Neurocircuitry of alcohol addiction: Synthesis from animal models

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 125, Issue , 2014, Pages 33-54

  Koob, George F ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Corticotropin releasing factor; Extended amygdala; Opponent process; Stress

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR;

ALCOHOLISM; AMYGDALA; ANIMAL; ANIMAL MODEL; BRAIN; HUMAN; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; MOTIVATION; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PHYSIOLOGY; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD;

ALCOHOLISM; AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; MODELS, ANIMAL; MOTIVATION; NERVE NET; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); REWARD; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84907994628     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00003-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (222)

1. Addolorato G., Caputo F., Capristo E., et al. Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol 2002, 37:504-508.
2. Addolorato G., Caputo F., Capristo E., et al. Rapid suppression of alcohol withdrawal syndrome by baclofen. Am J Med 2002, 112:226-229.
3. Alheid G.F., Heimer L. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience 1988, 27:1-39.
4. Alheid G.F., De Olmos J.S., Beltramino C.A. Amygdala and extended amygdala. The Rat Nervous System 1995, 495-578. Academic Press, San Diego. G. Paxinos (Ed.).
5. Allen T.J., Moeller F.G., Rhoades H.M., et al. Impulsivity and history of drug dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998, 50:137-145.
6. Alonso G., Szafarczyk A., Balmefrezol M., et al. Immunocytochemical evidence for stimulatory control by the ventral noradrenergic bundle of parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin in rats. Brain Res 1986, 397:297-307.
7. Altshuler H.L., Phillips P.E., Feinhandler D.A. Alteration of ethanol self-administration by naltrexone. Life Sci 1980, 26:679-688.
8. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC. 5th edn.
9. Aston-Jones G., Delfs J.M., Druhan J., et al. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: a target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1999, Vol. 877:486-498. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. J.F. McGinty (Ed.).
10. Baker T.B., Piper M.E., McCarthy D.E., et al. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev 2004, 111:33-51.
11. Balakleevsky A., Colombo G., Fadda F., et al. Ro 19-4603, a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, attenuates voluntary ethanol consumption in rats selectively bred for high ethanol preference. Alcohol Alcohol 1990, 25:449-452.
12. Baldwin H.A., Rassnick S., Rivier J., et al. CRF antagonist reverses the "anxiogenic" response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991, 103:227-232.
13. 3 antagonists fail to affect ethanol self-administration of rats. Alcohol 1994, 11:389-395.
14. Becker H.C., Lopez M.F. Increased ethanol drinking after repeated chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal experience in C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004, 28:1829-1838.
15. 1a-receptor agonist. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:1662-1669.
16. Brown G., Jackson A., Stephens D.N. Effects of repeated withdrawal from chronic ethanol on oral self-administration of ethanol on a progressive ratio schedule. Behav Pharmacol 1998, 9:149-161.
17. Campbell A.D., McBride W.J. Serotonin-3 receptor and ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995, 51:835-842.
18. Chance W.T., Sheriff S., Peng F., et al. Antagonism of NPY-induced feeding by pretreatment with cyclic AMP response element binding protein antisense oligonucleotide. Neuropeptides 2000, 34:167-172.
19. 1 receptor knockout. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007, 86:813-821.
20. Ciccocioppo R., Angeletti S., Weiss F. Long-lasting resistance to extinction of response reinstatement induced by ethanol-related stimuli: role of genetic ethanol preference. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001, 25:1414-1419.
21. Ciccocioppo R., Martin-Fardon R., Weiss F. Effect of selective blockade of μ or δ opioid receptors on reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior by drug-associated stimuli in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27:391-399.
22. Ciccocioppo R., Lin D., Martin-Fardon R., et al. Reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior by drug cues following single versus multiple ethanol intoxication in the rat: effects of naltrexone. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 168:208-215.
23. Colombo G., Serra S., Brunetti G., et al. Suppression by baclofen of alcohol deprivation effect in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003, 70:105-108.
24. Colombo G., Vacca G., Serra S., et al. Baclofen suppresses motivation to consume alcohol in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 167:221-224.
25. Crews F.T., Boettiger C.A. Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009, 93:237-247.
26. Dahchour A., de Witte P., Bolo N., et al. Central effects of acamprosate: Part 1. Acamprosate blocks the glutamate increase in the nucleus accumbens microdialysate in ethanol withdrawn rats. Psychiatry Res 1998, 82:107-114.
27. Davidson D., Amit Z. Naltrexone blocks acquisition of voluntary ethanol intake in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997, 21:677-683.
28. de Witte P., Littleton J., Parot P., et al. Neuroprotective and abstinence-promoting effects of acamprosate: elucidating the mechanism of action. CNS Drugs 2005, 19:517-537.
29. Delfs J.M., Zhu Y., Druhan J.P., et al. Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion. Nature 2000, 403:430-434.
30. A receptor subunit pepetide levels in rat cortex during chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal. J Neurochem 1997, 69:126-130.
31. Diana M., Pistis M., Carboni S., et al. Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:7966-7969.
32. Di Ciano P., Coury A., Depoortere R.Y., et al. Comparison of changes in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during intravenous self-administration of cocaine or d-amphetamine. Behav Pharmacol 1995, 6:311-322.
33. DiClemente C.C. Mechanisms, determinants and processes of change in the modification of drinking behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007, 31:13s-20s.
34. Doyon W.M., York J.L., Diaz L.M., et al. Dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens during consummatory phases of oral ethanol self-administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003, 27:1573-1582.
35. 3 receptor antagonists on alcohol drinking in rats. Alcohol 1995, 12:387-391.
36. Epping-Jordan M.P., Watkins S.S., Koob G.F., et al. Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature 1998, 393:76-79.
37. Everitt B.J., Wolf M.E. Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neural systems perspective. J Neurosci 2002, 22:3312-3320.
38. Everitt B.J., Belin D., Economidou D., et al. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 2008, 363:3125-3135.
39. 3 receptor antagonist, suppresses voluntary ethanol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol 1991, 26:107-110.
40. Fidler T.L., Clews T.W., Cunningham C.L. Reestablishing an intragastric ethanol self-infusion model in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006, 30:414-428.
41. Fillmore M.T., Rush C.R. Impaired inhibitory control of behavior in chronic cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002, 66:265-273.
42. Finn D.A., Snelling C., Fretwell A.M., et al. Increased drinking during withdrawal from intermittent ethanol exposure is blocked by the CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe-CRF(12-41). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007, 31:939-949.
43. Froehlich J.C., Harts J., Lumeng L., et al. Naloxone attenuates voluntary ethanol intake in rats selectively bred for high ethanol preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990, 35:385-390.
44. Funk C.K., O'Dell L.E., Crawford E.F., et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor within the central nucleus of the amygdala mediates enhanced ethanol self-administration in withdrawn, ethanol-dependent rats. J Neurosci 2006, 26:11324-11332.
45. Funk C.K., Zorrilla E.P., Lee M.-J., et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 antagonists selectively reduce ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent rats. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:78-86.
46. Gardner E.L., Vorel S.R. Cannabinoid transmission and reward-related events. Neurobiol Dis 1998, 5:502-533.
47. Gatto G.J., Grant K.A. Attenuation of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol by the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513. Behav Pharmacol 1997, 8:139-146.
48. Gehlert D.R., Cippitelli A., Thorsell A., et al. 3-(4-Chloro-2-morpholin-4-yl-thiazol-5-yl)-8-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine: a novel brain-penetrant, orally available corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist with efficacy in animal models of alcoholism. J Neurosci 2007, 27:2718-2726.
49. George O., Koob G.F. Individual differences in prefrontal cortex function and the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010, 35:232-247.
50. Gilpin N.W., Misra K., Koob G.F. Neuropeptide Y in the central nucleus of the amygdala suppresses dependence-induced increases in alcohol drinking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008, 90:475-480.
51. Gilpin N.W., Smith A.D., Cole M., et al. Operant behavior and alcohol levels in blood and brain of alcohol-dependent rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009, 33:2113-2123.
52. Gilpin N.W., Misra K., Herman M.A., et al. Neuropeptide Y opposes alcohol effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid release in amygdala and blocks the transition to alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 69:1091-1099.
53. Goldstein R.Z., Volkow N.D. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011, 12:652-669.
54. A receptor ligands in Macaca fascicularis monkeys under different ethanol training conditions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 152:181-188.
55. Green L., Fristoe N., Myerson J. Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes. Psychon Bull Rev 1994, 1:383-389.
56. Heilig M., Koob G.F. A key role for corticotropin-releasing factor in alcohol dependence. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:399-406.
57. Heimer L., Alheid G. Piecing together the puzzle of basal forebrain anatomy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1991, Vol. 295:1-42. Plenum Press, New York. T.C. Napier, P.W. Kalivas, I. Hanin (Eds.).
58. Heinz A., Lober S., Georgi A., et al. Reward craving and withdrawal relief craving: assessment of different motivational pathways to alcohol intake. Alcohol Alcohol 2003, 38:35-39.
59. Hellevuo K., Kiianmaa K., Korpi E.R. Effect of GABAergic drugs on motor impairment from ethanol, barbital and lorazepam in rat lines selected for differential sensitivity to ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989, 34:399-404.
60. Hemby S.E., Martin T.J., Co C., et al. The effects of intravenous heroin administration on extracellular nucleus accumbens dopamine concentrations as determined by in vivo microdialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995, 273:591-598.
61. Hernandez G., Hamdani S., Rajabi H., et al. Prolonged rewarding stimulation of the rat medial forebrain bundle: neurochemical and behavioral consequences. Behav Neurosci 2006, 120:888-904.
62. Herz A. Endogenous opioid systems and alcohol addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 129:99-111.
63. Heyser C.J., Roberts A.J., Schulteis G., et al. Central administration of an opiate antagonist decreases oral ethanol self-administration in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999, 23:1468-1476.
64. 3 antagonist ICS 205-930. Alcohol 1993, 10:191-196.
65. Holter S.M., Henniger M.S., Lipkowski A.W., et al. Kappa-opioid receptors and relapse-like drinking in long-term ethanol-experienced rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 153:93-102.
66. Hubbell C.L., Marglin S.H., Spitalnic S.J., et al. Opioidergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic manipulations and rats' intake of a sweetened alcoholic beverage. Alcohol 1991, 8:355-367.
67. A receptor antagonism in the extended amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 283:151-159.
68. Hyytia P., Sinclair J.D. Responding for oral ethanol after naloxone treatment by alcohol-preferring AA rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993, 17:631-636.
69. Janak P.H., Gill M.T. Comparison of the effects of allopregnanolone with direct GABAergic agonists on ethanol self-administration with and without concurrently available sucrose. Alcohol 2003, 30:1-7.
70. Jentsch J.D., Taylor J.R. Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 146:373-390.
71. Ji D., Gilpin N.W., Richardson H.N., et al. Effects of naltrexone, duloxetine, and a corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor antagonist on binge-like alcohol drinking in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2008, 19:1-12.
72. Johnson B.A., Roache J.D., Javors M.A., et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000, 284:963-971.
73. June H.L., Lummis G.H., Colker R.E., et al. Ro15-4513 attenuates the consumption of ethanol in deprived rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991, 15:406-411.
74. Katner S.N., Weiss F. Ethanol-associated olfactory stimuli reinstate ethanol-seeking behavior after extinction and modify extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999, 23:1751-1760.
75. Katner S.N., Magalong J.G., Weiss F. Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior by drug-associated discriminative stimuli after prolonged extinction in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, 20:471-479.
76. 3 receptor antagonist, reduces voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992, 41:847-850.
77. Knapp D.J., Overstreet D.H., Moy S.S., et al. SB242084, flumazenil, and CRA1000 block ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats. Alcohol 2004, 32:101-111.
78. Knapp D.J., Overstreet D.H., Breese G.R. Modulation of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior during later withdrawals by treatment of early withdrawals with benzodiazepine/γ-aminobutyric acid ligands. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005, 29:553-563.
79. Knapp D.J., Overstreet D.H., Breese G.R. Baclofen blocks expression and sensitization of anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of repeated stress and ethanol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007, 31:582-595.
80. Koob G.F. Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology, and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992, 13:177-184.
81. Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine and stress. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 46:1167-1180.
82. Koob G.F. Alcoholism: allostasis and beyond. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003, 27:232-243.
83. Koob G.F. Allostatic view of motivation: implications for psychopathology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 2004, Vol. 50:1-18. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. R.A. Bevins, M.T. Bardo (Eds.).
84. Koob G.F. A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron 2008, 59:11-34.
85. Koob G.F. Neurobiology of addiction. Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment 2008, 3-16. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC. 4th edn. M. Galanter, H.D. Kleber (Eds.).
86. Koob G.F. Theoretical frameworks and mechanistic aspects of alcohol addiction: alcohol addiction: alcohol addiction as a reward deficit disorder. Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience 2013, Vol. 13:3-30. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. W.H. Sommer, R. Spanagel (Eds.).
87. Koob G.F., Bloom F.E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988, 242:715-723.
88. Koob G.F., Kreek M.J. Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:1149-1159.
89. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 1997, 278:52-58.
90. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 24:97-129.
91. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Neurobiology of Addiction 2006, Academic Press, London.
92. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol 2008, 59:29-53.
93. Koob G.F., Winger G.D., Meyerhoff J.L., et al. Effects of d-amphetamine on concurrent self-stimulation of forebrain and brain stem loci. Brain Res 1977, 137:109-126.
94. Koob G.F., Stinus L., Le Moal M. Opponent process theory of motivation: neurobiological evidence from studies of opiate dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989, 13:135-140.
95. Koob G.F., Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., et al. Corticotropin releasing factor, stress and behavior. Semin Neurosci 1994, 6:221-229.
96. Koob G.F., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Reward, motivation, and addiction. Fundamental Neuroscience 2008, 987-1016. Academic Press, Amsterdam. 3rd edn. L.G. Squire, D. Berg, F.E. Bloom, S. Du Lac, A. Ghosh, N. Spitzer (Eds.).
97. Koob G.F., Lloyd G.K., Mason B.J. Development of pharmacotherapies for drug addiction: a Rosetta stone approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009, 8:500-515.
98. Kornet M., Goosen C., Van Ree J.M. Effect of naltrexone on alcohol consumption during chronic alcohol drinking and after a period of imposed abstinence in free-choice drinking rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991, 104:367-376.
99. Kornetsky C., Esposito R.U. Euphorigenic drugs: effects on the reward pathways of the brain. Fed Proc 1979, 38:2473-2476.
100. 3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 to inhibit alcohol preference and withdrawal seizures in rats. Alcohol 1993, 10:369-373.
101. Land B.B., Bruchas M.R., Lemos J.C., et al. The dysphoric component of stress is encoded by activation of the dynorphin κ-opioid system. J Neurosci 2008, 28:407-414.
102. Le Doux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2000, 23:155-184.
103. Liljequist S., Engel J.A. The effects of GABA and benzodiazepine receptor antagonists on the anti-conflict actions of diazepam or ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984, 21:521-525.
104. Liu X., Weiss F. Reversal of ethanol-seeking behavior by D1 and D2 antagonists in an animal model of relapse: differences in antagonist potency in previously ethanol-dependent versus nondependent rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 300:882-889.
105. Liu X., Weiss F. Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 22:7856-7861.
106. Liu X., Weiss F. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition attenuates conditioned reinstatement of ethanol-seeking, but not the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004, 28:1194-1199.
107. Logan G.D., Schachar R.J., Tannock R. Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychol Sci 1997, 8:60-64.
108. Lopez M.F., Becker H.C. Effect of pattern and number of chronic ethanol exposures on subsequent voluntary ethanol intake in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 181:688-696.
109. Lyness W.H., Smith F.L. Influence of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons on intravenous ethanol self-administration in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992, 42:187-192.
110. Majchrowicz E. Induction of physical dependence upon ethanol and the associated behavioral changes in rats. Psychopharmacologia 1975, 43:245-254.
111. Malcolm R., Roberts J.S., Wang W., et al. Multiple previous detoxifications are associated with less responsive treatment and heavier drinking during an index outpatient detoxification. Alcohol 2000, 22:159-164.
112. Markou A., Koob G.F. Post-cocaine anhedonia: an animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991, 4:17-26.
113. Martin-Fardon R., Weiss F. Modeling relapse in animals. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013, 13:403-432.
114. Martin-Fardon R., Ciccocioppo R., Massi M., et al. Nociceptin prevents stress-induced ethanol- but not cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuroreport 2000, 11:1939-1943.
115. Martin-Solch C., Magyar S., Kunig G., et al. Changes in brain activation associated with reward processing in smokers and nonsmokers: a positron emission tomography study. Exp Brain Res 2001, 139:278-286.
116. Martz A., Deitrich R.A., Harris R.A. Behavioral evidence for the involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the actions of ethanol. Eur J Pharmacol 1983, 89:53-62.
117. McBride W.J., Li T.K. Animal models of alcoholism: neurobiology of high alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1998, 12:339-369.
118. McBride W.J., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., et al. Effects of Ro 15-4513, fluoxetine and desipramine on the intake of ethanol, water and food by the alcohol-preferring (P) and - nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988, 30:1045-1050.
119. McEwen B.S. Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 22:108-124.
120. McFarland K., Kalivas P.W. The circuitry mediating cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 2001, 21:8655-8663.
121. 3 receptor antagonism of alcohol intake: effects of drinking conditions. Alcohol 1998, 15:291-298.
122. Melis M., Spiga S., Diana M. The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypodopaminergic state. Int Rev Neurobiol 2005, 63:101-154.
123. Merlo-Pich E., Lorang M., Yeganeh M., et al. Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis. J Neurosci 1995, 15:5439-5447.
124. Mhatre M.C., Pena G., Sieghart W., et al. Antibodies specific for GABAA receptor alpha subunits reveal that chronic alcohol treatment down-regulates α-subunit expression in rat brain regions. J Neurosci 1993, 61:1620-1625.
125. Moeller F.G., Barratt E.S., Dougherty D.M., et al. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1783-1793.
126. Monti P.M., Rohsenow D.J., Hutchison K.E., et al. Naltrexone's effect on cue-elicited craving among alcoholics in treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999, 23:1386-1394.
127. Morzorati S.L., Ramchandani V.A., Flury L., et al. Self-reported subjective perception of intoxication reflects family history of alcoholism when breath alcohol levels are constant. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002, 26:1299-1306.
128. Moy S.S., Knapp D.J., Criswell H.E., et al. Flumazenil blockade of anxiety following ethanol withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 131:354-360.
129. Mucha R.F., Herz A. Motivational properties of kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists studied with place and taste preference conditioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985, 86:274-280.
130. Myers R.D. Anatomical "circuitry" in the brain mediating alcohol drinking revealed by THP-reactive sites in the limbic system. Alcohol 1990, 7:449-459.
131. Nealey K.A., Smith A.W., Davis S.M., et al. κ-opioid receptors are implicated in the increased potency of intra-accumbens nalmefene in ethanol-dependent rats. Neuropharmacology 2011, 61:35-42.
132. Nestler E.J. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:119-128.
133. Nestler E.J. Historical review: molecular and cellular mechanisms of opiate and cocaine addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25:210-218.
134. Nestler E.J. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8:1445-1449.
135. Neugebauer V., Li W., Bird G.C., et al. The amygdala and persistent pain. Neuroscientist 2004, 10:221-234.
136. O'Dell L.E., Roberts A.J., Smith R.T., et al. Enhanced alcohol self-administration after intermittent versus continuous alcohol vapor exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004, 28:1676-1682.
137. O'Malley S.S., Jaffe A.J., Chang G., et al. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49:881-887.
138. Olds J., Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1954, 47:419-427.
139. Olive M.F., Koenig H.N., Nannini M.A., et al. Elevated extracellular CRF levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during ethanol withdrawal and reduction by subsequent ethanol intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002, 72:213-220.
140. Oscar-Berman M. Function and dysfunction of prefrontal brain circuitry in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Neuropsychol Rev 2012, 22:154-169.
141. 1 receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004, 77:405-413.
142. Overstreet D.H., Knapp D.J., Breese G.R. Pharmacological modulation of repeated ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior differs in alcohol-preferring P and Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005, 81:122-130.
143. Pandey S.C. The gene transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein: role in positive and negative affective states of alcohol addiction. Pharmacol Ther 2004, 104:47-58.
144. Paterson N.E., Myers C., Markou A. Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 152:440-446.
145. Pfeffer A.O., Samson H.H. Effect of pimozide on home cage ethanol drinking in the rat: dependence on drinking session length. Drug Alcohol Depend 1986, 17:47-55.
146. Pfeiffer A., Brantl V., Herz A., et al. Psychotomimesis mediated by κ opiate receptors. Science 1986, 233:774-776.
147. Piazza P.V., Le Moal M. The role of stress in drug self-administration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998, 19:67-74.
148. Rachlin H., Green L. Commitment, choice and self-control. J Exp Anal Behav 1972, 17:15-22.
149. Ramchandani V.A., Umhau J., Pavon F.J., et al. A genetic determinant of the striatal dopamine response to alcohol in men. Mol Psychiatry 2011, 16:809-817.
150. Rasmussen D.D., Boldt B.M., Bryant C.A., et al. Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 1. Long-term changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000, 24:1836-1849.
151. Rassnick S., Pulvirenti L., Koob G.F. Oral ethanol self-administration in rats is reduced by the administration of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonists into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992, 109:92-98.
152. Rassnick S., D'Amico E., Riley E., et al. GABA antagonist and benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist reduce motivated responding for ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993, 17:124-130.
153. Rassnick S., Heinrichs S.C., Britton K.T., et al. Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res 1993, 605:25-32.
154. Rassnick S., Stinus L., Koob G.F. The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mesolimbic dopamine system on oral self-administration of ethanol in the rat. Brain Res 1993, 623:16-24.
155. Reid L.D., Hunter G.A. Morphine and naloxone modulate intake of ethanol. Alcohol 1984, 1:33-37.
156. Reissner K.J., Kalivas P.W. Using glutamate homeostasis as a target for treating addictive disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2010, 21:514-522.
157. Rhodes J.S., Best K., Belknap J.K., et al. Evaluation of a simple model of ethanol drinking to intoxication in C57BL/6J mice. Physiol Behav 2005, 84:53-63.
158. 1) antagonist. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008, 88:497-510.
159. Rimondini R., Arlinde C., Sommer W., et al. Long-lasting increase in voluntary ethanol consumption and transcriptional regulation in the rat brain after intermittent exposure to alcohol. FASEB J 2002, 16:27-35.
160. Rivier C., Bruhn T., Vale W. Effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat: role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984, 229:127-131.
161. Roberto M., Cruz M.T., Gilpin N.W., et al. Corticotropin releasing factor-induced amygdala gamma-aminobutyric Acid release plays a key role in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67:831-839.
162. Roberts A.J., Cole M., Koob G.F. Intra-amygdala muscimol decreases operant ethanol self-administration in dependent rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996, 20:1289-1298.
163. Roberts A.J., McArthur R.A., Hull E.E., et al. Effects of amperozide, 8-OH-DPAT, and FG 5974 on operant responding for ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998, 137:25-32.
164. Roberts A.J., Heyser C.J., Koob G.F. Operant self-administration of sweetened versus unsweetened ethanol: effects on blood alcohol levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999, 23:1151-1157.
165. Roberts A.J., Heyser C.J., Cole M., et al. Excessive ethanol drinking following a history of dependence: animal model of allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 22:581-594.
166. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev 1993, 18:247-291.
167. Romach M.K., Sellers E.M. Management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Annu Rev Med 1991, 42:323-340.
168. Rossetti Z.L., Hmaidan Y., Gessa G.L. Marked inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release: a common feature of ethanol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine abstinence in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1992, 221:227-234.
169. Rossetti Z.L., Isola D., De Vry J., et al. Effects of nimodipine on extracellular dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens in ethanol withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 1999, 38:1361-1369.
170. Russell M.A.H. What is dependence?. Drugs and Drug Dependence 1976, 182-187. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA. G. Edwards (Ed.).
171. Samson H.H. Initiation of ethanol-maintained behavior: a comparison of animal models and their implication to human drinking. Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology 1987, Vol. 6:221-248. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. T. Thompson, P.B. Dews, J.E. Barrett (Eds.).
172. Samson H.H., Chappell A. Muscimol injected into the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat alters ethanol self-administration. Physiol Behav 2001, 74:581-587.
173. Samson H.H., Doyle T.F. Oral ethanol self-administration in the rat: effect of naloxone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985, 22:91-99.
174. Samson H.H., Tolliver G.A., Pfeffer A.O., et al. Oral ethanol reinforcement in the rat: effect of the partial inverse benzodiazepine agonist RO15-4513. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987, 27:517-519.
175. Samson H.H., Hodge C.W., Tolliver G.A., et al. Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol-reinforced behavior: the involvement of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res Bull 1993, 30:133-141.
176. Sapru M.K., Diamond I., Gordon A.S. Adenosine receptors mediate cellular adaptation to ethanol in NG108-15 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994, 271:542-548.
177. Schulteis G., Liu J. Brain reward deficits accompany withdrawal (hangover) from acute ethanol in rats. Alcohol 2006, 39:21-28.
178. Schulteis G., Markou A., Gold L.H., et al. Relative sensitivity to naloxone of multiple indices of opiate withdrawal: a quantitative dose-response analysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994, 271:1391-1398.
179. Schulteis G., Markou A., Cole M., et al. Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:5880-5884.
180. Schulteis G., Hyytia P., Heinrichs S.C., et al. Effects of chronic ethanol exposure on oral self-administration of ethanol or saccharin by Wistar rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996, 20:164-171.
181. Sellers E.M., Higgins G.A., Sobell M.B. 5-HT and alcohol abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992, 13:69-75.
182. Shaham Y., Shalev U., Lu L., et al. The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 168:3-20.
183. Shalev U., Grimm J.W., Shaham Y. Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol Rev 2002, 54:1-42.
184. Shippenberg T.S., Koob G.F. Recent advances in animal models of drug addiction and alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress 2002, 1381-1397. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. K.L. Davis, D. Charney, J.T. Coyle, C. Nemeroff (Eds.).
185. Simms J.A., Bito-Onon J.J., Chatterjee S., et al. Long-Evans rats acquire operant self-administration of 20% ethanol without sucrose fading. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35:1453-1463.
186. Solomon R.L., Corbit J.D. An opponent-process theory of motivation: 1. Temporal dynamics of affect. Psychol Rev 1974, 81:119-145.
187. Sommer W.H., Rimondini R., Hansson A.C., et al. Upregulation of voluntary alcohol intake, behavioral sensitivity to stress, and amygdala crhr1 expression following a history of dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 63:139-145.
188. Song Z.H., Takemori A.E. Stimulation by corticotropin-releasing factor of the release of immunoreactive dynorphin A from mouse spinal cords in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 1992, 222:27-32.
189. Sterling P., Eyer J. Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health 1988, 629-649. John Wiley, Chichester. S. Fisher, J. Reason (Eds.).
190. Sullivan E.V., Pfefferbaum A. Neurocircuitry in alcoholism: a substrate of disruption and repair. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 180:583-594.
191. Thorsell A., Slawecki C.J., Ehlers C.L. Effects of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor on ethanol intake in Wistar rats: interaction with chronic ethanol exposure. Behav Brain Res 2005, 161:133-140.
192. Thorsell A., Slawecki C.J., Ehlers C.L. Effects of neuropeptide Y on appetitive and consummatory behaviors associated with alcohol drinking in Wistar rats with a history of ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005, 29:584-590.
193. Thorsell A., Rapunte-Canonigo V., O'Dell L., et al. Viral vector-induced amygdala NPY overexpression reverses increased alcohol intake caused by repeated deprivations in Wistar rats. Brain 2007, 130:1330-1337.
194. Tiffany S.T., Carter B.L., Singleton E.G. Challenges in the manipulation, assessment and interpretation of craving relevant variables. Addiction 2000, 95:s177-s187.
195. Trzaskowska E., Kostowski W. Further studies on the role of noradrenergic mechanisms in ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Pol J Pharmacol 1983, 35:351-358.
196. United Nations International Drug Control Programme Informal Expert Group Meeting on the Craving Mechanism (report no. V92-54439T) 1992, United Nations International Drug Control Programme and World Health Organization, Geneva.
197. Valdez G.R., Roberts A.J., Chan K., et al. Increased ethanol self-administration and anxiety-like behavior during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence: regulation by corticotropin-releasing factor. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002, 26:1494-1501.
198. Valdez G.R., Zorrilla E.P., Roberts A.J., et al. Antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor attenuates the enhanced responsiveness to stress observed during protracted ethanol abstinence. Alcohol 2003, 29:55-60.
199. Valdez G.R., Sabino V., Koob G.F. Increased anxiety-like behavior and ethanol self-administration in dependent rats: reversal via corticotropin-releasing factor-2 receptor activation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004, 28:865-872.
200. Valdez G.R., Platt D.M., Rowlett J.K., et al. κ Agonist-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in squirrel monkeys: a role for opioid and stress-related mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 323:525-533.
201. Valentino R.J., Page M.E., Curtis A.L. Activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by hemodynamic stress is due to local release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Brain Res 1991, 555:25-34.
202. Valentino R.J., Foote S.L., Page M.E. The locus coeruleus as a site for integrating corticotropin-releasing factor and noradrenergic mediation of stress responses. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1993, Vol. 697:173-188. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. Y. Tache, C. Rivier (Eds.).
203. Van Bockstaele E.J., Colago E.E., Valentino R.J. Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: substrate for the co-ordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response. J Neuroendocrinol 1998, 10:743-757.
204. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S. Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2000, 10:318-325.
205. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J. Role of dopamine in drug reinforcement and addiction in humans: results from imaging studies. Behav Pharmacol 2002, 13:355-366.
206. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Telang F., et al. Profound decreases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics: possible orbitofrontal involvement. J Neurosci 2007, 27:12700-12706.
207. Volpicelli J.R., Alterman A.I., Hayashida M., et al. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49:876-880.
208. Vorel S.R., Liu X., Hayes R.J., et al. Relapse to cocaine-seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation. Science 2001, 292:1175-1178.
209. Walker B.M., Koob G.F. Pharmacological evidence for a motivational role of κ-opioid systems in ethanol dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:643-652.
210. 1-Noradrenergic receptor antagonism blocks dependence-induced increases in responding for ethanol. Alcohol 2008, 42:91-97.
211. Wang L., Liu J., Harvey-White J., et al. Endocannabinoid signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in ethanol preference and its age-dependent decline in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:1393-1398.
212. Wee S., Koob G.F. The role of the dynorphin-κ opioid system in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010, 210:121-135.
213. Wegelius K., Honkanen A., Korpi E.R. Benzodiazepine receptor ligands modulate ethanol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994, 263:141-147.
214. Weiss F., Mitchiner M., Bloom F.E., et al. Free-choice responding for ethanol versus water in alcohol preferring (P) and unselected Wistar rats is differentially modified by naloxone, bromocriptine, and methysergide. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990, 101:178-186.
215. Weiss F., Hurd Y.L., Ungerstedt U., et al. Neurochemical correlates of cocaine and ethanol self-administration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1992, Vol. 654:220-241. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. P.W. Kalivas, H.H. Samson (Eds.).
216. Weiss F., Markou A., Lorang M.T., et al. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration. Brain Res 1992, 593:314-318.
217. Weiss F., Lorang M.T., Bloom F.E., et al. Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: genetic and motivational determinants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993, 267:250-258.
218. Weiss F., Parsons L.H., Schulteis G., et al. Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats. J Neurosci 1996, 16:3474-3485.
219. Weiss F., Ciccocioppo R., Parsons L.H., et al. Compulsive drug-seeking behavior and relapse: neuroadaptation, stress, and conditioning factors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001, Vol. 937:1-26. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. V. Quinones-Jenab (Ed.).
220. Wise R.A. Voluntary ethanol intake in rats following exposure to ethanol on various schedules. Psychopharmacologia 1973, 29:203-210.
221. Wolffgramm J., Heyne A. From controlled drug intake to loss of control: the irreversible development of drug addiction in the rat. Behav Brain Res 1995, 70:77-94.
222. Zorrilla E.P., Valdez G.R., Weiss F. Changes in levels of regional CRF-like-immunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone during protracted drug withdrawal in dependent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 158:374-381.