Correlation of long non-coding RNA expression with metastasis, drug resistance and clinical outcome in cancer

Oncotarget

Volumn 5, Issue 18, 2014, Pages 8027-8038

  Malek, Ehsan ^a   Jagannathan, Sajjeev ^a   Driscoll, James J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

HOTAIR; Long non coding RNAs; MicroRNAs; Non coding RNAs; Overall survival

Indexed keywords

HOX PROTEIN; HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE INTERGENIC LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA; MICRORNA; POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; HOTAIR LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA, HUMAN; TUMOR MARKER;

ARTICLE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RESISTANCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; GENE; GENE CLUSTER; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC CORRELATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HOTAIR GENE; HUMAN; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; DRUG RESISTANCE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENETIC TESTING; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RNA, LONG NONCODING; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84908006997     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19492553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2469     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, Noone AM, Markowitz LE, Kohler B, Eheman C, Saraiya M, Bandi P, Saslow D, Croni KA, Watson M, Schiffman M and et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in HPV-associated cancers and HIV vaccination levels. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014; 105:175-201.
2. Trent L, The American Society of Clinical Oncology. The state of cancer care in America, 2014: A report by the Amercian Society of Clinical Oncology. 2014; 10:119-142.
3. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2013; 61(2):69-90.
4. Guy G, Ekwueme DU, Yabroff R, Dowling EC, Li C, Rodriguez JL, de Moor JS and Virgo KS. Economic burden of cancer survivorship among adults in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31:3749-3757.
5. Smith B, Smith GL, Hortobagyi GH and Buchholz TA. Future of cancer incidence in the United States: Burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:2758-2765.
6. McKoy JM, Samaras AT and Bennet CL. Providing Cancer Care to a Graying and Diverse Cancer Population in the 21st Century: Are We Prepared? J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:2745-2746.
7. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Cancer Sites. National Cancer Institute website.
8. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O and Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011; 61(4):212-236.
9. GLOBOCAN v1.2. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10: 2008.
10. Gottesman MM, Fojo T and Bates SE. Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002; 2(1):48-58.
11. Jeha S and Pui CH. Clinical manifestations and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2012: chap 64.
12. National Cancer Institute: PDQ Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment. National Cancer Institute. 2014; http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/adultALL.
13. Dunleavy K, Pittaluga S, Czuczman MS, Dave SS, Wright S, Shovlin M, Jaffe ES, Janik JE, Staudt LM and Wilson WH. Differential efficacy of bortezomib plus chemotherapy within molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2009; 113(24):6069-6076.
14. Lenz G, Wright G, Dave SS, Xiao W, Powell J, Zhao H, Xu W, Tan B, Goldschmidt N, Iqbal J, Vose J, Bast M, Fu K and et al. Stromal Gene Signatures in Large-B-Cell Lymphomas. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 359(22):2313-2323.
15. Gobbi PG, Levis A, Chisesi T, Broglia C, Vitolo U, Stelitano C, Pavone V, Cavanna L, Santini G, Merli F, Liberati M, Baldini L and Deliliers GL. ABVD vs. modified Stanford V vs. MOPPEBVCAD with optional and limited radiotherapy in intermediate-and advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of a multicenter randomised trial by the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23(36):9198-9207.
16. Herbst C, Rehan FA, Skoetz N, Bohlius J, Brillant C and Schulz H. Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for early stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (2):CD007110.
17. Szakács G, Paterson JK, Ludwig JA, Booth-Genthe C and Gottesman MM. Targeting multidrug resistance in cancer. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2006; 5(3):219-234.
18. Williams S, Blessing JA, Liao SY, Ball H and Hanjani P. Adjuvant therapy of ovarian germ cell tumors with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin: a trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994; 12(4):701-6.
19. Williams SD, Kauderer J, Burnett AF, Lentz SS, Aghajanian C and Armstrong DK. Adjuvant therapy of completely resected dysgerminoma with carboplatin and etoposide: a trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 95(3):496-499.
20. Pavet V, Portal MM, Moulin JC, Herbrecht R and Gronemeyer H. Towards novel paradigms for cancer therapy. Oncogene. 2011; 30:1-20.
21. Clozel T, Yang SN, Elstrom RL, Tam W, Martin P, Kormaksson M, Banerjje S, Vasanthakumar A, Culjkovic B, Scott DW, Wyman S, Leser Mm, and et al. Shaknovich R. Mechanism-based epigenetic chemosensitization therapy of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Discovery. 2013; 3(9):1002-1019.
22. Al-Hajj M, Becker MW, Wicha M, Weissman I and Clarke MF. Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2004; 14:43-47.
23. Miyake K, Mickley L, Litman T, Zhan Z, Robey R, Cristensen B, Brangi B, Greenberger L, Dean M, Fojo T and Bates SE. Molecular cloning of cDNAs which are highly overexpressed in mitoxantroneresistant cells: demonstration of homology to ABC transport genes. Cancer Res. 1999; 59:8-13.
24. Doyle LA, Yang W, Abruzzo LV, Krogmann T, Gao Y, Rishi AK and Ross DR. A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1998; 95:15665-15670.
25. Singh A and Settleman J. EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene. 2010; 29:4741-4751.
26. Bao B, Ahmad A, Li Y, Azmi AS, Ali S, Banerjee S, Kong D and Sarkar FH. Targeting CSC-related miRNAs for cancer therapy by natural agents. Curr Drug Targets. 2012; 13(14):1858-68.
27. Chen K and Rajewsky N. The evolution of gene regulation by transcription factors and microRNAs. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2007; 8(2):93-103.
28. Xu C, Li CY and Kong AN. Induction of phase I, II and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2005; 28:249-268.
29. Calcagno AM, Kim IW, Wu CP, Shukla S and Ambudkar SV. ABC drug transporters as molecular targets for the prevention of multidrug resistance and drug-drug interactions. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2007; 4:324-333.
30. Tukey RH and Strassburg CP. Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2000; 40:581-616.
31. Ivanov M, Kacevska M and Ingelman-Sundberg M. 2012; Epigenomics and interindividual differences in drug response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012; 92:727-736.
32. Shen DW, Pouliot LM, Hall MD and Gottesman MM. Cisplatin resistance: a cellular self-defense mechanism resulting from multiple epigenetic and genetic changes. Pharmacol Rev. 2012; 64:706-721.
33. Haenisch S and Cascorbi I. miRNAs as mediators of drug resistance. Epigenomics. 2012; 4:369-381.
34. Lipovich L, Johnson R and Lin CY. MacroRNA underdogs in a microRNA world: evolutionary, regulatory, and biomedical significance of mammalian long non-protein-coding RNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010; 1799:597-615.
35. Harries LW. Long non-coding RNAs and human disease. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012; 40:902-906.
36. Goldman B. Multidrug resistance: can new drugs help chemotherapy score against cancer? Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003; 95(4):255-257.
37. d'Adda di Fagagna F. Living on a break: cellular senescence as a DNA-damage response. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2008; 8:512-522.
38. Jeffares DC, Poole AM and Penny D. Relics from the RNA world. J Mol Evol. 2008; 46:18-36.
39. Morris KV. Non-coding RNAs and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: Drivers of Natural Selection. 2012; Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-94-3.
40. Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P and Polacek N. Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype? Trends Genet. 2012; 21(5):289-97.
41. Ulitsky I and Bartel DP. lncRNAs: genomics, evolution and mechanisms. Cell. 2013; 136:215-33.
42. Bentwich I., Avniel A., Karov Y., Aharonov R., Gilad S., Barad O., Barzilai A., Einat P., Einav U., Meiri E and et al. Identification of hundreds of conserved and nonconserved human microRNAs. Nat. Genet. 2005; 37:766-770.
43. Lewis BP, Burge CB and Bartel DP. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell. 2004; 120(1):15-20.
44. Lee CT, Risom T and Strauss WM. Evolutionary conservation of microRNA regulatory circuits: an examination of microRNA gene complexity and conserved microRNA-target interactions through metazoan phylogeny. DNA Cell Biol. 2005; 26(4):209-18.
45. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E and et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99(24):15524-15529.
46. Alsiwadi S, Malek E and Driscoll JJ. MicroRNAs in Brain Metastases: Potential Role as Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014; 15:10508-10526.
47. Esteller M. Non-coding RNAs in human disease. Nature Rev. Genetics. 2011; 12:861-874.
48. Nagano T and Fraser P. No-nonsense functions for long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2011; 145(2):178-181.
49. Wang KC and Chang HY. Molecular mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs. Molecular Cell. 2011; 43(6):904-914.
50. Wright MW and Bruford EA. Naming 'junk': human non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) gene nomenclature. Human Genomics. 2011; 5(2):90-98.
51. Bachellerie JP, Cavaillé J and Hüttenhofer A. The expanding snoRNA world. Biochimie. 2002; 84(8): 775-790.
52. Kiss-László Z, Henry Y and Kiss T. Sequence and structural elements of methylation guide snoRNAs essential for site-specific ribose methylation of pre-rRNA. EMBO J. 1998; 17(3):797-807.
53. Bonasio R, Tu S and Reinberg D. Molecular signals of epigenetic states. Science. 2010; 330:612-616.
54. Croce CM. Oncogenes and cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(5):502-511.
55. Todd R and Wong DT. Oncogenes. Anticancer Res. 1998; 19(6A):4729-46.
56. Weinberg RA. The Biology of Cancer. 2014; Garland Science.
57. Sherr CJ. Principles of tumor suppression. Cell. 2004; 116(2):235-46.
58. ENCODE Project Consortium: Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Dutta A, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Margulies EH, Weng Z, Snyder M, Dermitzakis ET, Thurman RE, Kuehn MS and Taylor CM. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature. 2007; 447(7146):799-816.
59. Kapranov P, Cheng J, Dike S, Nix DA, Duttagupta R, Willingham AT, Stadler PF, Hertel J, Hackermüller J, Hofacker IL, Bell I, Cheung E, Drenkow J and et al. RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription. Science. 2007; 316(5830): 1484-1488.
60. Hutchinson J.N., Ensminger A.W., Clemson C.M., Lynch C.R., Lawrence J.B. and Chess A. A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding RNAs associated with SC35 splicing domains. BMC Genomics. 2007; 8:39.
61. Yang Y, Li H, Hu B, Liu J and Wang J. The noncoding RNA expression profile and the effect of lncRNA AK126698 on cisplatin resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer cell. Plos One. 2013; 31:8(5):e65309.
62. Hung T, Wang Y, Lin MF, Koegel AK, Kotake Y, Grant GD, Horlings HM, Shah N, Umbricht C, Wang P, Wang Y, Kong B, Langerød A and et al. Extensive and coordinated transcription of noncoding RNAs within cell-cycle promoters. Nature Genetics. 2011; 43(7):621-629.
63. Gibb EA, Vucic EA, Enfield KSS, Stewart GL, Lonergan KM, Kennett JY, Becker-Santos DD, MacAulay CE, Lam S, Brown CJ and Lam WL. Human cancer long non-coding RNA transcriptomes. PLoS One. 2011; 6(10):e25915.
64. Esquela-Kerscher A and Slack FJ. OncomiRs-microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer. 2006; 6:259-269.
65. Croce CM. Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nature Rev. Genet. 2009; 10:704-714.
66. Nicoloso MS, Spizzo R, Shimizu M, Rossi S and Calin GA. MicroRNAs-the micro steering wheel of tumour metastases. Nature Rev. Cancer. 2009; 9:293-302.
67. Calin G. A and et al. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2004; 101:2999-3004.
68. Ponting CP, Oliver PL and Reik W. Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2009; 136(4):629-641.
69. Guttman M, Donaghey J, Carey B, Garber M, Grenier JK, Munson G and et al. lincRNAs act in the circuitry controlling pluripotency and differentiation. Nature. 2011; 477295-300.
70. Spizzo R, Almeida MI, Colombatti A and Calin GA. Long non-coding RNAs and cancer: a new frontier of translational research. Oncogene. 2012; 31:4577-4587.
71. Li X, Wu Z, Fu X and Han W. Long noncoding RNAs: insights from biological features and functions to diseases. Med Res Rev. 2013; 33(3):517-553.
72. Chu C, Qu K, Zhong FL, Artandi and Chang H. Genomic maps of long noncoding RNA occupancy reveal principles of RNA-chromatin interactions. Molecular Cell. 2011; 44:667-678.
73. Simon MD, Wang CI, Kharchenko PV, West JA, Chapman BA, Alekseyenko AA, Borowsky ML, Kuroda MI and Kingston RE. The genomic binding sites of a noncoding RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011; 108(51):20497-20502.
74. Gutschner T, Baas M and Diederichs S. Noncoding RNA gene silencing through genomic integration of RNA destabilizing elements using zinc finger nucleases. Genome Research. 2011; 21(11):1944-1954.
75. Tsai M.C and et al. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science. 2010; 329(5992):689-693.
76. Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, Garber M, Raj A, Rivea Morales D, Thomas K, Presser A, Bernstein BE, van Oudenaarden A, Regev A, Lander ES and Rinn JL. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009; 106(28):11667-11672.
77. Yoon JH, Abdelmohsen K, Kim J, Yang X, Martindale JL, Tominaga-Yamanaka K, White EJ, Orjalo AV, Rinn JL, Kreft SG, Wilson GM and Gorospe M. Scaffold function of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in protein ubiquitination. Nature Communications. 11(4):2939.
78. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA. The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell;. 2000; 100(1):57-70.
79. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation. Cell. 2011; 144(5):646-674.
80. Lee JT. Epigenetic regulation by long noncoding RNAs. Science. 2012; 338(6113):1435-9.
81. Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G and Srivastava S. Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1. DNA and Cell Biology. 2006; 25(3):135-41.
82. Reis EM, Nakaya HI, Louro R, Canavez FC, Flatschart AV, Almeida GT, Egidio CM, Paquola AC, Machado AA, Festa F, Yamamoto D, Alvarenga R, da Silva CC, Brito GC and et al. Antisense intronic non-coding RNA levels correlate to et al. Antisense intronic non-coding RNA levels correlate to the degree of tumor differentiation in prostate cancer. Oncogene. 2004; 23(39):6684-6692.
83. Calin GA, Liu CG, Ferracin M, Hyslop T, Spizzo R, Sevignani C, Fabbri M, Cimmino A, Lee EJ, Wojcik SE, Shimizu M, Tili E, Rossi S and et al. Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas. Cancer Cell. 2007; 12(3):215-29.
84. Petherick A. Genetics: The production line. Nature. 2008; 454(7208):1042-5.
85. Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, Goodnough LH, Helms JA, Farnham PJ, Segal E and Chang HY. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2007; 129:1311-1323.
86. Baker M. Long noncoding RNAs: the search for function. Nat. Methods. 2011; 8:379-383.
87. Tsai MC, Wan Y, Manor O, Mosammaparast N, Wang JK, Lan F, Shi Y, Segal E and Chang HY. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science. 2010; 329(5992):689-693.
88. Rinn JL and Chang HY. Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2012; 81:145-166.
89. Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM, Wong DJ, Tsai MC, Hung T, Argani P, Rinn JL, Wang Y, Brzoska P, Kong B and et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature. 2010; 464(7291):1071-1076.
90. Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Böing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, Tidow N, Brandt B, Buerger H, Bulk E, Thomas M, Berdel WE, Serve H and Müller-Tidow C. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene. 2003; 22(39):8031-41.
91. Ren S, Wang F, Shen J, Sun Y, Xu W, Lu J, Wei M, Xu C, Wu C, Zhang Z, Gao X, Liu Z, Hou J, Huang J and Sun Y. Long non-coding RNA metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 derived miniRNA as a novel plasma-based biomarker for diagnosing prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2013; 49:2949-2959.
92. Ren S, Liu Y, Xu W, Sun Y, Lu J, Wang F, Wei M, Shen J, Hou J, Gao X, Xu C, Huang J, Zhao Y and Sun Y. Long noncoding RNA MALAT-1 is a new potential therapeutic target for castration resistant prostate cancer. Journal of Urology. 2013; 190(6):2278-2287.
93. Guo F, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang J and Li G. Inhibition of metastasis-associated lung adeno-carcinoma transcript 1 in CaSki human cervical cancer cells suppresses proliferation and invasion. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica (Shanghai). 2010; 42:224-229.
94. Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Ijiri K and Akimitsu N. MALAT-1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility-related genes. FEBS Lett. 2010; 584:4575-4580.
95. Wang Y, Chen W, Yang C, Wu W, Wu S, Qin X and Li X. Long non-coding RNA UCA1a (CUDR) promotes proliferation and tumorigenesis of bladder cancer. International Journal of Oncology. 2012; 41(1):276.
96. Tsang WP, Wong TWL, Cheung AHH, Co CNN and Kwok TT. Induction of drug resistance and transformation in human cancer cells by the noncoding RNA CUDR. Rna. 2007; 13(6):890-898.
97. Kino T, Hurt DE, Ichijo T, Nader N and Chrousos GP. Noncoding RNA gas5 is a growth arrest-and starvation-associated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Science Signaling. 2010; 3(107):ra8.
98. Qiao H-P, Gao WS, Huo JX and Yang ZS. Long non-coding RNA GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013; 14(2):1077-1082.
99. Sotillo E and Thomas-Tikhonenko A. The long reach of noncoding RNAs. Nature Genetics. 2011; 43:616-617.
100. Hung T, Wang Y, Lin MF, Koegel AK, Kotake Y, Grant GD, Horlings HR, Shah N, Umbricht C, Wang P, Wang U, Kong B, Langered A and et al. Extensive and coordinated transcription of noncoding RNAs within cell-cycle promoters. Nature Genetics. 2011; 43:621-629.
101. Tsang W and Kwok T. Riboregulator H19 induction of MDR1-associated drug resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 2007; 26(33):4877-4881.
102. Amit D and Hochberg A. Development of targeted therapy for bladder cancer mediated by a double promoter plasmid expressing diphtheria toxin under the control of H19 and IGF2-P4 regulatory sequences. J Transl Med. 2010; 8(1):134.
103. Panzitt K, Tschernatsch MM, Guelly C, Moustafa T, Stradner M, Strohmaier HM, Buck CR, Denk H, Schroeder R, Trauner M and Zatloukal K. Characterization of HULC, a novel gene with striking up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, as noncoding RNA. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132(1):330-342.
104. Wang J, Liu X, Wu H, Ni P, Gu Z, Qiao Y, Chen N, Sun F and Fan Q. CREB up-regulates long non-coding RNA, HULC expression through interaction with microRNA-372 in liver cancer. Nucleic acids research. 2010; 38(16):5366-5383.
105. Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium1: Clark AG, Eisen MB, Smith DR, Bergman CM, Oliver B, Markow TA, Kaufman TC, Kellis M, Gelbart W, Iyer VN, Pollard DA, Sackton TB and et al. Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny. Nature. 2007; 450(7167):203-18.
106. Zhao J, Ohsumi TK, Kung JT, Ogawa Y, Grau DJ, Sarma K, Song JJ, Kingston RE, Borowsky M and Lee JT. Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq. Molecular Cell. 2010; 40(6): 939-953.
107. Wu X, Shao X-Q, Meng XX, Zhang XN, Zhu L, Liu SX, Lin J and X HS. Genome-wide analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression signatures in hydroxycamptothecin-resistant gastric cancer cells. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2011; 32(2):259-269.
108. http://www.cbioportal.org/public-portal/Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
109. Ahmad N, Haider S, Anaissie E and Driscoll JJ. MicroRNA theragnostics for the clinical management of multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2013; 10:1038/leu.2013.262.
110. Redis RS, Berindan-Neagoe I, Pop VI and Calin GA. Non-coding RNAs as theranostics in human cancers. J. Cell Biochem. 2012; 113:1451-1459.
111. Roberts TC, Morris KV and Weinberg MS. Perspectives on the mechanism of transcriptional regulation by long non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics. 2014; 1; 9(1):13-20.
112. Beck AK, Pass HI, Carbone M and Yang H. Ranpirnase as a potential antitumor ribonuclease treatment for mesothelioma and other malignancies. Future Oncol. 2008; 4:341-349.
113. Bouchie A. First microRNA mimic enters clinic. Nature Biotechnology. 2013; 31:577.
114. Craig VJ, Tzankov A, Flori M, Schmid CA, Bader AG and Muller A. Systemic microRNA-34a delivery induces apoptosis and abrogates growth of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in vivo. Leukemia. 2012; 26:2421-2424.
115. Huang L and Liu Y. In vivo delivery of RNAi with lipid-based nanoparticles. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 2011; 13:507-530.
116. Bartlett DW, Su H, Hildebrant IJ, Weber WA and Davis ME. Impact of tumor-specific targeting on the biodistribution and efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles measured by multimodality in vivo imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007; 104(39):15549-15554.
117. Li YL, Zhu L, Liu Z, Cheng R, Meng F, Cui JH, Ji SJ and Zhong Z. Reversibly stabilized multifunctional dextran nanoparticles efficiently deliver doxorubicin into the nuclei of cancer cells. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2009; 48(52):9914-9918.
118. Sidi AA, Sidi AA, Ohana P, Benjamin S, Shalev M, Ransom JH, Lamm D, Hochberg A and Leibovitch I. Phase I/II marker lesion study of intravesical BC-819 DNA plasmid in H19 over expressing superficial bladder cancer refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Journal of Urology. 2008; 180(6):2379-2383.
119. Scaiewicz V, Sorin V, Fellig Y, Birman T, Mizrahi A, Galula J, Abu-Lail R, Shneider T, Ohana P, Buscail L, Hochberg A and Czerniak A. Use of H19 gene regulatory sequences in DNA-based therapy for pancreatic cancer. Journal of Oncology. 2010; 178174.
120. Chi J, Ballabio E, Chen XH, Kusec R, Taylor S, Hay D, Tramonti D, Saunders NJ, Littlewood T, Pezzella F, Boultwood J, Wainscoat J.S, Hatton C.S and et al. McroRNA expression in multiple myeloma is associated with genetic subtype, isotype and survival. Biology Direct. 2011; 6:23.
121. Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Chen C, Runnels J, Leleu X, Azab F, Azab AK, Jia X, Ngo HT, Melhem MR, Burwick N, Varticovski L, Novina CD, Rollins BJ, Anderson KC and Ghobrial IM. MicroRNA expression in the biology, prognosis, and therapy of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Blood. 2009; 113:4391-402.
122. Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Thompson B, Azab F, Runnels J, Jia X, Ngo HT, Melhem MR, Lin CP, Ribatti D, Rollins BJ, Witzig TE, Anderson KC and Ghobrial IM. MicroRNAs 15a and 16 regulate tumor proliferation in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009; 113:6669-80.