Natural pattern recognition mechanisms at epithelial barriers and potential use in nanomedicine

European Journal of Nanomedicine

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 141-155

  Casella, Cinzia ^a   Tuttolomondo, Martina ^a,b   Høilund Carlsen, Poul Flemming ^b   Mollenhauer, Jan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

DMBT1; drug delivery; epithelial barrier; innate immunity; pattern recognition

Indexed keywords

CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY; DRUG DELIVERY; MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY; NETWORK SECURITY; PROTEINS; STEM CELLS; TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY; TISSUE REGENERATION;

DMBT1; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS; EPITHELIAL BARRIER; EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES; INNATE IMMUNITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES; RECOGNITION MECHANISM; UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES;

PATTERN RECOGNITION;

CARBOHYDRATE BINDING PROTEIN; COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; DEFENSIN; MANNAN BINDING LECTIN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN LIKE RECEPTOR; RETINOIC ACID INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I; RNA HELICASE; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

BINDING AFFINITY; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; DMBT1 GENE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG USE; EPITHELIAL BARRIER; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE; GENE FUNCTION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; NANOMEDICINE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERMEABILITY BARRIER; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; TISSUE REGENERATION;

EID: 84907540839     PISSN: 16625986     EISSN: 1662596X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2014-0020     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Wheeler GL, Miranda-Saavedra D, Barton GJ. Genome analysis of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicates an ancient evolutionary origin for key pattern recognition and cell-signaling protein families. Genetics 2008;179:193-7.
2. De Hoff PL, Ferris P, Olson BJ, Miyagi A, Geng S, Umen JG. Species and population level molecular profiling reveals cryptic recombination and emergent asymmetry in the dimorphic mating locus of C. reinhardtii. PLoS Genet 2013;9:e1003724.
3. Prochnik SE, Umen J, Nedelcu AM, Hallmann A, Miller SM, Nishii I, et al. Genomic analysis of organismal complexity in the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri. Science 2010;329:223-6.
4. Umen J, Olson B. Genomic Insights into the Biology of Algae. In: Piganeau G, editor. San Diego: Elsevier Ltd: Academic Press; 2012. p. 217-8.
5. Hirohashi N, Kamei N, Kubo H, Sawada H, Matsumoto M, Hoshi M. Egg and sperm recognition systems during fertilization. Dev Growth Differ 2008;50 (Suppl 1):S221-38.
6. Blumbach B, Pancer Z, Diehl-Seifert B, Steffen R, Munkner J, Muller I, et al. The putative sponge aggregation receptor. Isolation and characterization of a molecule composed of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains and short consensus repeats. J Cell Sci 1998;111 (Pt 17):2635-44.
7. Pancer Z. Dynamic expression of multiple scavenger receptor cysteine-rich genes in coelomocytes of the purple sea urchin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:13156-61.
8. Martinez VG, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Lozano F. The conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily in therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacol Rev 2011;63:967-1000.
9. Medzhitov R. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature 2007;449:819-26.
10. Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4:499-511.
11. Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 2011;34:637-50.
12. Batista FD, Harwood NE. The who, how and where of antigen presentation to B cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2009;9:15-27.
13. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Science 2010;327:291-5.
14. Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 2011;29:235-71.
15. Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunitys roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011;331:1565-70.
16. Newton K, Dixit VM. Signaling in innate immunity and inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012;4:1-19.
17. Weis WI, Taylor ME, Drickamer K. The C-type lectin superfamily in the immune system. Immunol Rev 1998;163:19-34.
18. Vasta GR. Galectins as pattern recognition receptors: structure, function, and evolution. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012;946:21-36.
19. Holmskov U, Thiel S, Jensenius JC. Collections and ficolins: humoral lectins of the innate immune defense. Annu Rev Immunol 2003;21:547-78.
20. Dam TK, Brewer CF. Lectins as pattern recognition molecules: The effects of epitope density in innate immunity. Glycobiology 2010;20:270-9.
21. Sancho D, Reis e Sousa C. Signaling by myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 2012;30:491-529.
22. Zhu LL, Zhao XQ, Jiang C, You Y, Chen XP, Jiang YY, et al. C-type lectin receptors Dectin-3 and Dectin-2 form a heterodimeric pattern-recognition receptor for host defense against fungal infection. Immunity 2013;39:324-34.
23. Vasta GR. Roles of galectins in infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7:424-38.
24. Geijtenbeek TB, Gringhuis SI. Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009;9:465-79.
25. Ariki S, Nishitani C, Kuroki Y. Diverse functions of pulmonary collectins in host defense of the lung. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:532071.
26. Sharon N, Lis H. History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules. Glycobiology 2004;14: 53R-62R.
27. Moran AP, Gupta A, Joshi L. Sweet-talk: role of host glycosylation in bacterial pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal tract. Gut 2011;60:1412-25.
28. Haas J, Lehr CM. Developments in the area of bioadhesive drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002;2:287-98.
29. Woodley J. Bioadhesion: new possibilities for drug administration? Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40:77-84.
30. Szebeni J. Hemocompatibility testing for nanomedicines and biologicals: predictive assays for complement mediated infusion reactions. Eur J Nanomed 2012;4:33-53.
31. Ricklin D, Hajishengallis G, Yang K, Lambris JD. Complement: A key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2010;11:785-97.
32. Dunkelberger JR, Song WC. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Res 2010;20:34-50.
33. Paidassi H, Tacnet-Delorme P, Garlatti V, Darnault C, Ghebrehiwet B, Gaboriaud C, et al. C1q binds phosphatidylserine and likely acts as a multiligand-bridging molecule in apoptotic cell recognition. J Immunol 2008;180:2329-38.
34. Lu JH, Teh BK, Wang L, Wang YN, Tan YS, Lai MC, et al. The classical and regulatory functions of C1q in immunity and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2008;5:9-21.
35. Thiel S. Complement activating soluble pattern recognition molecules with collagen-like regions, mannan-binding lectin, ficolins and associated proteins. Mol Immunol 2007;44:3875-88.
36. Hourcade DE. The role of properdin in the assembly of the alternative pathway C3 convertases of complement. J Biol Chem 2006;281:2128-32.
37. Spitzer D, Mitchell LM, Atkinson JP, Hourcade DE. Properdin can initiate complement activation by binding specific target sur faces and providing a platform for de novo convertase assembly. J Immunol 2007;179:2600-8.
38. Kemper C, Mitchell LM, Zhang L, Hourcade DE. The complement protein properdin binds apoptotic T cells and promotes complement activation and phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:9023-8.
39. Xu W, Berger S, Trouw L, de Boer H, Schlagwein N, Mutsaers C, et al. Properdin binds to late apoptotic and necrotic cells independently of C3b and regulates alternative pathway complement activation. Mol Immunol 2008;45:4138-9.
40. Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006;124:783-801.
41. Blasius AL, Beutler B. Intracellular toll-like receptors. Immunity 2010;32:305-15.
42. Philpott DJ, Sorbara MT, Robertson SJ, Croitoru K, Girardin SE. NOD proteins: regulators of inflammation in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2014;14:9-23.
43. Gurtler C, Bowie AG. Innate immune detection of microbial nucleic acids. Trends Microbiol 2013;21:413-20.
44. Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ. Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nat Immunol 2005;6:551-7.
45. Guani-Guerra E, Santos-Mendoza T, Lugo-Reyes SO, Teran LM. Antimicrobial peptides: general overview and clinical implications in human health and disease. Clin Immunol 2010;135:1-11.
46. Kagan BL, Selsted ME, Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Antimicrobial defensin peptides form voltage-dependent ion-permeable channels in planar lipid bilayer membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:210-4.
47. Wimley WC, Selsted ME, White SH. Interactions between human defensins and lipid bilayers: evidence for formation of multimeric pores. Protein Sci 1994;3:1362-73.
48. Tanabe H, Qu X, Weeks CS, Cummings JE, Kolusheva S, Walsh KB, et al. Structure-Activity determinants in paneth cell alpha-defensins: loss-of-function in mouse cryptdin-4 by charge-reversal at arginine residue positions. J Biol Chem 2004;279:11976-83.
49. Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Krieger M, Ho YK, Anderson RG. Reversible accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages incubated with acetylated lipoproteins. J Cell Biol 1979;82:597-613.
50. Pluddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S, Gordon S. The interaction of macrophage receptors with bacterial ligands. Expert Rev Mol Med 2006;8:1-25.
51. Krieger M. The other side of scavenger receptors: pattern recognition for host defense. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8:275-80.
52. Canton J, Neculai D, Grinstein S. Scavenger receptors in homeostasis and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13:621-34.
53. Pluddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S, Gordon S. Innate immunity to intracellular pathogens: macrophage receptors and responses to microbial entry. Immunol Rev 2011;240:11-24.
54. Freeman M, Ashkenas J, Rees DJ, Kingsley DM, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, et al. An ancient, highly conserved family of cysteine-rich protein domains revealed by cloning type I and type II murine macrophage scavenger receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:8810-4.
55. Mollenhauer J, Wiemann S, Scheurlen W, Korn B, Hayashi Y, Wilgenbus KK, et al. DMBT1, a new member of the SRCR superfamily, on chromosome 10q25.3-26.1 is deleted in malignant brain tumours. Nat Genet 1997;17:32-9.
56. Holmskov U, Lawson P, Teisner B, Tornoe I, Willis AC, Morgan C, et al. Isolation and characterization of a new member of the scavenger receptor superfamily, glycoprotein-340 (gp-340), as a lung surfactant protein-D binding molecule. J Biol Chem 1997;272:13743-9.
57. Ericson T, Rundegren J. Characterization of a salivary agglutinin reacting with a serotype c strain of Streptococcus mutans. Eur J Biochem 1983;133:255-61.
58. Mollenhauer J, Herbertz S, Holmskov U, Tolnay M, Krebs I, Merlo A, et al. DMBT1 encodes a protein involved in the immune defense and in epithelial differentiation and is highly unstable in cancer. Cancer Res 2000;60:1704-10.
59. Prakobphol A, Xu F, Hoang VM, Larsson T, Bergstrom J, Johansson I, et al. Salivary agglutinin, which binds Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacter pylori, is the lung scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gp-340. J Biol Chem 2000;275:39860-6.
60. Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Madsen J, Vitved L, Gronlund J, Tornoe I, et al. Cloning of gp-340, a putative opsonin receptor for lung surfactant protein D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:10794-9.
61. Cheng H, Bjerknes M, Chen H. CRP-ductin: A gene expressed in intestinal crypts and in pancreatic and hepatic ducts. Anat Rec 1996;244:327-43.
62. Xu J, Deng X, Demetriou AA, Farkas DL, Hui T, Wang C. Factors released from cholestatic rat livers possibly involved in inducing bone marrow hepatic stem cell priming. Stem Cells Dev 2008;17:143-55.
63. Takito J, Yan LB, Ma J, Hikita C, Vijayakumar S, Warburton D, et al. Hensin, the polarity reversal protein, is encoded by DMBT1, a gene frequently deleted in malignant gliomas. Am J Physiol 1999;277:F277-F89.
64. Mollenhauer J, Helmke B, Muller H, Kollender G, Lyer S, Diedrichs L, et al. Sequential changes of the DMBT1 expression and location in normal lung tissue and lung carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;35:164-9.
65. Mollenhauer J, Deichmann M, Helmke B, Muller H, Kollender G, Holmskov U, et al. Frequent downregulation of DMBT1 and galectin-3 in epithelial skin cancer. Int J Cancer 2003;105:149-57.
66. Mollenhauer J, Helmke B, Medina D, Bergmann G, Gassler N, Muller H, et al. Carcinogen inducibility in vivo and down-regulation of DMBTI during breast carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004;39:185-94.
67. Cheung W, Darfler MM, Alvarez H, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Habbe N, et al. Application of a global proteomic approach to archival precursor lesions: deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 and tissue transglutaminase 2 are upregulated in pancreatic cancer precursors. Pancreatology 2008;8:608-16.
68. Braidotti P, Nuciforo PG, Mollenhauer J, Poustka A, Pellegrini C, Moro A, et al. DMBT1 expression is down-regulated in breast cancer. Bmc Cancer 2004;4.
69. Bikker FJ, Ligtenberg AJ, van der Wal JE, van den Keijbus PA, Holmskov U, Veerman EC, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of salivary agglutinin/gp-340 in human parotid, submandibular, and labial salivary glands. J Dent Res 2002;81:134-9.
70. Hikita C, Takito J, Vijayakumar S, Al-Awqati Q. Only multimeric hensin located in the extracellular matrix can induce apical endocytosis and reverse the polarity of intercalated cells. J Biol Chem 1999;274:17671-6.
71. Hikita C, Vijayakumar S, Takito J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Al-Awqati Q. Induction of terminal differentiation in epithelial cells requires polymerization of hensin by galectin 3. J Cell Biol 2000;151:1235-46.
72. Mollenhauer J, Herbertz S, Helmke B, Kollender G, Krebs I, Madsen J, et al. Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 is a versatile mucin-like molecule likely to play a differential role in digestive tract cancer. Cancer Res 2001;61:8880-6.
73. Takito J, Hikita C, Al-Awqati Q. Hensin, a new collecting duct protein involved in the in vitro plasticity of intercalated cell polarity. J Clin Invest 1996;98:2324-31.
74. Vijayakumar S, Takito J, Hikita C, Al-Awqati Q. Hensin remodels the apical cytoskeleton and induces columnarization of intercalated epithelial cells: processes that resemble terminal differentiation. J Cell Biol 1999;144:1057-67.
75. Sasaki M, Tsuneyama K, Saito T, Kataoka H, Mollenhauer J, Poustka A, et al. Site-characteristic expression and induction of trefoil factor family 1, 2 and 3 and malignant brain tumor-1 in normal and diseased intrahepatic bile ducts relates to biliary pathophysiology. Liver Int 2004;24:29-37.
76. Muller H, Hu J, Popp R, Schmidt MH, Muller-Decker K, Mollenhauer J, et al. Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 is present in the vascular extracellular matrix and promotes angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012;32:442-8.
77. Mollenhauer J, Holmskov U, Wiemann S, Krebs I, Herbertz S, Madsen J, et al. The genomic structure of the DMBT1 gene: evidence for a region with susceptibility to genomic instability. Oncogene 1999;18:6233-40.
78. Mollenhauer J, Muller H, Kollender G, Lyer S, Diedrichs L, Helmke B, et al. The SRCR/SID region of DMBT1 defines a complex multi-Allele system representing the major basis for its variability in cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;35:242-55.
79. Jovine L, Darie CC, Litscher ES, Wassarman PM. Zona pellucida domain proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 2005;74:83-114.
80. Oho T, Yu H, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Binding of salivary glycoprotein-secretory immunoglobulin a complex to the surface protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 1998;66:115-21.
81. Hartshorn KL, Ligtenberg A, White MR, van Eijk M, Hartshorn M, Pemberton L, et al. Salivary agglutinin and lung scavenger receptor cysteine-rich glycoprotein 340 have broad antiinfluenza activities and interactions with surfactant protein D that vary according to donor source and sialylation. Biochem J 2006;393(Pt 2):545-53.
82. Chu Y, Li J, Wu X, Hua Z, Wu Z. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120-binding sites on scavenger receptor cysteine rich 1 (SRCR1) domain of gp340. J Biomed Sci 2013;20:44.
83. Wu Z, Golub E, Abrams WR, Malamud D. gp340 (SAG) binds to the V3 sequence of gp120 important for chemokine receptor interaction. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004;20:600-7.
84. Cannon G, Yi Y, Ni H, Stoddard E, Scales DA, Van Ryk DI, et al. HIV envelope binding by macrophage-expressed gp340 promotes HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2008;181:2065-70.
85. Renner M, Bergmann G, Krebs I, End C, Lyer S, Hilberg F, et al. DMBT1 confers mucosal protection in vivo and a deletion variant is associated with Crohns disease. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1499-509.
86. Rosenstiel P, Sina C, End C, Renner M, Lyer S, Till A, et al. Regulation of DMBT1 via NOD2 and TLR4 in intestinal epithelial cells modulates bacterial recognition and invasion. J Immunol 2007;178:8203-11.
87. Rosenstiel P, Sina C, Hellmig S, Nikolaus S, End C, Renner M, et al. Dmbt1 is a target gene of NOD2/CARD15 and protects intestinal epithelial cells from bacterial invasion. Gastroenterology 2007;132:A550-A.
88. Renner M, Bergmann G, Krebs I, Lyer S, End C, Sina C, et al. The putative tumor suppressor dmbt1 confers mucosal protection in vivo and inhibits bacterial infection in vitro. Anticancer Research 2004;24(5D):3610-1.
89. Müler H, End C, Weiss C, Renner M, Mollenhauer J, Linderkamp O. Respiratory DMBT1 levels increase during lung maturation and infection and modulate surfactant function. Eur J Pediatr 2007;166:279.
90. Madsen J, Tornoe I, Nielsen O, Lausen M, Krebs I, Mollenhauer J, et al. CRP-ductin, the mouse homologue of gp-340/deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1), binds gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and interacts with lung surfactant protein D. Eur J Immunol 2003;33:2327-36.
91. Ligtenberg TJM, Bikker FJ, Groenink J, Tornoe I, Leth-Larsen R, Veerman ECI, et al. Human salivary agglutinin binds to lung surfactant protein-D and is identical with scavenger receptor protein gp-340. Biochem J 2001;359:243-8.
92. Ligtenberg AJM, Bikker FJ, De Blieck-Hogervorst JMA, Veerman ECI, Amerongen AVN. Binding of salivary agglutinin to IgA. Biochem J 2004;383:159-64.
93. Oho T, Bikker FJ, Nieuw Amerongen AV, Groenink J. A peptide domain of bovine milk lactoferrin inhibits the interaction between streptococcal surface protein antigen and a salivary agglutinin peptide domain. Infect Immun 2004;72:6181-4.
94. Boackle RJ, Connor MH, Vesely J. High molecular weight nonimmunoglobulin salivary agglutinins (NIA) bind C1Q globular heads and have the potential to activate the first complement component. Mol Immunol 1993;30:309-19.
95. Thornton DJ, Davies JR, Kirkham S, Gautrey A, Khan N, Richardson PS, et al. Identification of a nonmucin glycoprotein (gp-340) from a purified respiratory mucin preparation: evidence for an association involving the MUC5B mucin. Glycobiology 2001;11:969-77.
96. Mitoma M, Oho T, Shimazaki Y, Koga T. Inhibitory effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on the interaction between a streptococcal surface protein antigen and human salivary agglutinin. J Biol Chem 2001;276:18060-5.
97. Tino MJ, Wright JR. Glycoprotein-340 binds surfactant protein-A (SP-A) and stimulates alveolar macrophage migration in an SP-Aindependent manner. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:759-68.
98. Al-Awqati Q, Vijayakumar S, Takito J, Hikita C, Yan LB, Wiederholt T. Terminal differentiation in epithelia: The hensin pathway in intercalated cells. Semin Nephrol. 1999;19:415-20.
99. Al-Awqati Q. 2007 Homer W. Smith award: Control of terminal differentiation in epithelia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:443-9.
100. Al-Awqati Q. Terminal differentiation in epithelia: The role of integrins in hensin polymerization. Annu Rev Physiol 2011;73:401-12.
101. Thim L, Mortz E. Isolation and characterization of putative trefoil peptide receptors. Regul Pept 2000;90:61-8.
102. Kelly CG, Younson JS, Hikmat BY, Todryk SM, Czisch M, Haris PI, et al. A synthetic peptide adhesion epitope as a novel antimicrobial agent. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:42-7.
103. Jakubovics NS, Stromberg N, van Dolleweerd CJ, Kelly CG, Jenkinson HF. Differential binding specificities of oral streptococcal antigen I/II family adhesins for human or bacterial ligands. Mol Microbiol 2005;55:1591-605.
104. Hamada T, Kawashima M, Watanabe H, Tagami J, Senpuku H. Molecular interactions of surface protein peptides of Streptococcus gordonii with human salivary components. Infect Immun 2004;72:4819-26.
105. Koba H, Okuda K, Watanabe H, Tagami J, Senpuku H. Role of lysine in interaction between surface protein peptides of Streptococcus gordonii and agglutinin peptide. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009;24:162-9.
106. Bikker FJ, Ligtenberg AJM, Nazmi K, Veerman ECI, vant Hof W, Bolscher JGM, et al. Identification of the bacteria-binding peptide domain on salivary agglutinin (gp-340/DMBT1), a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily. J Biol Chem 2002;277:32109-15.
107. Bikker FJ, Lightenberg AJM, End C, Renner M, Blaich S, Lyer S, et al. Bacteria binding by DMBT1/SAG/gp-340 is confined to the VEVLXXXXW motif in its scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains. J Biol Chem 2004;279:47699-703.
108. End C, Lyer S, Renner M, Stahl C, Ditzer J, Holloschi A, et al. Generation of a vector system facilitating cloning of DMBT1 variants and recombinant expression of functional full-length DMBT1. Protein Express Purif 2005;41:275-86.
109. End C, Bikker F, Renner M, Bergmann G, Lyer S, Blaich S, et al. DMBT1 functions as pattern-recognition molecule for poly-sulfated and poly-phosphorylated ligands. Eur J Immunol 2009;39:833-42.
110. Mollenhauer J, Helmke B, Muller H, Kollender G, Krebs I, Wiemann S, et al. An integrative model on the role of DMBT1 in epithelial cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002;26: 266-74.
111. Jumblatt MM, Imbert Y, Young WW, Jr., Foulks GN, Steele PS, Demuth DR. Glycoprotein 340 in normal human ocular surface tissues and tear film. Infect Immun 2006;74:4058-63.
112. Madsen J, Mollenhauer J, Holmskov U. Review: Gp-340/DMBT1 in mucosal innate immunity. Innate Immun 2010;16:160-7.
113. Wickstrom C, Christersson C, Davies JR, Carlstedt I. Macromolecular organization of saliva: identification of insoluble MUC5B assemblies and non-mucin proteins in the gel phase. Biochem J 2000;351 Pt 2:421-8.
114. Madsen J, Sorensen GL, Nielsen O, Tornoe I, Thim L, Fenger C, et al. A variant form of the human deleted in malignant brain tumor 1 (DMBT1) gene shows increased expression in inflammatory bowel diseases and interacts with dimeric trefoil factor 3 (TFF3). PLoS One 2013;8:e64441.
115. Aguila A, Herrera AG, Morrison D, Cosgrove B, Perojo A, Montesinos I, et al. Bacteriostatic activity of human lactoferrin against Staphylococcus aureus is a function of its iron-binding properties and is not influenced by antibiotic resistance. Fems Immunol Med Microbiol 2001;31:145-52.
116. Corfield AP. Mucins; A Biologically Relevant Glycan Barrier in Mucosal Protection. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821013 doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.003.
117. Loimaranta V, Jakubovics NS, Hytonen J, Finne J, Jenkinson HF, Stromberg N. Fluid-or surface-phase human salivary scavenger protein gp340 exposes different bacterial recognition properties. Infect Immun 2005;73:2245-52.
118. Carlen A, Bratt P, Stenudd C, Olsson J, Stromberg N. Agglutinin and acidic proline-rich protein receptor patterns may modulate bacterial adherence and colonization on tooth surfaces. J Dent Res 1998;77:81-90.
119. Carlen A, Olsson J. Monoclonal antibodies against a highmolecular-weight agglutinin block adherence to experimental pellicles on hydroxyapatite and aggregation of Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 1995;74:1040-7.
120. Carlen A, Olsson J, Borjesson AC. Saliva-mediated binding in vitro and prevalence in vivo of Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 1996;41:35-9.
121. Fox PC, Wolff A, Yeh CK, Atkinson JC, Baum BJ. Saliva inhibits HIV-1 infectivity. J Am Dent Assoc 1988;116:635-7.
122. Nagashunmugam T, Malamud D, Davis C, Abrams WR, Friedman HM. Human submandibular saliva inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by displacing envelope glycoprotein gp120 from the virus. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1635-41.
123. Wu Z, Van Ryk D, Davis C, Abrams WR, Chaiken I, Magnani J, et al. Salivary agglutinin inhibits HIV type 1 infectivity through interaction with viral glycoprotein 120. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003;19:201-9.
124. Wu Z, Lee S, Abrams W, Weissman D, Malamud D. The N-terminal SRCR-SID domain of gp-340 interacts with HIV type 1 gp120 sequences and inhibits viral infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006;22:508-15.
125. Rizzuto CD, Wyatt R, Hernandez-Ramos N, Sun Y, Kwong PD, Hendrickson WA, et al. A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. Science 1998;280:1949-53.
126. Stoddard E, Cannon G, Ni H, Kariko K, Capodici J, Malamud D, et al. gp340 expressed on human genital epithelia binds HIV-1 envelope protein and facilitates viral transmission. J Immunol 2007;179:3126-32.
127. Stoddard E, Ni H, Cannon G, Zhou C, Kallenbach N, Malamud D, et al. gp340 promotes transcytosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in genital tract-derived cell lines and primary endocervical tissue. J Virol 2009;83:8596-603.
128. Al-Awqati Q. Cell biology of the intercalated cell in the kidney. FEBS Lett 2013;587:1911-4.
129. Vijayakumar S, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Al-Awqati Q. Role of integrins in the assembly and function of hensin in intercalated cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:1079-91.
130. Peng H, Vijayakumar S, Schiene-Fischer C, Li H, Purkerson JM, Malesevic M, et al. Secreted cyclophilin A, a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase, mediates matrix assembly of hensin, a protein implicated in epithelial differentiation. J Biol Chem 2009;284:6465-75.
131. Gao X, Eladari D, Leviel F, Tew BY, Miro-Julia C, Cheema FH, et al. Deletion of hensin/DMBT1 blocks conversion of beta-to alpha-intercalated cells and induces distal renal tubular acidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:21872-7.
132. Bisgaard HC, Holmskov U, Santoni-Rugiu E, Nagy P, Nielsen O, Ott P, et al. Heterogeneity of ductular reactions in adult rat and human liver revealed by novel expression of deleted in malignant brain tumor 1. Am J Pathol 2002;161:1187-98.
133. Leito JT, Ligtenberg AJ, van Houdt M, van den Berg TK, Wouters D. The bacteria binding glycoprotein salivary agglutinin (SAG/gp340) activates complement via the lectin pathway. Mol Immunol 2011;49:185-90.
134. Reichhardt MP, Loimaranta V, Thiel S, Finne J, Meri S, Jarva H. The salivary scavenger and agglutinin binds MBL and regulates the lectin pathway of complement in solution and on surfaces. Front Immunol 2012;3:205.
135. Hansen PL, Blaich S, End C, Schmidt S, Moeller JB, Holmskov U, et al. The pattern recognition molecule deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) and synthetic mimics inhibit liposomal nucleic acid delivery. Chem Commun (Camb). 2011;47:188-90.