Investigating the carbon cycle in the Gulf of Maine using the natural tracer thorium 234

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 106, Issue C6, 2001, Pages 11553-11579

  Charette, Matthew A ^a,c   Moran, S Bradley ^a   Pike, Steven M ^a,c   Smith, John N ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^b BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (Canada)

^c WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON CYCLE; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SEASONAL VARIATION; THORIUM ISOTOPE; TRACER;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MAINE;

EID: 0034921913     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999jc000277     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. 238U disequilibrium in nearshore sediments: Particle reworking and diagenetic time scales, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 29, 37-50, 1976.
2. Bacastow, R., and E. Maier-Reimer, Dissolved organic carbon in modeling oceanic new production, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 71-85, 1991.
3. Bacon, M.P., and M.M. Rutgers van der Loeff, Removal of thorium-234 by scavenging in the bottom nepheloid layer of the ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 92, 157-164, 1989.
4. 210Pb balance and implications for particle transport on the continental shelf, U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 41, 511-535, 1994.
5. 234Th measurements, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 43, 1133-1153, 1996.
6. Barber, R.T., M.P. Sanderson, S.T. Lindley, F. Chai, J. Newton, C.C. Trees, D.G. Foley, and F.P. Chavez, Primary productivity and its regulation in the equatorial Pacific during and following the 1991-1992 El Niño, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 43, 933-969, 1996.
7. Bender, M.L., and D.T. Heggie, Fate of organic carbon reaching the deep sea floor: A status report, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 977-986, 1984.
8. Benitez-Nelson, C., K. Buesseler, and G. Crossin. (2000). Upper ocean carbon export, horizontal transport, and vertical eddy diffusivity in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. Com. Shelf. Res., 20, 707-736.
9. Berger, W.H., K. Fischer, C. Lai, and G. Wu, Ocean carbon flux: Global maps of primary production, in Biogeochemical Cycling and Fluxes Between the Deep Euphotic Zone and Other Oceanic Realms, edited by R. Agegian, pp. 131-176, NOAA Natl. Undersea Res. Rpt., 88-1, 1988.
10. Berner, R.A., Early Diagenesis, 237pp., Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1980.
11. 238U ratios in the ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 5, 483-499, 1969.
12. Biscaye, P.E. and C.R. Olsen, Suspended particulate concentrations and compositions in the New York Bight. In: Mid-Atlantic Continental Shelf and New York Bight, M.G. Gross, ed., ASLO Special Symposium, 2, 124-137, 1976.
13. Biscaye, P.E., R.F. Anderson and B.L. Deck, Fluxes of particles and constituents to the eastern United States continental slope and rise: SEEP-1. Continental Shelf Research, 8, 855-904, 1988.
14. Bothner, M., E. Spiker, P. Johnson, R. Rendigs, and P. Aruscavage, Geochemical evidence for modern sediment accumulation on the continental shelf off southern New England, J. Sediment. Petrol., 51, 281-292, 1981.
15. Boyd, P.W., et. al., Transformations of biogenic particulates from the pelagic to the deep ocean realm, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 46, 2761-2792, 1999.
16. Brooks, D.A., Vernal circulation in the Gulf of Maine, J. Mar. Res., 90, 4687-4705, 1985.
17. Brooks, D.A., A model study of the buoyancy-driven circulation in the Gulf of Maine, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2387-2412, 1994.
18. Brown, W.S., and J.D. Irish, The annual variation of water mass structure in Gulf of Maine: 1986-1987, J. Mar. Res., 51, 53-107, 1993.
19. Buesseler, K.O., Do upper-ocean sediment traps provide an accurate record of particle flux?, Nature, 353, 420-423, 1991.
20. Buesseler, K.O., The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12, 297-310, 1998.
21. 234Th based particulate residence times in the ocean? by G. Kim, N. Hussain, and T. Church, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1939-1940, 2000.
22. 210Pb inventories along the shelf and slope of the northeast U.S.A., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 76, 10-22, 1985/1986.
23. 238U disequilibria, Deep Sea Res., 39, 1115-1137, 1992a.
24. Buesseler, K.O., J.K. Cochran, M.P. Bacon, H.D. Livingston, S.A. Casso, D. Hirschberg, M.C. Hartman, and A.P. Fleer, Determination of thorium isotopes in seawater by non-destructive and radiochemical methods, Deep Sea Res., 39, 1103-1114, 1992b.
25. Buesseler, K.O., A.F. Michaels, D.A. Siegel, and A.H. Knap, A three dimensional time-dependent approach to calibrating sediment trap fluxes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 179-193, 1994.
26. Buesseler, K.O., J.A. Andrews, M.C. Hartman, R. Belastock, and F. Chai, Regional estimates of the export flux of particulate organic carbon derived from thorium-234 during the JGOFS EqPac program, Deep Sea Res., 42, 777-804, 1995.
27. Buesseler, K.O., L. Ball, J.A. Andrews, R. Belastock, and C. Benitez-Nelson, Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea derived from thorium-234, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 45, 2461-2487, 1998.
28. Charette, M.A., Thorium-234 as a tracer of the oceanic export of particulate organic carbon, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of R.I., Narragansett, 1998.
29. 234Th as a tracer in the subtropical and equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 46, 835-906, 1999.
30. 234Th as a tracer of particulate organic carbon export in the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 46, 2833-2861, 1999.
31. 232Th in seawater, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 80, 241-251, 1986.
32. Christensen, J.P., Sulfate reduction and carbon oxidation rates in continental shelf sediments, and examination of offshelf carbon transport, Cont. Shelf Res., 9, 223-246, 1989.
33. Christensen, J.P., Carbon export from continental shelves, denitrification, and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Cont. Shelf Res., 14, 547-576, 1994.
34. 238U disequilibria within the California Current, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 22-33, 1985.
35. Cochran, J.K., C. Barnes, D. Achman, and D.J. Hirschberg, Thorium-234/uranium-238 disequilibrium as an indicator of scavenging rates and particulate organic carbon fluxes in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4399-4410, 1995.
36. 234Th and particle cycling in the central equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 44, 2049-2083, 1997.
37. Eppley, R.W., New production: History, methods, problems, in Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past, edited by V.S. Smetecek, W.H. Berger, and G. Wefer, pp. 85-97, John Wiley, New York, 1989.
38. Eppley, R.W., and B.J. Peterson, Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean, Nature, 282, 677-680, 1979.
39. Falkowski, P.G., C.N. Flagg, G.T. Rowe, S.L. Smith, T.E. Whitledge, and C.D. Wirick, The fate of a spring phytoplankton bloom: Export or oxidation?, Cont. Shelf Res., 8, 457-484, 1988.
40. Fitzwater, S.E., G.A. Knauer, and J.H. Martin, Metal contamination and its effect on primary production measurements, Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 544-551, 1982.
41. Gardner, W.D., The effect of tilt on sediment trap efficiency, Deep Sea Res., 32, 349-361, 1985.
42. Garside, C., J.C. Garside, M.D. Keller, and M.E. Sieracki, The formation of high nutrient-low salinity water in the Gulf of Maine: A nutrient trap?, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 42, 617-628, 1996.
43. Gustafsson, O., K.O. Buesseler, W.R. Geyer, S.B. Moran, and P.M. Gschwend, On the relative significance of horizontal and vertical transport of chemicals in the coastal ocean: Application of a two-dimensional Th-234 cycling model, Cont. Shelf Res., 18, 805-829, 1998.
44. Hartman, M.O., and K.O. Buesseler, Adsorbers for in-situ collection and at-sea gamma analysis of dissolved thorium-234 in seawater, Rep. WHOI-94-15, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., 1994.
45. Hopkinson, C.S., Jr., B. Fry, and A.L. Nolin, Stoichiometry of dissolved organic matter dynamics on the continental shelf of the northeastern U.S.A., Cont. Shelf Res., 17, 473-489, 1997.
46. Hulbert, M.A., and D. N. Given, Geotechnical and chemical property relationships for Wilkinson Basin, Gulf of Maine, sediments, J. Sediment. Petrol., 45, 504-512, 1975.
47. 234Th based particulate residence times in the ocean? Geophys. Res. Letts., 26(5), 619-622.
48. 234Th: An ambiguous tracer of biogenic particle export from northwestern Mediterranean surface waters, in Radionuclides in the Study of Marine Processes, edited by P. J. Kershaw, pp. 116-128, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1991.
49. 234Th in surface ocean waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 96, 109-116.
50. Livingston, H.D., and J.K. Cochran, Determination of transuranic and thorium isotopes in ocean water: In solution and filterable particles, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 115, 299-308, 1987.
51. Loring, D.H., and R.T. Rantala, Geochemical analysis of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter, Rep. 700, Gov. Can. Fish, and Mar. Sci., 1977.
52. 238U radioactive disequilibrium in the surface layer of the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 39, 205-212, 1975.
53. 234Th ratios in the upper ocean: Importance of biological recycling, paper presented at Meeting of Oceanography Society, Seattle, Washington, 1993.
54. 238U disequilibrium in the central Arctic Ocean: Implications for particulate organic carbon export, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 44, 1593-1606, 1997.
55. Moran, S.B., M.A. Charette, and C.A. Wicklund, Sampling variability in seawater particulate organic carbon: A comparison of bottle and pump data, Mar. Chem., 67, 33-42, 1999.
56. 234Th scavenging in the eastern equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Res., 36, 1471-1489, 1989.
57. 234Th approach, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 43, 1095-1132, 1996.
58. Najjar, R.G., Simulations of the phosphorus and oxygen cycles in the world ocean using a general circulation model, Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J., 1990.
59. Najjar, R.W., J.L. Sarmiento, and J.R. Toggweiler, Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean: Simulations with a general circulation model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 45-76, 1992.
60. O'Reilly, J.E., and D.A. Busch, Phytoplankton primary production on the northwest Atlantic shelf, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 183, 255-268, 1984.
61. Pilskaln, C.H., and C. Lehmann, Seasonal biogeochemical particle fluxes and sediment resuspension processes in a coastal sea: The Gulf of Maine, paper presented at Meeting of Oceanography Society, Paris, 1998.
62. Reimers, C.E., R.A. Jahnke, and D.C. McCorkle, Carbon fluxes and burial rates over the continental slope and rise off central California with implications for the global carbon cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 199-224, 1992.
63. Rowe, G.T., S. Smith, P. Falkowski, T. Whitledge, R. Theroux, W. Phoel, and H. Ducklow, Do continental shelves export organic matter?, Nature, 324, 559-561, 1986.
64. Rowe, G.T., R. Theroux, W. Phoel, H. Quinby, R. Wilke, D. Koschoreck, T.E. Whitledge, P.G. Falkowski, and C. Fray, Benthic carbon budgets for the continental shelf south of New England, Cont. Shelf Res., 8, 511-527, 1988.
65. 234Th, Deep Sea Res., 44, 457-478, 1997.
66. Ryther, J.H., Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea, Science, 166, 72-76, 1969.
67. 238U decay series nuclides in the northeastern Arabian Sea: Scavenging rates and cycling processes, Cont. Shelf Res., 14, 251-265, 1994a.
68. Sarin, M.M., R. Rengarajan, and B.L.K. Somayajulu, Natural radionuclides in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Distribution and evaluation of particle scavenging processes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 103, 211-235, 1994b.
69. Schlitz, R.J., and E.B. Cohen, A nitrogen budget for the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank, Biol. Oceanogr., 3, 203-222, 1984.
70. Strickland, J.D., and T.R. Parsons, A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, 310 pp., Fish. Res. Board of Can., Ottawa, Ont., 1972.
71. Sugimura, Y., and Y. Suzuki, A high-temperature catalytic oxidation method for the determination of non-volatile dissolved organic carbon in seawater by direct injection of a liquid sample, Mar. Chem., 24, 105-131, 1988.
72. 2 cycle, Nature, 291, 196-201, 1981.
73. 234Th scavenging in the surface waters of the Bashi Channel and the Luzon Strait, J. Oceanogr., 48, 427-437, 1992.
74. 234Th activity in the water column of Dabob Bay: Particle scavenging, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 296-314, 1992.
75. Wessel, P., and W.H.F. Smith, Free software helps map and display data, Eos Trans. AGU, 72, 441, 445-446, 1991.
76. Williams, P.J.L.B., and J.I. Robertson, A serious inhibition problem from a Niskin sampler during plankton studies, Limn. Oceanogr., 34, 1300-1305, 1989.