메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 2085-2096

Variability in the average sinking velocity of marine particles

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PUMP; CRUSTACEAN; DIATOM; FECAL PELLET; GEL; IMAGING METHOD; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE FLUX; POLYMER; RESOLUTION; SAMPLING; SEDIMENT TRAP; SETTLING VELOCITY; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; STOKES FORMULA; WATER COLUMN;

EID: 77958051464     PISSN: 00243590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.5.2085     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (187)

References (46)
  • 1
    • 84986817155 scopus 로고
    • In situ settling behavior of marine snow
    • doi:10.4319/lo.1988.33.3.0339
    • ALLDREDGE, A. L., AND C. GOTSCHALK. 1988. In situ settling behavior of marine snow. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:339-351, doi:10.4319/lo.1988.33.3.0339
    • (1988) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.33 , pp. 339-351
    • Alldredge, A.L.1    Gotschalk, C.2
  • 2
    • 0025525517 scopus 로고
    • The physical strength of marine snow and its implications for particle disaggregation in the ocean
    • doi:10.4319/lo.1990.35.7.1415
    • -. T. C. GRANATA, C. C. GOTSCHALK, AND T. D. DICKEY. 1990. The physical strength of marine snow and its implications for particle disaggregation in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:1415-1428, doi:10.4319/lo.1990.35.7.1415
    • (1990) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.35 , pp. 1415-1428
    • Granata, T.C.1    Gotschalk, C.C.2    Dickey, T.D.3
  • 3
    • 67649923701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settling velocity spectra and the ballast ratio hypothesis
    • doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.032
    • ARMSTRONG, R. A., M. L. PETERSON, C. LEE, AND S. G. WAKEHAM. 2009. Settling velocity spectra and the ballast ratio hypothesis. Deep-Sea Res. II 56:1470-1478, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.032
    • (2009) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.56 , pp. 1470-1478
    • Armstrong, R.A.1    Peterson, M.L.2    Lee, C.3    Wakeham, S.G.4
  • 4
    • 0023085031 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the flux and sinking speed of marine snow aggregates
    • ASPER, V. L. 1987. Measuring the flux and sinking speed of marine snow aggregates. Deep-Sea Res. 34:1-17.
    • (1987) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.34 , pp. 1-17
    • Asper, V.L.1
  • 5
    • 0026494720 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of transport of marine snow aggregates in the Panama Basin
    • -. S. HONJO, AND T. H. ORST. 1992. Distribution of transport of marine snow aggregates in the Panama Basin. Deep-Sea Res. 39:939-952.
    • (1992) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.39 , pp. 939-952
    • Honjo, S.1    Orst, T.H.2
  • 6
    • 0242370744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abundance, distribution and sinking rates of aggregates in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
    • doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 02 00146-2
    • -. AND W. O. SMITH. 2003. Abundance, distribution and sinking rates of aggregates in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. I 50:131-150, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 (02) 00146-2
    • (2003) Deep-Sea Res. I , vol.50 , pp. 131-150
    • Smith, W.O.1
  • 7
    • 2942525545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascending marine particles: Significance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the upper ocean
    • doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741
    • AZETSU-SCOTT, K., AND U. PASSOW. 2004. Ascending marine particles: Significance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the upper ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49:741-748, doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741
    • (2004) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.49 , pp. 741-748
    • Azetsu-Scott, K.1    Passow, U.2
  • 8
    • 0036138739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle settling rates increase with depth in the ocean
    • doi:10.1016/S0967-0645 01 00102-3
    • BERELSON, W. M. 2002. Particle settling rates increase with depth in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 49:237-251, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645 (01) 00102-3
    • (2002) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.49 , pp. 237-251
    • Berelson, W.M.1
  • 9
    • 0000022414 scopus 로고
    • Herbivore diet affects fecal pellet settling
    • doi:10.1139/f80-173
    • BIENFANG, P. K. 1980. Herbivore diet affects fecal pellet settling. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1352-1357, doi:10.1139/f80-173
    • (1980) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 1352-1357
    • Bienfang, P.K.1
  • 10
    • 0004263296 scopus 로고
    • Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Eldigio Press
    • BROECKER, W., AND T. PENG. 1982. Tracers in the sea. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Eldigio Press.
    • (1982) Tracers in the Sea
    • Broecker, W.1    Peng, T.2
  • 11
    • 34548478158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes
    • AND OTHERS
    • BUESSELER, K. O., AND OTHERS. 2007. An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes. J. Mar. Res. 65:345-416.
    • (2007) J. Mar. Res. , vol.65 , pp. 345-416
    • Buesseler, K.O.1
  • 12
    • 0030427943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid visualization of plankton abundance and taxonomic composition using the Video Plankton Recorder
    • doi:10.1016/S0967-0645 96 00051-3
    • DAVIS, C. S., S. M. GALLAGER, M. MARRA, AND W. K. STEWART. 1996. Rapid visualization of plankton abundance and taxonomic composition using the Video Plankton Recorder. Deep Sea-Res. II 43:1947-1970, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645 (96) 00051-3
    • (1996) Deep Sea-Res. II , vol.43 , pp. 1947-1970
    • Davis, C.S.1    Gallager, S.M.2    Marra, M.3    Stewart, W.K.4
  • 13
    • 64549102044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between diatom aggregates, minerals, particulate organic carbon, and dissolved organic matter: Further implications for the ballast hypothesis
    • doi:10.1029/2007GB003156
    • DE LA ROCHA, C. L., N. NOWALD, AND U. PASSOW. 2008. Interactions between diatom aggregates, minerals, particulate organic carbon, and dissolved organic matter: Further implications for the ballast hypothesis. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 22: GB4005, doi:10.1029/2007GB003156
    • (2008) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.22
    • De La Rocha, C.L.1    Nowald, N.2    Passow, U.3
  • 14
    • 0030948507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ settling speeds of marine snow aggregates below the mixed layer: Black Sea and Gulf of Mexico
    • doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 96 00104-5
    • DIERCKS, A. R., AND V. L. ASPER. 1997. In situ settling speeds of marine snow aggregates below the mixed layer: Black Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Res. I 44:385-398, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 (96) 00104-5
    • (1997) Deep-Sea Res. I , vol.44 , pp. 385-398
    • Diercks, A.R.1    Asper, V.L.2
  • 16
    • 38749112131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sinking particle properties from polyacrylamide gels during the KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS): Zooplankton control of carbon export in an area of persistent natural iron inputs in the Southern Ocean
    • EBERSBACH, F., AND T. TRULL. 2008. Sinking particle properties from polyacrylamide gels during the KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS): Zooplankton control of carbon export in an area of persistent natural iron inputs in the Southern Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53:212-224.
    • (2008) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.53 , pp. 212-224
    • Ebersbach, F.1    Trull, T.2
  • 17
    • 0000472072 scopus 로고
    • Role of large particles in the transport of elements and organic compounds through the oceanic water column
    • doi:10.1016/0079-6611 86 90032-7
    • FOWLER, S., AND G. KNAUER. 1986. Role of large particles in the transport of elements and organic compounds through the oceanic water column. Prog. Oceanogr. 16:147-194, doi:10.1016/0079-6611 (86) 90032-7
    • (1986) Prog. Oceanogr , vol.16 , pp. 147-194
    • Fowler, S.1    Knauer, G.2
  • 18
    • 0002913464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sediment trap technology and surface sampling in surface waters
    • R. B. Hanson, H. W. Ducklow, and J. G. Field eds., Cambridge Univ. Press
    • GARDNER, W. D. 2000. Sediment trap technology and surface sampling in surface waters, p. 240-281. In R. B. Hanson, H. W. Ducklow, and J. G. Field [eds.], The changing ocean carbon cycle, a midterm synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Cambridge Univ. Press.
    • (2000) The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle, a Midterm Synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study , pp. 240-281
    • Gardner, W.D.1
  • 21
    • 0021623111 scopus 로고
    • Biogenic debris from the pelagic tunicate, Oikopleura dioica, and its role in the vertical transport of a transuranium element
    • doi:10.1016/0272-7714 84 90003-9
    • GORSKY, G., N. S. FISHER, AND S. W. FOWLER. 1984. Biogenic debris from the pelagic tunicate, Oikopleura dioica, and its role in the vertical transport of a transuranium element. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 18:13-23, doi:10.1016/0272-7714 (84) 90003-9
    • (1984) Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 13-23
    • Gorsky, G.1    Fisher, N.S.2    Fowler, S.W.3
  • 22
    • 50649094679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between particle size distribution and flux in the mesopelagic zone
    • doi:10.1016/j.dsr. 2008.05.014
    • GUIDI, L., G. A. JACKSON, L. STEMMANN, J. C. MIQUEL, M. PICHERAL, AND G. GORSKY. 2008. Relationship between particle size distribution and flux in the mesopelagic zone. Deep-Sea Res. I 55:1364-1374, doi:10.1016/j.dsr. 2008.05.014
    • (2008) Deep-Sea Res. I , vol.55 , pp. 1364-1374
    • Guidi, L.1    Jackson, G.A.2    Stemmann, L.3    Miquel, J.C.4    Picheral, M.5    Gorsky, G.6
  • 23
    • 34250868902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical distribution of aggregates (>110 μm) and mesoscale activity in the northeastern Atlantic: Effects on the deep vertical export of surface carbon
    • -. L. STEMMANN, L. LEGENDRE, M. PICHERAL, L. PRIEUR, AND G. GORSKY. 2007. Vertical distribution of aggregates (>110 μm) and mesoscale activity in the northeastern Atlantic: Effects on the deep vertical export of surface carbon. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52:7-18.
    • (2007) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.52 , pp. 7-18
    • Stemmann, L.1    Legendre, L.2    Picheral, M.3    Prieur, L.4    Gorsky, G.5
  • 24
    • 0029660450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine snow derived from abandoned larvacean houses: Sinking rates, particle content and mechanisms of aggregate formation
    • doi:10.3354/meps141205
    • HANSEN, J., T. KIØRBOE, AND A. ALLDREDGE. 1996. Marine snow derived from abandoned larvacean houses: Sinking rates, particle content and mechanisms of aggregate formation. MEPS 141:205-215, doi:10.3354/meps141205
    • (1996) MEPS , vol.141 , pp. 205-215
    • Hansen, J.1    Kiørboe, T.2    Alldredge, A.3
  • 25
    • 0001925905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluxes of particles to the interior of the open oceans
    • V. Ittekkot, P. Schäfer, S. Honjo, and P. J. Depetris eds., Wiley
    • HONJO, S. 1996. Fluxes of particles to the interior of the open oceans, p. 91-113. In V. Ittekkot, P. Schäfer, S. Honjo, and P. J. Depetris [eds.], Particle flux in the ocean. Wiley.
    • (1996) Particle Flux in the Ocean , pp. 91-113
    • Honjo, S.1
  • 26
    • 77952201858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects
    • doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.007
    • IVERSEN, M. H., N. NOWALD, H. PLOUG, G. A. JACKSON, AND G. FISCHER. 2010. High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects. Deep-Sea Res. I 57:771-784, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.007
    • (2010) Deep-Sea Res. I , vol.57 , pp. 771-784
    • Iversen, M.H.1    Nowald, N.2    Ploug, H.3    Jackson, G.A.4    Fischer, G.5
  • 27
    • 0031415249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle size spectra between 1 mm and 1 cm at Monterey Bay determined using multiple instruments
    • doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 97 00029-0
    • JACKSON, G. A., R. MAFFIONE, D. K. COSTELLO, A. L. ALLDREDGE, B. E. LOGAN, AND H. G. DAM. 1997. Particle size spectra between 1 mm and 1 cm at Monterey Bay determined using multiple instruments. Deep-Sea Res. I 45:1739-1767, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 (97) 00029-0
    • (1997) Deep-Sea Res. I , vol.45 , pp. 1739-1767
    • Jackson, G.A.1    Maffione, R.2    Costello, D.K.3    Alldredge, A.L.4    Logan, B.E.5    Dam, H.G.6
  • 28
    • 24944444067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of algal aggregation in vertical carbon export during SOIREE and in other low biomass environments
    • DOI 10.1029/2005GL023180, L13607
    • -. A. M. WAITE, AND P. W. BOYD. 2005. Role of algal aggregation in vertical carbon export during SOIREE and in other low biomass environments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L13607, doi:10.1029/2005GL023180 (Pubitemid 41319968)
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32 , Issue.13 , pp. 1-4
    • Jackson, G.A.1    Waite, A.M.2    Boyd, P.W.3
  • 29
    • 0019172791 scopus 로고
    • Settling velocities of circular cylinders at low Reynolds numbers
    • doi:10.1086/628510
    • KOMAR, P. 1980. Settling velocities of circular cylinders at low Reynolds numbers. J. Geol. 88:327-336, doi:10.1086/628510
    • (1980) J. Geol. , vol.88 , pp. 327-336
    • Komar, P.1
  • 30
    • 48949106700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The flux of bio-and lithogenic material associated with sinking particles in the mesopelagic twilight zone of the northwest and North Central Pacific Ocean
    • AND OTHERS, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2. 2008.04.011
    • LAMBORG, C., AND OTHERS. 2008. The flux of bio-and lithogenic material associated with sinking particles in the mesopelagic twilight zone of the northwest and North Central Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 55:1540-1563, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2. 2008.04.011
    • (2008) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.55 , pp. 1540-1563
    • Lamborg, C.1
  • 31
    • 67650115879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate organic matter and ballast fluxes measured using time-series and settling velocity sediment traps in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea
    • AND OTHERS, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008. 11.029
    • LEE, C., AND OTHERS. 2009. Particulate organic matter and ballast fluxes measured using time-series and settling velocity sediment traps in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 56:1420-1436, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008. 11.029
    • (2009) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.56 , pp. 1420-1436
    • Lee, C.1
  • 33
    • 0035118761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and their role in the sedimentation of particulate matter
    • doi:10.1016/S0278-4343 00 00101-1
    • PASSOW, U., R. F. SHIPE, A. MURRAY, D. K. PAK, M. A. BRZEZINSKI, AND A. L. ALLDREDGE. 2001. The origin of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and their role in the sedimentation of particulate matter. Cont. Shelf Res. 21:327-346, doi:10.1016/S0278-4343 (00) 00101-1
    • (2001) Cont. Shelf Res. , vol.21 , pp. 327-346
    • Passow, U.1    Shipe, R.F.2    Murray, A.3    Pak, D.K.4    Brzezinski, M.A.5    Alldredge, A.L.6
  • 34
    • 33646583825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel techniques for collection of sinking particles in the ocean and determining their settling rates
    • PETERSON, M. L., S. G. WAKEHAM, C. LEE, M. A. ASKEA, AND J. C. MIQUEL. 2005. Novel techniques for collection of sinking particles in the ocean and determining their settling rates. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 3:520-532.
    • (2005) Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods , vol.3 , pp. 520-532
    • Peterson, M.L.1    Wakeham, S.G.2    Lee, C.3    Askea, M.A.4    Miquel, J.C.5
  • 35
    • 52149114842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ballast, sinking velocity, and apparent diffusivity within marine snow and zooplankton fecal pellets: Implications for substrate turnover by attached bacteria
    • PLOUG, H., M. H. IVERSEN, AND G. FISCHER. 2008. Ballast, sinking velocity, and apparent diffusivity within marine snow and zooplankton fecal pellets: Implications for substrate turnover by attached bacteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53:1878-1886.
    • (2008) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.53 , pp. 1878-1886
    • Ploug, H.1    Iversen, M.H.2    Fischer, G.3
  • 37
    • 0019143384 scopus 로고
    • Marine snow: Sinking rates and potential role in vertical flux
    • SHANKS, A. L., AND J. D. TRENT. 1980. Marine snow: Sinking rates and potential role in vertical flux. Deep-Sea Res. 27:137-143.
    • (1980) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.27 , pp. 137-143
    • Shanks, A.L.1    Trent, J.D.2
  • 38
    • 0021549511 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of intracellular carbon and silica content of diatoms from natural assemblages using morphometric techniques
    • doi:10.4319/lo.1984.29.6.1170
    • SICKO-GOAD, L., C. SCHELSKE, AND E. STOERMER. 1984. Estimation of intracellular carbon and silica content of diatoms from natural assemblages using morphometric techniques. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29:1170-1178, doi:10.4319/lo.1984.29.6.1170
    • (1984) Limnol. Oceanogr , vol.29 , pp. 1170-1178
    • Sicko-Goad, L.1    Schelske, C.2    Stoermer, E.3
  • 39
    • 0019599134 scopus 로고
    • Bathypelagic marine snow: Deep-sea algal and detrital community
    • SILVER, M. W., AND A. L. ALLDREDGE. 1981. Bathypelagic marine snow: Deep-sea algal and detrital community. J. Mar. Res. 39:501-530.
    • (1981) J. Mar. Res. , vol.39 , pp. 501-530
    • Silver, M.W.1    Alldredge, A.L.2
  • 40
    • 3042696085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vertical model of particle size distributions and fluxes in the midwater column that includes biological and physical processes - Part I: Model formulation
    • DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.001, PII S0967063704000433
    • STEMMANN, L., G. A. JACKSON, AND D. IANSON. 2004. A vertical model of particle size distributions and fluxes in the midwater column that includes biological and physical processes-part I: Model formulation. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:865-884, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.001 (Pubitemid 38804629)
    • (2004) Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers , vol.51 , Issue.7 , pp. 865-884
    • Stemmann, L.1    Jackson, G.A.2    Ianson, D.3
  • 41
    • 48949085344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ measurement of mesopelagic particle sinking rates and the control of carbon transfer to the ocean interior during the Vertical Flux in the Global Ocean (VERTIGO) voyages in the North Pacific
    • doi:10.1016/j.dsr2. 2008.04.021
    • TRULL, T., S. G. BRAY, K. O. BUESSELER, C. H. LAMBORG, S. MANGANINI, C. MOY, AND J. VALDES. 2008. In situ measurement of mesopelagic particle sinking rates and the control of carbon transfer to the ocean interior during the Vertical Flux in the Global Ocean (VERTIGO) voyages in the North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II 55:1684-1695, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2. 2008.04.021
    • (2008) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.55 , pp. 1684-1695
    • Trull, T.1    Bray, S.G.2    Buesseler, K.O.3    Lamborg, C.H.4    Manganini, S.5    Moy, C.6    Valdes, J.7
  • 42
    • 0037128174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms
    • doi:10.3354/ame027057
    • TURNER, J. T. 2002. Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 27:57-102, doi:10.3354/ame027057
    • (2002) Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 57-102
    • Turner, J.T.1
  • 44
    • 0034955009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of in situ iron addition on the sinking rates and export flux of Southern Ocean diatoms
    • doi:10.1016/S0967-0645 01 00012-1
    • WAITE, A., AND S. NODDER. 2001. The effect of in situ iron addition on the sinking rates and export flux of Southern Ocean diatoms. Deep-Sea Res. II 48:2635-2654, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645 (01) 00012-1
    • (2001) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.48 , pp. 2635-2654
    • Waite, A.1    Nodder, S.2
  • 45
    • 0027088523 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of aggregate profiles with sediment trap fluxes
    • WALSH, I. D., AND W. D. GARDNER. 1992. A comparison of aggregate profiles with sediment trap fluxes. Deep-Sea Res. 39:1817-1834.
    • (1992) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.39 , pp. 1817-1834
    • Walsh, I.D.1    Gardner, W.D.2
  • 46
    • 67649936146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved "benchmark" method for estimating particle settling velocities from timeseries sediment trap fluxes
    • doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.033
    • XUE, J., AND R. A. ARMSTRONG. 2009. An improved "benchmark" method for estimating particle settling velocities from timeseries sediment trap fluxes. Deep-Sea Res. II 56:1479-1486, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.033
    • (2009) Deep-Sea Res. II , vol.56 , pp. 1479-1486
    • Xue, J.1    Armstrong, R.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.