Maier-Reimer E. Sensitivity of ocean carbon tracer distributions to particulate organic flux parameterisations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20(3):GB3011. 10.1029/2005gb002499.
107. Ikeda T., Sano F., Yamaguchi A., Matsuishi T. Metabolism of mesopelagic and bathypelagic copepods in the western north pacific ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 322:199-211.
108. IPCC, 2007. Fourth Assessment Report on Scientific Aspects of Climate Change for Researchers, Students, and Policymakers.
109. Irigoien X., Head R.N., Harris R.P., Cummings D., Harbour D., Meyer-Harms B. Feeding selectivity and egg production of Calanus helgolandicus in the English Channel. Limnology and Oceanography 2000, 45(1):44-54.
110. Ito T., Follows M.J. Preformed phosphate, soft tissue pump and atmospheric CO2. Journal of Marine Research 2005, 63(4):813-839. 10.1357/0022240054663231.
111. Iversen M.H., Ploug H. Ballast minerals and the sinking carbon flux in the ocean: carbon-specific respiration rates and sinking velocities of macroscopic organic aggregates (marine snow). Biogeosciences 2010, 7:2613-2624.
112. Iversen M.H., Poulsen L.K. Coprorhexy, coprophagy, and coprochaly in the copepods Calanus helgolandicus, Pseudocalanus elongatus, and Oithona similis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2007, 350:79-89.
113. Iversen M.H., Nowald N., Ploug H., Jackson G.A., Fischer G. High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects. Deep-Sea Research I 2010, 57:771-784. 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.007.
114. Jackson G.A. A model of the formation of marine algal flocs by physical coagulation processes. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 1990, 37(8):1197-1211.
115. Jackson G.A. Comparing observed changes in particle size spectra with those predicted using coagulation theory. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 1995, 42(1):159-184. 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00010-n.
116. Jackson G.A., Burd A.B. Aggregation in the marine environment. Environmental Science and Technology 1998, 32(19):2805-2814.
117. Jackson G.A., Checkley D.M. Particle size distributions in the upper 100 m water column and their implications for animal feeding in the plankton. Deep-Sea Research I 2011, 58:283-297. 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.12.008 & #xA0.
118. Jansen H., Wolf-Gladrow D.A. Carbonate dissolution in copepod guts: a numerical model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2001, 221:199-207.
119. Jenkins W.J. Oxygen utilisation rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in oligotrophic systems. Nature 1982, 300(5889):246-248.
120. Jenkins W.J., Goldman J.C. Seasonal Oxygen Cycling and Primary Production in the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Marine Research 1985, 43(2):465-491.
121. Johnson C.P., Li X., Logan B.E. Settling Velocities of Fractal Aggregates. Environmental Science and Technology 1996, 30(6):1911-1918. 10.1021/es950604g.
122. Jónasdóttir S.H., Koski M. Biological processes in the North Sea: comparison of Calanus helgolandicus and Calanus finmarchicus vertical distribution and production. Journal of Plankton Research 2010, 33:85-105.
123. Jónasdóttir S.H., Trung N.H., Hansen F., Gærtner S. Egg Production and hatching success in the calanoid copepods Calanus helgolandicus and Calanus finmarchicus in the North Sea from March to September 2001. Journal of Plankton Research 2005, 27:1239-1259.
124. Jónasdóttir S.H., Visser A.W., Jespersen C. Assessing the role of food quality in the production and hatching of Temora longicornis eggs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 382:139-150.
125. Kane J. Inter-decadal variability of zooplankton abundance in the middle Atlantic bight. Journal of North West Atlantic Fisheries Science 2011, 43:91-92.
126. Karl D.M., Knauer G.A., Martin J.H. Downward flux of particulate organic matter in the ocean: a particle decomposition paradox. Nature 1988, 332(6163):438-441.
127. Karl D.M., Church M.J., Dore J.E., Letelier R.M., Mahaffey C. Predictable and efficient carbon sequestration in the North Pacific Ocean supported by symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2012, 10.1073/pnas.1120312109.
128. Khatiwala S. A computational framework for simulation of biogeochemical tracers in the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2007, 21:GB3001.
129. Khatiwala S. Fast spin up of ocean biogeochemical models using matrix-free Newton-Krylov. Ocean Modelling 2008, 23:121-129.
130. Kiørboe T. Phytoplankton growth rate and nitrogen content: implications for feeding and fecundity in a herbivorous copepod. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1989, 55:229-234.
131. Kiørboe T. Colonisation of marine snow aggregates by invertebrate zooplankton: abundance, scaling, and possible role. Limnology and Oceanography 2000, 45(2):479-484. 10.4319/lo.2000.45.2.0479.
132. Kiørboe T. A Mechanistic Approach to Plankton Ecology 2008, Princeton University Press, USA, 209 pp.
133. Kiørboe T., Jackson G.A. Marine snow, organic solute plumes, and optimal chemosensory behavior of bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography 2001, 46:1309-1318.
134. Kiørboe T., Møhlenberg F., Hamburger K. Bioenergetics of the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa: relation between feeding, egg production and respiration, and the composition of specific dynamic action. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1985, 26:85-95.
135. Kiørboe T., Hansen J.L.S., Alldredge A.L., Jackson G.A., Passow U., Dam H.G., Drapeau D.T., Waite A., Garcia C.M. Sedimentation of phytoplankton during a diatom bloom: rates and mechanisms. Journal of Marine Research 1996, 54(6):1123-1148.
136. Klaas C., Archer D. Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: implications for the rain ratio. Biogeochemical Cycles 2002, 16(4):1116-1130. 10.1029/2001GB001765.
137. Klausmeier C.A., Litchman E., Daufresne T., Levin S.A. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature 2004, 429:171-174.
138. Klein Breteler W.C.M., Schogt N., Rampen S. Effect of diatom nutrient limitation on copepod development: role of essential lipids. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 291:125-133.
139. Koeve W. C:N stoichiometry of the biological pump in the North Atlantic: constraints from climatological data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20. 10.1029/2004GB002407.
140. Körtzinger A., Hedges J.I., Quay P.D. Redfield ratios revisited: removing the biasing effect of anthropogenic CO2. Limnology and Oceanography 2001, 46:964-970.
141. Koski K., Kiørboe T., Takahashi K. Benthic life in the pelagial: aggregate encounter and degradation rates by pelagic harpacticoid copepods. Limnology and Oceanography 2005, 50:1254-1263.
142. Kriest I., Evans G.T. Representing phytoplankton aggregates in biogeochemical models. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 1999, 46(11):1841-1859. 10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00032-1.
143. Kriest l., Oschlies A. On the treatment of particulate organic matter sinking in large-scale models of marine biogeochemical cycles. Biogeosciences 2008, 5(55-72):2008.
144. Kriest I., et al. Sensitivity analysis of simple global marine biogeochemical models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2012, 26:GB2029. doi:10.1029/2011GB04072.
145. Kwon E.Y., Primeau F., Sarmiento J.L. The impact of remineralisation depth on the air-sea carbon balance. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2(9):630-635. 10.1038/ngeo612.
146. Lam P.J., Doney S.C., Bishop J.K.B. The dynamic ocean biological pump: insights from a global compilation of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal concentration profiles from the mesopelagic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2011, 25(3):GB3009. 10.1029/2010gb003868.
147. Lampitt The contribution of deep-sea macroplankton to organic remineralization: results from sediment trap and zooplankton studies over the Madeira Abyssal Plain. Deep Sea Research Part A 1992, 39(2):221-233. 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90106-4.
148. Lampitt R.S., Wishner K.F., Turley C.M., Angel M.V. Marine snow studies in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: distribution, composition and role as a food source for migrating plankton. Marine Biology 1993, 116(4):689-702. 10.1007/BF00355486.
149. 234Th and new production. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2008, 55(11):1484-1502. 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.002.
150. Lampitt R.S., Salter I., de Cuevas B.A., Hartman S., Larkin K.E., Pebody C.A. Long-term variability of downward particle flux in the deep northeast Atlantic: Causes and trends. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2010, 57(15):1346-1361. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.01.01.
151. Laws E.A., Falkowski P.G., Smith W.O., Ducklow H., McCarthy J.J. Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2000, 14(4):1231-1246. 10.1029/1999gb001229.
152. 2 world. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110. 10.1029/2004JC002530.
153. Lenz J., Morales A., Gunkel J. Mesozooplankton standing stock during the North-Atlantic spring bloom study in 1989 and its potential grazing pressure on phytoplankton - a comparison between low, medium and high-latitudes. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 1993, 40(1-2):559-572.
154. Lignell R., Heiskanen A.S., Kuosa H., Gundersen K., Kuuppoleinikki P., Pajuniemi R., Uitto A. Fate of a phytoplankton spring bloom - sedimentation and carbon flow in the planktonic food web in the northern Baltic. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 1993, 94(3):239-252.
155. Lipschultz F. A time-series assessment of the nitrogen cycle at BATS. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2001, 48(8-9):1897-1924. 10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00168-5.
156. Lipschultz, F., 2008. Isotope tracer methods for studies of the marine nitrogen cycle. In: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, second ed. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1345-1384.
157. Logan B.E., Wilkinson D.B. Fractal geometry of marine snow and other biological aggregates. Limnology and Oceanography 1990, 35(1):130-136. citeulike-article-id:906708.
158. Logan B.E., Passow U., Alldredge A.L., Grossart H.P., Simon M. Rapid formation and sedimentation of large aggregates is predictable from coagulation rates (half-lives) of transparent exopolymer particles (tep). Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 1995, 42(1):203-214.
159. Loose C.J., Dawidowicz P. Trade-offs in diel vertical migration by zooplankton: the costs of predator avoidance. Ecology 1994, 75(8):2255-2263. 10.2307/1940881.
160. Lutz M., Dunbar R., Caldeira K. Regional variability in the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the ocean interior. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2002, 16(3):64. 10.1029/2000GB001383.
161. Lutz M.J., Caldeira K., Dunbar R.B., Behrenfeld M.J. Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112(C10):C10011. 10.1029/2006jc003706.
162. Madsen S.J., Nielsen T.G., Tervo O.M., Söderkvist J. Importance of feeding for egg production in Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis during the Arctic spring. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2008, 353:177-190.
163. Martin A.P., Pondaven P. New primary production and nitrification in the western subtropical North Atlantic: a modeling study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20(4):GB4014. 10.1029/2005gb002608.
164. Martin J.H., Knauer G.A., Karl D.M., Broenkow W.W. VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 1987, 34(2):267-285. 10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0.
165. Martin P., Lampitt R.S., Jane Perry M., Sanders R., Lee C., D'Asaro E. Export and mesopelagic particle flux during a North Atlantic spring diatom bloom. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2011, 58(4):338-349. 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.01.006.
166. Mayzaud P., Razouls S., Errhif A., Tirelli V., Labat J.P. Feeding, Respiration and egg production rates of copepods during austral spring in the indian Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ocean: role of the zooplankton community in carbon transformation. Deep-Sea Research I 2002, 49:1027-1048.
167. McDonnell A.M.P., Buesseler K.O. Variability in the average sinking velocity of marine particles. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55(5):2085-2096. 10.4319/lo.2010.55.5.2085.
168. McDonnell, A.M.P., McDonnell, Lamborg, C.H., Buesseler, K.O., Lamb, P.J., Sanders, R., Smith, H., Sargent, E.C., Riley, J.S., Lampitt, R.S., Marsay, C., Bishop, J.K.B., 2013. A summary of techniques for the collection of marine particles. Progress in Oceanography (submitted for publication).
169. McQuatters-Gollop A., Raitsos D.E., Edwards M., Attrill M.J. Spatial patterns of diatom and dinoflagellate seasonal cycles in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2007, 339:301-306. 10.3354/meps339301.
170. Merico A., Bruggeman J., Wirtz K.W. A trait-based approach for downscaling complexity in plankton ecosystem models. Ecological Modelling 2009, 220:3001-3010.
171. Meyer-Harms B., Irigoien X., Head R., Harris R. Selective feeding on natural phytoplankton by Calanus finmarchicus before, during, and after the 1997 Spring Bloom in the Norwegian Sea. Limnology and Oceanography 1999, 44(1):154-165.
172. Moloney C.L., Field J.G. The size-based dynamics of plankton food webs. I. A simulation model of carbon and nitrogen flows. Journal of Plankton Research 1991, 13:1003-1038.
173. Monteiro F.M., Dutkiewicz S., Follows M.J. Biogeographical controls on the marine nitrogen fixers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2011, 25:GB2003.
174. Moore J.K., Doney S.C., Glover D.M., Fung I.Y. Iron cycling and nutrient limitation patterns in surface waters of the world ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 2002, 49:463-508.
175. Moore J.K., Doney S.C., Kleypas J.C., Glover D.M., Fung I.Y. An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain. Deep-Sea Research II 2002, 49:403-462.
176. Mopper K., Zhou X., Kieber R.J., Kieber D.J., Sikorski R.J., Jones R.D. Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon and its impact on the oceanic carbon cycle. Nature 1991, 353:60-62.
177. Morales C.E. Carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the oceans: the contribution by zooplankton migrants to active transport in the North Atlantic during the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Journal of Plankton Research 1999, 21(9):1799-1808.
178. Morales C.E., Bedo A., Harris R.P., Tranter P.R.G. Grazing of copepod assemblages in the north-east Atlantic: the importance of the small size fraction. Journal of Plankton Research 1991, 13:455-472.
179. Moran M.A., Sheldon W.M., Zepp R.G. Carbon loss and optical property changes during long-term photochemical and biological degradation of estuarine dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography 2000, 45:1254-1264.
180. Moran S.B., Shen C.C., Edmonds H.N., Weinstein S.E., Smith J.N., Edwards R.L. Dissolved and particulate Pa-231 and Th-230 in the Atlantic Ocean: constraints on intermediate/deep water age, boundary scavenging, and Pa-231/Th-230 fractionation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 203(3-4):999-1014.
181. Moran S.B., Weinstein S.E., Edmonds H.N., Smith J.N., Kelly R.P., Pilson M.E.Q., Harrison W.G. Does 234Th/238U disequilibrium provide an accurate record of the export flux of particulate organic carbon from the upper ocean?. Limnology and Oceanography 2003, 48(3):1018-1029.
182. Morris P.J., Sanders R. A carbon budget for a naturally iron fertilised bloom in the Southern Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2011, 25(3):GB3004. 10.1029/2010gb003780.
183. Munk W.H. On the wind-driven ocean circulation. Journal of Meteorology 1950, 7(2):79-93.
184. Najjar R.G., Sarmiento J.L., Toggweiler J.R. Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean: simulations with a general circulation model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1992, 6(1):45-76. 10.1029/91gb02718.
185. Nielsdóttir M.C., Moore C.M., Sanders R., Hinz D.J., Achterberg E.P. Iron limitation of the postbloom phytoplankton communities in the Iceland Basin. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2009, 23(3):GB3001. 10.1029/2008gb003410.
186. Nishibe Y., Ikeda T. Metabolism and elemental composition of four oncaeis copepods in the western subarctic Pacific. Marine Biology 2008, 153:397-404.
187. Olli K., Wassmann P., Reigstad M., Ratkova T.N., Arashkevich E., Pasternak A., Matrai P.A., Knulst J., Tranvik L., Klais R., Jacobsen A. The fate of production in the central Arctic Ocean - top-down regulation by zooplankton expatriates?. Progress in Oceanography 2007, 72:84-113.
188. Omta A.W., Bruggeman J., Kooijman S.A.L.M., Dijkstra H.A. Biological carbon pump revisited: feedback mechanisms between climate and the Redfield ratio. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33. 10.1029/2006GL026213.
189. Orr J.C., Maier-Reimer E., Mikolajewicz U., Monfray P., Sarmiento J.L., Toggweiler J.R., Taylor N.K., Palmer J., Gruber N., Sabine C.L., Le Quéré C., Key R.M., Boutin J. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2001, 15:43-60.
190. Oschlies A., Garcon V. Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1998, 394(6690):266-269.
191. Östlund G., Stuiver M. GEOSECS Pacific radiocarbon. Radiocarbon 1980, 22:25-53.
192. Paffenhöfer G.-A. Oxygen consumption in relation to motion of marine planktonic copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 317:187-192.
193. Painter S.C., Sanders R., Poulton A.J., Woodward E.M.S., Lucas M., Chamberlain K. Nitrate uptake at photic zone depths is not important for export in the subtropical ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2007, 21:GB4005. doi: 10.1029/2006GB002807.
194. Parekh P., Dutkiewicz S., Follows M.J., Ito T. Atmospheric carbon dioxide in a less dusty world. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33(3):L03610. 10.1029/2005gl025098.
195. Passow U. Formation of transparent exopolymer particles, TEP, from dissolved precursor material. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 2000, 192:1-11.
196. Passow U. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments. Progress in Oceanography 2002, 55(3-4):287-333.
197. Passow U., Alldredge A.L. A Dye-binding assay for the spectrophotometric measurement of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). Limnology and Oceanography 1995, 40(7):1326-1335.
198. Passow U., De La Rocha C. The accumulation of mineral ballast on organic aggregates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20:GB1013. 10.1029/2005GB002579.
199. Passow U., De La Rocha C., Arnosti C., Grossart H.P., Murray A., Engel A. Microbial dynamics in autotrophic and heterotrophic seawater mesocosms. I. Effect of phytoplankton on the microbial loop. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2007, 49:109-121. (hdl:10013/epic.28500). 10.3354/ame01138.
200. Pickart R.S., Torres D.J., Clarke R.A. Hydrography of the Labrador Sea during active convection. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2002, 32(2):428-457.
201. Pitois S.G., Fox C.J. Long-term changes in zooplankton biomass concentration and mean size over the Northwest European shelf inferred from continuous plankton recorder data. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2006, 63:785-798.
202. Plattner G.K., Gruber N., Frenzel H., McWilliams J.C. Decoupling marine export production from new production. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32(11). Artn L11612. 10.1029/2005gl022660.
203. Ploug H., Grossart H.-P. Bacterial growth and grazing on diatom aggregates: respiratory carbon turnover as a function of aggregate size and sinking velocity. Limnology and Oceanography 2000, 45(7):1467-1475. 10.4319/lo.2000.45.7.1467.
204. Ploug, H., Jørgensen, B.B., 1999. A net-jet flow system for mass transfer and microelectrode studies in sinking aggregates. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 176, 279-290.
205. Ploug H., Iversen M.H., Fischer G. Ballast, sinking velocity, and apparent diffusivity within marine snow and zooplankton faecal pellets: implications for substrate turnover by attached bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography 2008, 53(5):1878-1886. 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1878.
206. Ploug H., Terbrüggen A., Kaufmann A., Wolf-Gladrow D., Passow U. A novel method to measure particle sinking velocity in vitro, and its comparison to three other in vitro methods. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2010, 8:386-393. 10.4319/lom.2010.8.386.
207. Pommier J., Gosselin M., Michel C. Size-fractionated phytoplankton production and biomass during the decline of the northwest Atlantic spring bloom. Journal of Plankton Research 2009, 31(4):429-446. 10.1093/plankt/fbn127.
208. Pondaven P., Gallinari M., Chollet S., Bucciarelli E., Sarthou G., Schultes S., Jean F. Grazing-induced changes in cell wall silicification in a marine diatom. Protist 2007, 158(1):21-28. 10.1016/j.protis.2006.09.002.
209. Poulsen L.K., Iversen M. Degradation of copepod fecal pellets: key role of protozooplankton. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2008, 367:1-13. 10.3354/meps07611.
210. Poulton A.J., Sanders R., Holligan P.M., Stinchcombe M.C., Adey T.R., Brown L., Chamberlain K. Phytoplankton mineralisation in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20(4):GB4002. doi:10.1029/2006gb002712.
211. Poulton A.J., Charalampopoulou A., Young J.R., Tarran G.A., Lucas M.I., Quartly G.D. Coccolithophore dynamics in non-bloom conditions during late summer in the central Iceland Basin. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55(4):1601-1613. 10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1601.
212. Prospero J.M., Landing W.M., Schulz M. African dust deposition to Florida: temporal and spatial variability and comparisons to models. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:D13304. 10.1029/2009JD012773.
213. Prospero J.M., Bullard J.E., Hodgkins R. High-latitude dust over the North Atlantic: inputs from Icelandic proglacial dust storms. Science 2012, 335:1078-1082.
214. Raitsos D.E., Lavender S.J., Pradhan Y., Toby T., Reid P.C., Edwards M. Coccolithophore bloom size variation in response to the regional environment of the subarctic North Atlantic. Limnology and Oceanography 2006, 51(5):2122-2130.
215. Reigstad M., Wexels Riser C., Svensen C. Fate of copepod faecal pellets and the role of Oithona spp. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 304:265-270.
216. 2 ocean. Nature 2007, 450:545-548. 10.1038/nature06267.
217. Riley J.S., Sanders R., Marsay C., Le Moigne F., Achterberg E.P., Poulton A. The relative contribution of fast and slow sinking particles to ocean carbon export. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2012, 26:GB1026. 10.1029/2011GB004085.
218. Robison B.H., Reisenbichler K.R., Sherlock R.E. Giant larvacean houses: rapid carbon transport to the deep sea floor. Science 2005, 308(5728):1609-1611. 10.1126/science.1109104.
219. Rost B., Zondervan I., Wolf-Gladrow D. Sensitivity of phytoplankton to future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry: current knowledge, contradictions and research directions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2008, 373:227-237.
220. Sabine C.L., Feely R.A., Gruber N. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 2004, 305(5682):367-371. 10.1126/science.1097403.
221. Saiz E., Calbet A. Scaling of feeding in marine calanoid copepods. Limnology and Oceanography 2007, 52:668-675.
222. Saiz E., Calbet A., Irigoien X., Alcaraz M. Copepod egg production in the western Mediterranean: response to food availability in oligotrophic environments. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1999, 187:179-189.
223. Salihoglu B., Garçon V., Oschlies A., Lomas M.W. Influence of nutrient utilization and remineralization stoichiometry on phytoplankton distribution and carbon export: a modelling study at BATS. Deep Sea-Research I 2008, 55:73-107.
224. Salter I., Lampitt R.S., Sanders R., Poulton A., Kemp A.E.S., Boorman B., Saw K., Pearce R. Estimating carbon, silica and diatom export from a naturally fertilised phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean using PELAGRA: a novel drifting sediment trap. Deep-Sea Research II 2007, 54:2233-2259. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.008.
225. Sambrotto R.N., Savidge G., Robinson C., Boyd P., Takahashi T., Karl D.M., Langdon C., Chipman D., Marra J., Codispoti L. Elevated consumption of carbon relative to nitrogen in the surface ocean. Nature 1993, 363:248-250.
226. Sanders R., Brown L., Henson S., Lucas M. New production in the Irminger Basin during 2002. Journal of Marine Systems 2005, 55(3-4):291-310. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.09.002.
227. Sanders R., Morris P., Poulton A.J., Stinchcombe M.C., Charalampopoulou A., Lucas M.I., Thomalla S.J. Does a ballast effect occur in the surface ocean?. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37(8):L08602. 10.1029/2010gl042574.
228. Santschi P.H., Guo L., Walsh I.D., Quigley M.S., Baskaran M. Boundary exchange and scavenging of radionuclides in continental margin waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight: implications for organic carbon fluxes. Continental Shelf Research 1999, 19(5):609-636.
229. Sarin M.M., Kim G., Church T.M. 210Po and 210Pb in the South-equatorial Atlantic: distribution and disequilibrium in the Upper 500m. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 1999, 46(5):907-917. 10.1016/s0967-0645(99)00008-9.
230. Sarmiento J.L., Gruber N., Brzezinski M., Dunne J.P. High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity. Nature 2004, 427:56-60.
231. Sato R., Tanaka Y., Ishimaru T. House production by Oikopleura dioica (Tunicata, Appendicularia) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Plankton Research 2001, 23(4):415-423. 10.1093/plankt/23.4.415.
232. Schartau M., Engel A., Schröter J., Thoms S., Völker C., Wolf-Gladrow D. Modelling carbon overconsumption and the formation of extracellular particulate organic carbon. Biogeosciences 2007, 4:433-454. 10.5194/bg-4-433-2007.
233. Schmitz W.J., McCartney M.S. On the North Atlantic circulation. Reviews of Geophysics 1993, 31(1):29-49. 10.1029/92rg02583.
234. Scholten J.C., Fietzke J., Vogler S., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Mangini A., Koeve W., Waniek J., Stoffers P., Antia A., Kuss J. Trapping efficiencies of sediment traps from the deep Eastern North Atlantic: the 230Th calibration. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2001, 48(10):2383-2408. 10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00176-4.
235. Shanks A.L., Edmonson E.W. Laboratory-made artificial marine snow: A biological model of the real thing. Marine Biology 1989, 101:463-470.
236. Sieracki M.E., Verity P.G., Stoecker D.K. Plankton community response to sequential silicate and nitrate depletion during the 1989 North Atlantic spring bloom. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 1993, 40(1-2):213-225. 10.1016/0967-0645(93)90014-E.
237. Sigman D.M., Boyle E.A. Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature 2000, 407(6806):859-869. 10.1038/35038000.
238. Silver M.W., Alldredge A.L. Bathypelagic marine snow - deep-sea algal and detrital community. Journal of Marine Research 1981, 39(3):501-530.
239. Simon M., Grossart H.P., Schweitzer B., Ploug H. Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2002, 28(2):175-211.
240. Sinha B., Buitenhuis E.T., Le Quéré C., Anderson T.R. Comparison of the emergent behavior of a complex ecosystem model in two ocean general circulation models. Progress in Oceanography 2010, 84:204-224. 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.10.003.
241. Smayda T.J. The suspension and sinking of phytoplankton in the sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 1970, 8:353-414.
242. Spitz Y.H., Moisan J.R., Abbott M.R. Configuring an ecosystem model using data from the Bermuda-Atlantic Time Series (BATS). Deep-Sea Research II 2001, 48:1733-1768.
243. Stedmon C.A., Markager S.S., Tranvik L., Kronberg L., Slätis T., Martinsen W. Photochemical production of ammonium and transformation of dissolved organic matter in the Baltic Sea. Marine Chemistry 2007, 104:227-240.
244. Steinberg D.K. Diet of copepods (Scopalatum vorax) associated with mesopelagic detritus (giant larvacean houses) in Monterey Bay, California. Marine Biology 1995, 122(4):571-584. 10.1007/bf00350679.
245. Steinberg D.K., Carlson C.A., Bates N.R., Goldthwait S.A., Madin L.P., Michaels A.F. Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers 2000, 47(1):137-158.
246. Steinberg D.K., Carlson C.A., Bates N.R., Johnson R.J., Michaels A.F., Knap A.H. Overview of the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): a decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2001, 48(8-9):1405-1447. 10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00148-x.
247. Steinberg D.K., Van Mooy B.A.S., Buesseler K., Boyd P., Kobari T., Karl D.M. Bacterial vs. zooplankton control of sinking particle flux in the ocean's twilight zone. Limnology and Oceanography 2008, 53(4):1327-1338. 10.4319/lo.2008.53.4.1327.
248. Stemmann L., Jackson G.A., Ianson D. A vertical model of particle size distributions and fluxes in the midwater column that includes biological and physical processes-Part I: model formulation. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2004, 51(7):865-884. 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.001.
249. Stewart G.M., Fowler S.W., Teyssié J.-L., Cotret O., Cochran J.K., Fisher N.S. Contrasting transfer of polonium-210 and lead-210 across three trophic levels in marine plankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 290:27-33. 10.3354/meps290027.
250. Stommel H. The westward intensificiation of wind driven ocean currents. Transactions Americal Geophysical Union 1948, 29(2):202-206.
251. Subramaniam A., Yager P.L., Carpenter E.J., Mahaffey C., Bjorkman K., Cooley S., Kustka A.B., Montoya J.P., Sanudo-Wilhelmy S.A., Shipe R., Capone D.G. Amazon river enhances diazotrophy and carbon sequestration in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2008, 105(30):10460-10465.
252. Suttle C.A. Marine viruses - major players in the global ecosystem. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2007, 5:801-812.
253. Sverdrup H.U. Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean: with application to the equatorial currents of the eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1947, 33(11):318-326.
254. Tang K., Nielsen T.G., Munk P., Mortensen J., Friis Møller E., Arendt K.E., Tönnesson K., Juul-Pedersen T. Metazooplankton community structure, feeding rate estimates, and hydrography in a meltwater-induced Greenlandic fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2011, 434:77-90.
255. Thomalla S., Turnewitsch R., Lucas M., Poulton A. Particulate organic carbon export from the North and South Atlantic gyres: the 234Th/238U disequilibrium approach. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2006, 53(14-16):1629-1648.
256. Thomalla S.J., Poulton A.J., Sanders R., Turnewitsch R., Holligan P.M., Lucas M.I. Variable export fluxes and efficiencies for calcite, opal and organic carbon in the Atlantic Ocean: a ballast effect in action?. Global Biogechemical Cycles 2008, 22. 10.1029/2007GB002982.
257. Turner J.T. Zooplankton faecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2002, 27(1):57-102. 10.3354/ame027057.
258. Vähätalo A.V., Zepp R.G. Photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic nitrogen to ammonium in the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:6985-6992.
259. Vähätalo A.V., Salonen K., Münster U., Järvinen M., Wetzel R.G. Photochemical transformation of allochthonous organic matter provides bioavailable nutrients in a humic lake. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 2003, 156:287-314.
260. Vallino J.J. Improving marine ecosystem models: use of data assimilation and mesocosm experiments. Journal of Marine Research 2000, 58:117-164.
261. 234Th in aquatic systems. Marine Chemistry 2006, 100(3-4):190-212.
262. Vantrepotte V., Mélin F. Temporal variability of 10-year global SeaWiFS time-series of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2009, 66:1547-1556.
263. Verdeny E., Masqué P., Maiti K., Garcia-Orellana J., Bruach J.M., Mahaffey C., Benitez-Nelson C.R. Particle export within cyclonic Hawaiian lee eddies derived from 210Pb-210Po disequilibrium. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1461-1472. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.02.009.
264. Verdeny E., Masqué P., Garcia-Orellana J., Hanfland C., Kirk Cochran J., Stewart G.M. POC export from ocean surface waters by means of 234Th/238U and 210Po/210Pb disequilibria: a review of the use of two radiotracer pairs. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2009, 56(18):1502-1518. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.018.
265. Vichi M., et al. A generalised model of pelagic biogeochemistry for the global ocean ecosystem. Part I: Theory. Journal of Marine Systems 2007, 64:89-109.
266. Vicsek T. Fractal Growth Phenomena 1989, World Scientific, Singapore. second ed.
267. Vinogradov G.M. Vertical distribution of macroplankton at the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (North Atlantic), as observed from the manned submersible "Mir-1". Marine Biology 2005, 146(2):325-331. 10.1007/s00227-004-1436-1.
268. Wafar M.V.M., Lecorre P., Lhelguen S. F-ratios calculated with and without urea uptake in nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers 1995, 42(9):1669-1674.
269. Wagener T., Guieu C., Leblond N. Effects of dust deposition on iron cycle in the surface Mediterranean Sea: results from a mesocosm seeding experiment. Biogeosciences 2010, 7:3769-3781.
270. Ward B.A., Schartau M.A., Oschlies A., Martin A.P., Follows M.J., Anderson T.R. When is a biogeochemical model too complex? Objective model reduction and selection for North Atlantic time-series sites. Progress in Oceanography 2013, 116:49-65. 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.06.002.
271. Wassmann P. Retention versus export food chains: processes controlling sinking loss from marine pelagic systems. Hydrobiologia 1998, 363:29-57.
272. Wassmann P., Bauernfeind E., Fortier E., Fukuchi B., Hargrave B., Moran B., Noji T., Nöthig E.M., Peinert R., Sasaki H., Shevchenko V.P. Particulate organic carbon flux to the sea floor. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 2003, 101-138. Springer, Verlag Heidelberg-Berlin-New York. R. Stein, R.M. Macdonald (Eds.).
273. Weber L., Völker C., Oschlies A., Burchard H. Iron profiles and speciation of the upper water column at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site: a model based sensitivity study. Biogeosciences 2007, 4:689-706. 10.5194/bg-4-689-2007.
274. Wilson S.E., Steinberg D.K. Autotrophic picoplankton in mesozooplankton guts: evidence of aggregate feeding in the mesopelagic zone and export of small phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2010, 412:11-27.
275. Wilson S.E., Steinberg D.K., Buesseler K.O. Changes in faecal pellet characteristics with depth as indicators of zooplankton repackaging of particles in the mesopelagic zone of the subtropical and subarctic North Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research II 2008, 55:1636-1647.
276. Xue J., Armstrong R.A. An improved "benchmark" method for estimating particle settling velocities from time-series sediment trap fluxes. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2009, 56(18):1479-1486. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.033.
277. Yamanaka Y., Tajika E. The role of the vertical fluxes of particulate organic matter and calcite in the oceanic carbon cycle: studies using an ocean biogeochemical general circulation model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1996, 10(2):361-382. 10.1029/96gb00634.
278. Ye Y., Völker C., Wolf-Gladrow D.A. A model of Fe speciation and biogeochemistry at the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time-Series Observatory site. Biogeosciences 2009, 6:2041-2061. 10.5194/bg-6-2041-2009.
279. Yebra L., Almeida C., Hernández-León S. Vertical distribution of zooplankton and active flux across an anticyclonic eddy in the Canary Island waters. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2005, 52(1):69-83. 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.08.010.
280. Yool A., Martin A.P., Fernandez C., Clark D.R. The significance of nitrification for oceanic new production. Nature 2007, 447(7147):999-1002.
281. Yool A., Popova E.E., Anderson T.R. MEDUSA-1.0: a new intermediate complexity plankton ecosystem model for the global domain. Geoscientific Model Development 2011, 4(2):381-417. DOI 10.5194/gmd-4-381-2011.
282. Zehr J.P., Ward B.B. Nitrogen cycling in the ocean: new perspectives on processes and paradigms. Applied and Environment Microbiology 2002, 68(3):1015-1024. 10.1128/aem.68.3.1015-1024.2002.
283. Ziveri P., Broerse A.T.C., van Hinte J.E., Westbroek P., Honjo S. The fate of coccoliths at 48°N 21°W. Northeastern Atlantic, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2000, 47(9-11):1853-1875. 10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00009-6.