Seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic carbon dioxide species at the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series study (BATS) site

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 43, Issue 2-3, 1996, Pages 347-383

  Bates, Nicholas R ^a   Michaels, Anthony F ^a   Knap, Anthony H ^a  

^a BERMUDA INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Bermuda)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON CYCLE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SEASONAL VARIATIONS;

SARGASSO SEA, BATS SITE;

EID: 0029752557     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00093-3     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Anderson L. A. and J. L. Sarmiento (in press). Global ocean phosphate and oxygen simulations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
2. 2 System in the Sargasso Sea. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southampton, U.K., 275 pp.
3. Bates N. R., A. F. Michaels and A. H. Knap (in press) Geochemical evidence of coccolithophore calcification at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series site. Marine Chemistry.
4. Bradshaw A. L., P. G. Brewer, D. K. Shafer and R. T. Williams (1981) Measurements of total carbon dioxide and alkalinity by potentiometric titration in the GEOSECS program. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 55, 99-115.
5. 2 increase. Geophysical Research Letters, 5, 997-1000.
6. Brewer P. G., A. L. Bradshaw and R. T. Williams (1986) Measurements of total carbon dioxide and alkalinity in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1981. In: The changing carbon cycle: A global analysis, J. R. Trabalka and D. E. Reichle, editors, Springer, New York, pp. 348-370.
7. Brewer P. G., C. Goyet and D. Dyrssen (1989) Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at 25°N latitude in the Atlantic ocean. Science, 246, 477-479.
8. Broecker W. S. and T.-H. Peng (1982) Tracers in the sea. Eldigio Press, Palisades, NY, 690 pp.
9. Broecker W. S. and T.-H. Peng (1992) Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation. Nature, 356, 587-589.
10. Butler J. N. (1982) Carbon dioxide equilibria and their application. Addison-Wesley, 259 pp.
11. Carlson C. A., H. W. Ducklow and A. F. Michaels (1994) Annual flux of dissolved organic carbon from the euphotic zone in the northwestern Sargasso Sea. Nature, 371, 405-408.
12. Carpenter E. J. (1983) Nitrogen fixation by marine Oscillatoria (trichodesmium) in the world's oceans. In: Nitrogen in the marine environment, E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone, editors, Academic Press, New York, pp. 65-103.
13. 2 in a cross-section between Alaska and Hawaii. Geophysical Research Letters, 2, 117-119.
14. 2. Nature, 277, 205-206.
15. 14C incubation method and the mixed layer carbon budget. Deep-Sea Research I, 40, 151-69.
16. Codispoti L. A., G. E. Friederich and D. W. Hood (1986) Variability in the inorganic carbon system over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf during spring 1980 and spring-summer 1981. Continental Shelf Research, 5, 133-160.
17. Codispoti L. A., G. E. Friederich, R. L. Iverson and D. W. Hood (1982) Temporal changes in the inorganic carbon system of the southeastern Bering Sea during spring 1980. Nature, 296, 242-245.
18. 2 in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 25, 29-37.
19. Culkin F. (1965) The major constituents of seawater. In: Chemical oceanography, J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, editors, Academic Press, London, pp. 121-161.
20. Denman K. L. and A. E. Gargett (1983) Time and space scales of vertical mixing and advection of phytoplankton in the upper ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 28, 801-815.
21. Deuser W. G. (1986) Seasonal and interannual variations in deep-water fluxes in the Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface hydrography. Deep-Sea Research, 33, 225-246.
22. Dickey T., T. Granata, J. Marra, C. Langdon, J. Wiggert, Z. Chai-Jochner, M. Hamilton, J. Vazquez, M. Stramska, R. R. Bidigare and D. A. Siegel (1993) Seasonal variability of bio-optical and physical properties in the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 865-898.
23. Dickson A. G. (1981) An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data. Deep-Sea Research, 28A, 609-623.
24. Dickson A. G. (1990) Thermodynamics of the dissolution of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15°K to 318.15°K. Deep-Sea Research, 37A, 755-766.
25. Dickson A. G. (1992) The development of the alkalinity concept in marine chemistry. Marine Chemistry, 40, 49-63.
26. Dickson A. G. and F. J. Millero (1987) A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Research, 34, 1733-1743.
27. 2 Science Team Report.
28. Ducklow H. W., C. A. Carlson, N. R. Bates, A. H. Knap and A. F. Michaels (in press) Dissolved organic carbon as a component of the biological pump in the North Atlantic Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A.
29. Dyrssen D. (1965) A Gran titration of seawater aboard the Sagitta. Acta Chemica Scandinavia, 19, 1265.
30. Ebbesmeyer C. and E. J. Lindstrom (1986) Structure and origin of 18°C water observed during the POLYMODE Local Dynamics Experiment. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16, 443-453.
31. Edmond J. M. (1970) High precision determination of titration alkalinity and total carbon dioxide content of seawater by potentiometric titration. Deep-Sea Research, 17, 737-750.
32. Francey R. J., P. P. Tans, C. E. Allison, I. G. Enting, J. W. C. White and M. Troller (1995) Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 1982. Nature, 373, 326-330.
33. Gordon L. I. and L. B. Jones (1973) The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressure in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 1, 317-322.
34. Goyet C. and S. D. Hacker (1992) Procedure for calibration of a coulometric system used for total inorganic carbon measurements in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 38, 37-51.
35. Goyet C. and P. G. Brewer (1993) Biogeochemical properties of the oceanic carbon cycle. In: Modeling oceanic climate interactions, J. Willibrand and D. L. T. Anderson, editors, Springer, Berlin, pp. 271-298.
36. 2 distribution in the equatorial Pacific Ocean near 150°W. Marine Chemistry, 45, 257-266.
37. Goyet C. and A. Poisson (1989) New determination of carbonic acid dissociation constants in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. Deep-Sea Research, 36, 1635-1654.
38. 2 fugacity in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 44, 205-219.
39. Halliwell G. R., G. Peng and D. B. Olson (1994) Stability of the Sargasso Sea Subtropical Frontal Zone. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 24, 1166-1183.
40. Hansson I. (1973) A new set of acidity constants for carbonic acid and boric acid in seawater. Deep-Sea Research, 20, 461-478.
41. Jenkins W. J. (1988) Nitrate flux into the euphotic zone near Bermuda. Nature, 331, 521-523.
42. Jenkins W. J. and J. C. Goldman (1985) Seasonal oxygen cycling and primary production in the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Marine Research, 43, 465-490.
43. 2 analyses for marine studies: an introduction. Marine Chemistry, 16, 61-82.
44. Johnson K. M., J. M. Sieburth, P. J. leB. Williams and L. Brandstrom (1987) Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: automation and calibration. Marine Chemistry, 21, 117-133.
45. Johnson K. M., K. D. Wills, D. B. Butler, W. K. Johnson and C. S. Wong (1993) Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector. Marine Chemistry, 44, 167-188.
46. Karl D. M., R. Letelier, D. V. Hebel, D. F. Bird and C. D. Winn (1992) Trichodesmium blooms and new nitrogen in the North Pacific gyre. In: Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs, E. J. Carpenter et al., editors, Kluwer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 219-237.
47. 2. In: The global carbon cycle, M. Heimann, editor, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 413-429.
48. 2 transport based on observed winds 1. analysis of observational data. In: Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and the western Americas, D. H. Peterson, editor, AGU Washington, Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol. 55, pp. 1645-236.
49. Knap A. H., A. F. Michaels, R. L. Dow, R. J. Johnson, K. Gundersen, G. A. Knauer, S. E. Lohrenz, V. A. Asper, M. Tuel, H. W. Ducklow, H. Quinby and P. G. Brewer (1991) U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study Data Report 1, BATS 1-12, October 1988-September 1989. U.S. JGOFS Planning and Coordination Office, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A.
50. Knap A. H., A. F. Michaels, R. L. Dow, R. J. Johnson, K. Gundersen, J. Sorensen, A. Close, G. A. Knauer, S. E. Lohrenz, V. A. Asper, M. Tuel, H. W. Ducklow, H. Quinby and P. G. Brewer (1992) U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study Data Report 2, BATS 13-24, October 1989-September 1990. U.S. JGOFS Planning and Coordination Office, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A.
51. Knap A. H., A. F. Michaels, R. L. Dow, R. J. Johnson, K. Gundersen, J. Sorensen, A. Close, F. Howse, M. Hammer, N. R. Bates, A. Doyle and T. Waterhouse (1993) Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study Methods Manual. U.S. JGOFS Planning and Coordination Office, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A.
52. Liss P. S. and L. Merlivat (1986) Air-sea gas exchange rates: introduction and synthesis. In: The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling, P. Buat-Menard, editor, NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 185, pp. 113-128.
53. Lohrenz S. E., G. A. Knauer, V. L. Asper, M. Tuel, A. F. Michaels and A. H. Knap (1992) Seasonal variability in primary production and particle flux in the northwestern Sargasso Sea: U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study. Deep-Sea Research, 39, 1373-1391.
54. Longhurst A. R. (1991) Role of the marine biosphere in the global carbon cycle. Limnology and Oceanography, 36, 1507-1526.
55. Longhurst A. R., A. Bedo, W. G. Harrison, E. J. H. Head, E. P. Horne, B. Irwin and C. Morales (1989) NFLUX: A test of vertical nitrogen flux by diel migrant biota. Deep-Sea Research, 34, 1705-1719.
56. Marchai O., P. Monfray and N. R. Bates (in press) Spring-summer imbalance in dissolved inorganic carbon in the mixed layer of the Northwestern Sargasso Sea. Tellus.
57. Mehrbach C., C. H. Culberson, J. E. Hawley and R. M. Pytkowicz (1973) Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnology and Oceanography, 18, 897-907.
58. Menzel D. W. and J. H. Ryther (1960) The annual cycle of primary production in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research, 6, 351-367.
59. Menzel D. W. and J. H. Ryther (1961) Annual variation in primary production of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research, 7, 282-288.
60. Michaels A. F. and A. H. Knap (1996) Overview of the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study and the Hydrostation S program. Deep-Sea Research II, 43, 157-198.
61. Michaels A. F., D A. Siegel, R. J. Johnson, A. H. Knap and J. N. Galloway (1993) Episodic inputs of atmospheric nitrogen to the Sargasso Sea: contributions to new production and phytoplankton blooms. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 339-352.
62. Michaels A. F., N. R. Bates, K. O. Buesseler, C. A. Carlson and A. H. Knap (1994a) Carbon system imbalances in the Sargasso Sea. Nature, 372, 537-540.
63. Michaels A. F., A. H. Knap, R. L. Dow, K. Gundersen, R. J. Johnson, J. Sorensen, A. Close, G. A. Knauer, S. E. Lohrenz, V. A. Asper, M. Tuel and R. R. Bidigare (1994b) Seasonal patterns of ocean biogeochemistry at the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site. Deep-Sea Research I, 41, 1013-1038.
64. Millero F. J., J.-Z. Zhang, K. Lee and D. Campbell (1993a) Titration alkalinity of seawater. Marine Chemistry, 44, 269-280.
65. 2 measurements in the equatorial Pacific. Marine Chemistry, 44, 269-280.
66. Millero F. J. (1995) Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 661-677.
67. Olbers D. J., M. Wenzel and J. Wilebrand (1985) The inference of North Atlantic circulation patterns from climatological hydrographic data. Reviews of Geophysics, 23, 313-356.
68. Peng T.-H., T. Takahashi, W. S. Broecker and J. Olafsson (1987) Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide, nutrients and oxygen in the northern North Atlantic surface water: observations and a model. Tellus, 39B, 439-458.
69. 2: Carbon-13 evidence. Science, 256, 74-79.
70. 2 uptake. Nature, 358, 738-740.
71. 2 and oxygen at 60°N, 20°W in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II, 40, 409-422.
72. Robertson J. E., C. Robinson, D. R. Turner, P. M. Holligan, A. J. Watson, P. Boyd, E. Fernandez and M. Finch (1994) The impact of a coccolithophore bloom on oceanic carbon uptake in the northeast Atlantic during summer 1991. Deep-Sea Research I, 41, 297-314.
73. Robinson C. and P. J. leB. Williams (1991) Development and assessment of an analytical system for the accurate and continual measurement of total dissolved inorganic carbon. Marine Chemistry, 34, 157-175.
74. Roy R. N., L. N. Roy, K. M. Vogel, C. P. Moore, T. Pearson, C. E. Good, F. J. Millero and D. Campbell (1993a) Determination of the ionization constants of carbonic acid in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 44, 249-268.
75. Roy R. N., L. N. Roy, M. Lawson, K. M. Vogel, C. P. Moore, W. Davis and F. J. Millero (1993b) Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in seawater at S = 35 from 0 to 55°C. Marine Chemistry, 44, 243-268.
76. 2 on Georges Bank during April, 1990. Continental Shelf Research, 14, 765-789.
77. Sambrotto R. N., G. Savidge, C. Robinson, P. Boyd, T. Takahashi, D. M. Karl, C. Langdon, D. W. Chipman, J. Marra and L. A. Codispoti (1993) Elevated consumption of carbon relative to nitrogen in the surface ocean. Nature, 363, 248-251.
78. Sarmiento J. L. (1993) Ocean biogeochemistry. In: The climate system, R. E. Trenburth, editor, pp. 310-347.
79. 2 and ocean chemistry. Limnology and Oceanography, 36, 1736-1753.
80. Sarmiento J. L. and U. Siegenthaler (1992) New production and the global carbon cycle. In: Primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the sea, P. G. Falkowski and A. D. Woodhead, editors, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 317-332.
81. Sarmiento J. L. and E. T. Sundquist (1993) Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Nature, 356, 589-593.
82. Schroeder E. and H. Stommel (1969) How representative is the series of Panulirus stations of monthly mean conditions off Bermuda. Progress in Oceanography, 5, 31-40.
83. Siegel D. A., A. F. Michaels, J. C. Sorensen, M. C. O'Brien and M. Hammer (1995) Seasonal variability of light availability and its utilization in the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 8695-8713.
84. Siegenthaler U. and J. L. Sarmiento (1993) Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean. Nature, 365, 119-125.
85. Sprintall J. and M. Tomczak (1992) Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(C5), 7305-7316.
86. Stoll M. H. C., J. W. Rommets and H. J. W. De Baar (1993) Effect of selected caclulation routines and dissociation constants on the determination of total carbon dioxide in seawater. Deep-Sea Research I, 40, 1307-1322.
87. Takahashi T., J. Olafsson, W. S. Broecker, J. Goddard, D. W. Chipman and J. White (1985) Seasonal variability of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. Rit Fiskideildar, 9, 20-36.
88. 2 in surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean: The results of the North Atlantic TTO Program. In: Carbon dioxide, science and consensus (CONF-820970). Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Institute for Energy Analysis, pp. 123-145.
89. 2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 843-878.
90. 2 sink. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 348, 148-160.
91. Talley L. and M. E. Raymer (1982) Eighteen degree water variability. Journal of Marine Research, 40, 757-775.
92. 2 budget. Science, 247, 1431-1438.
93. 2 uptake. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 353-368.
94. Taylor A. H., A. J. Watson, M. Ainsworth, J. E. Robertson and D. R. Turner (1991) A modelling investigation of the role of phytoplankton in the balance of carbon at the surface of the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 5, 151-171.
95. Todd J. F., D. K. Atwood, R. A. Feely and J. R. Toggweiler (1990) Atmosphere-Ocean Exchange of Carbon Dioxide: Implications for Climate and Global Change on Seasonal-to-Century Timescales. NOAA Climate and Global Change Program, Special Report, No. 3, 28 pp.
96. Toggweiler J. R. (1993) Carbon overconsumption. Nature, 363, 248-250.
97. Toggweiler J. R. (1994) Vanishing in Bermuda. Nature, 372, 505-506.
98. Villareal T. A., M. A. Altabet and K. Culver-Brown (1993) Nitrogen transport by vertically migrating diatom mats in the North Pacific Ocean. Nature, 363, 709-712.
99. 2: Natural variations archean to present, E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker, editors, American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 32, Washington D.C., pp. 99-110.
100. Wanninkhof R. (1992) Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 7373-7382.
101. Watson A. J., C. Robinson, J. E. Robertson, P. J. LeB. Williams and M. J. R. Fasham (1991) Spatial variability in the sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the North Atlantic. Nature, 350, 50-53.
102. Weiss R. F. (1974) Carbon dioxide in water and seawater; the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Marine Chemistry, 2, 203-215.
103. Weiss R. F. and B. A. Price (1980) Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater. Marine Chemistry, 8, 347-359.
104. 2 in seawater. Nature, 300, 511-513.
105. Wilke R., D. W. R. Wallace and K. M. Johnson (1993) A water-based, gravimetric method for the detemrination of gas sampling loop volume. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 2403-2406.
106. Williams P. J. leB. (1993) On the definition of plankton production terms. In: Measurement of primary production from the molecular to the global scale W. K. W. Li and S. Y. Maestrini, editors, ICES Marine Science Symposium, Vol. 197, pp. 9-19.
107. Winn C. D., F. T. Mackenzie, C. J. Carillo, C. L. Sabine and D. M. Karl (1994) Air-sea carbon dioxide exchange in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: implications for the global carbon budget. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8(2), 157-163.
108. Woods J. D. and W. Barkman (1986) A Lagrangian mixed-layer model of Atlantic 18°C water formation. Nature, 319, 574-576.
109. Worthington L. V. (1976) On the North Atlantic circulation. The Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies, Vol. 6, 110 pp.