Renal endothelial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 22-33

  Cheng, Huifang ^a   Harris, Raymond C ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetic nephropathy; Endothelial cell; ENOS; Heterogeneity; Kidney; Microvascular complication; Nitric oxide; VEGF

Indexed keywords

CAVEOLIN 1; DIACYLGLYCEROL; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; ENDOTHELIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR B; POLYOL; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN H2; PROTEIN KINASE C; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SCATTER FACTOR; THROMBOXANE A2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULOTROPIN A;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL HETEROGENEITY; CELL INTERACTION; CELL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; INTERNALIZATION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY TUBULE CELL; MESANGIUM CELL; MICROALBUMINURIA; MICROANGIOPATHY; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MYOFIBROBLAST; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERICYTE; PODOCYTE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; VASCULAR LESION; ANIMAL; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; KIDNEY; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TYPE III; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 84905650829     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1871529X14666140401110841     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Mohamed, Q.; Gillies, M.C.; Wong, T.Y. Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. JAMA, 2007, 298(8), 902-16.
2. Nishikawa, T.; Edelstein, D.; Du, X.L.; Yamagishi, S.; Matsumura, T.; Kaneda, Y.; Yorek, M.A.; Beebe, D.; Oates, P.J.; Hammes, H.P.; Giardino, I.; Brownlee, M. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature, 2000, 404(6779), 787-90.
3. Kanwar, Y.S.; Wada, J.; Sun, L.; Xie, P.; Wallner, E.I.; Chen, S.; Chugh, S.; Danesh, F. R. Diabetic nephropathy: mechanisms of renal disease progression. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 2008, 233(1), 4-11.
4. Calles-Escandon, J.; Cipolla, M. Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective. Endocr. Rev., 2001, 22(1), 36-52.
5. Hink, U.; Li, H.; Mollnau, H.; Oelze, M.; Matheis, E.; Hartmann, M.; Skatchkov, M.; Thaiss, F.; Stahl, R.A.; Warnholtz, A.; Meinertz, T.; Griendling, K.; Harrison, D.G.; Forstermann, U.; Munzel, T. Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Circ. Res., 2001, 88(2), E14-22.
6. Thorand, B.; Baumert, J.; Chambless, L.; Meisinger, C.; Kolb, H.; Doring, A.; Lowel, H.; Koenig, W. Elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men and women from the general population. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26(2), 398-405.
7. Tan, K.C.; Chow, W.S.; Ai, V.H.; Metz, C.; Bucala, R.; Lam, K.S. Advanced glycation end products and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25(6), 1055-9.
8. Song, Y.; Manson, J.E.; Tinker, L.; Rifai, N.; Cook, N.R.; Hu, F.B.; Hotamisligil, G.S.; Ridker, P.M.; Rodriguez, B.L.; Margolis, K.L.; Oberman, A.; Liu, S. Circulating levels of endothelial adhesion molecules and risk of diabetes in an ethnically diverse cohort of women. Diabetes, 2007, 56(7), 1898-904.
9. Kelly, R.; Ruane-O'Hora, T.; Noble, M.I.; Drake-Holland, A.J.; Snow, H.M. Differential inhibition by hyperglycaemia of shear stress-but not acetylcholine-mediated dilatation in the iliac artery of the anaesthetized pig. J. Physiol., 2006, 573(Pt 1), 133-45.
10. Caballero, A.E. Endothelial dysfunction in obesity and insulin resistance: a road to diabetes and heart disease. Obes. Res., 2003, 11(11), 1278-89.
11. Calles-Escandon, J.; Cipolla, M. Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective. Endocr. Rev., 2001, 22(1), 36-52.
12. Minami, T.; Aird, W.C. Endothelial cell gene regulation. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2005, 15(5), 174-84.
13. Aird, W.C. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: II. Representative vascular beds. Circ. Res., 2007, 100(2), 174-90.
14. Aird, W.C. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: I. Structure, function, and mechanisms. Circ. Res., 2007, 100(2), 158-73.
15. Planat-Benard, V.; Silvestre, J.S.; Cousin, B.; Andre, M.; Nibbelink, M.; Tamarat, R.; Clergue, M.; Manneville, C.; Saillan-Barreau, C.; Duriez, M.; Tedgui, A.; Levy, B.; Penicaud, L.; Casteilla, L. Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation, 2004, 109(5), 656-63;
16. Wurmser, A.E.; Nakashima, K.; Summers, R.G.; Toni, N.; D'Amour, K.A.; Lie, D.C.; Gage, F.H. Cell fusion-independent differentiation of neural stem cells to the endothelial lineage. Nature, 2004, 430(6997), 350-6.
17. McDonald, D.M. Endothelial gaps and permeability of venules in rat tracheas exposed to inflammatory stimuli. Am. J. Physiol., 1994, 266(1 Pt 1), L61-83;
18. Hirata, A.; Baluk, P.; Fujiwara, T.; McDonald, D.M. Location of focal silver staining at endothelial gaps in inflamed venules examined by scanning electron microscopy. Am. J. Physiol., 1995, 269(3 Pt 1), L403-18.
19. Satchell, S.C.; Braet, F. Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: an integral component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2009, 296(5), F947-56.
20. Zhang, J.; Hill, C.E. Differential connexin expression in preglomerular and postglomerular vasculature: accentuation during diabetes. Kidney Int., 2005, 68(3), 1171-85.
21. Stan, R.V.; Kubitza, M.; Palade, G.E. PV-1 is a component of the fenestral and stomatal diaphragms in fenestrated endothelia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96(23), 13203-7.
22. van den Berg, B.M.; Vink, H.; Spaan, J.A. The endothelial glycocalyx protects against myocardial edema. Circ. Res., 2003, 92(6), 592-4.
23. Kumar, S.; West, D.C.; Ager, A. Heterogeneity in endothelial cells from large vessels and microvessels. Differentiation, 1987, 36(1), 57-70.
24. Yamamoto, K.; de Waard, V.; Fearns, C.; Loskutoff, D.J. Tissue distribution and regulation of murine von Willebrand factor gene expression in vivo. Blood, 1998, 92(8), 2791-801.
25. Han, K.H.; Lim, J.M.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.; Madsen, K.M.; Kim, J. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in developing rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2005, 288(4), F694-702.
26. Mehta, D.; Malik, A.B. Signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial permeability. Physiol. Rev., 2006, 86(1), 279-367.
27. McIntyre, T.M.; Prescott, S.M.; Weyrich, A.S.; Zimmerman, G.A. Cell-cell interactions: leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Curr. Opin. Hematol., 2003, 10(2), 150-8.
28. Gerlach, H.; Esposito, C.; Stern, D.M. Modulation of endothelial hemostatic properties: an active role in the host response. Annu. Rev. Med., 1990, 41, 15-24.
29. Sumpio, B.E.; Riley, J.T.; Dardik, A. Cells in focus: endothelial cell. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2002, 34(12), 1508-12.
30. Cines, D.B.; Pollak, E.S.; Buck, C.A.; Loscalzo, J.; Zimmerman, G.A.; McEver, R.P.; Pober, J.S.; Wick, T.M.; Konkle, B.A.; Schwartz, B.S.; Barnathan, E.S.; McCrae, K.R.; Hug, B. A.; Schmidt, A.M.; Stern, D.M. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood, 1998, 91(10), 3527-61.
31. Molema, G.; Aird, W.C. Vascular heterogeneity in the kidney. Semin. Nephrol., 2012, 32 (2), 145-55.
32. Panzer, U.; Steinmetz, O.M.; Reinking, R.R.; Meyer, T.N.; Fehr, S.; Schneider, A.; Zahner, G.; Wolf, G.; Helmchen, U.; Schaerli, P.; Stahl, R.A.; Thaiss, F. Compartment-specific expression and function of the chemokine IP-10/CXCL10 in a model of renal endothelial microvascular injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17(2), 454-64;
33. Lim, Y.C.; Garcia-Cardena, G.; Allport, J.R.; Zervoglos, M.; Connolly, A.J.; Gimbrone, M.A., Jr.; Luscinskas, F.W. Heterogeneity of endothelial cells from different organ sites in T-cell subset recruitment. Am. J. Pathol., 2003, 162(5), 1591-601.
34. Foggensteiner, L.; Mulroy, S.; Firth, J. Management of diabetic nephropathy. J.R. Soc. Med., 2001, 94(5), 210-7.
35. Grant, D.S.; Tashiro, K.; Segui-Real, B.; Yamada, Y.; Martin, G.R.; Kleinman, H.K. Two different laminin domains mediate the differentiation of human endothelial cells into capillary-like structures in vitro. Cell, 1989, 58(5), 933-43.
36. Kuvin, J.T.; Patel, A.R.; Sliney, K.A.; Pandian, N.G.; Sheffy, J.; Schnall, R.P.; Karas, R. H.; Udelson, J.E. Assessment of peripheral vascular endothelial function with finger arterial pulse wave amplitude. Am. Heart J., 2003, 146(1), 168-74.
37. Settergren, M.; Bohm, F.; Ryden, L.; Pernow, J. Cholesterol lowering is more important than pleiotropic effects of statins for endothelial function in patients with dysglycaemia and coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J., 2008, 29(14), 1753-60.
38. Gordin, D.; Waden, J.; Forsblom, C.; Thorn, L.; Rosengard-Barlund, M.; Tolonen, N.; Saraheimo, M.; Harjutsalo, V.; Groop, P.H. Pulse pressure predicts incident cardiovascular disease but not diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes (The FinnDiane Study). Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(4), 886-91.
39. Avogaro, A.; Albiero, M.; Menegazzo, L.; de Kreutzenberg, S.; Fadini, G.P. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: the role of reparatory mechanisms. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(2), S285-90.
40. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329(14), 977-86.
41. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). 13: Relative efficacy of randomly allocated diet, sulphonylurea, insulin, or metformin in patients with newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes followed for three years. BMJ., 1995, 310(6972), 83-8.
42. Deshpande, A.D.; Harris-Hayes, M.; Schootman, M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys. Ther., 2008, 88(11), 1254-64.
43. Adler, A.I.; Stevens, R.J.; Manley, S.E.; Bilous, R.W.; Cull, C.A.; Holman, R.R. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kid Intern., 2003, 63(1), 225-32.
44. Stehouwer, C.D. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy: state of the art and potential significance for non-diabetic renal disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association-European Renal Association, 2004, 19(4), 778-81.
45. Neri, S.; Bruno, C.M.; Leotta, C.; D'Amico, R.A.; Pennisi, G.; Ierna, D. Early endothelial alterations in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res., 1998, 28(2), 100-3.
46. Anderson, S.; Jung, F.F.; Ingelfinger, J.R. Renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes: functional, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological correlations. Am. J. Physiol., 1993, 265(4 Pt 2), F477-86.
47. Craven, P.A.; Caines, M.A.; DeRubertis, F.R. Sequential alterations in glomerular prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis in diabetic rats: relationship to the hyperfiltration of early diabetes. Metabolism, 1987, 36(1), 95-103.
48. Cherney, D.Z.; Miller, J.A.; Scholey, J.W.; Nasrallah, R.; Hebert, R.L.; Dekker, M.G.; Slorach, C.; Sochett, E.B.; Bradley, T.J. Renal hyperfiltration is a determinant of endothelial function responses to cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(6), 1344-6.
49. Melsom, T.; Mathisen, U.D.; Eilertsen, B.A.; Ingebretsen, O.C.; Jenssen, T.; Njolstad, I.; Solbu, M.D.; Toft, I.; Eriksen, B.O. Physical Exercise, Fasting Glucose, and Renal Hyperfiltration in the General Population: The Renal Iohexol Clearance Survey in Tromso 6 (RENIS-T6). Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2012, 7(11), 1801-10.
50. Hadi, H.A.; Suwaidi, J.A. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2007, 3(6), 853-76.
51. Tervaert, T.W.; Mooyaart, A.L.; Amann, K.; Cohen, A.H.; Cook, H.T.; Drachenberg, C. B.; Ferrario, F.; Fogo, A.B.; Haas, M.; de Heer, E.; Joh, K.; Noel, L.H.; Radhakrishnan, J.; Seshan, S.V.; Bajema, I.M.; Bruijn, J.A. Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2010, 21(4), 556-63.
52. Alsaad, K.O.; Herzenberg, A.M. Distinguishing diabetic nephropathy from other causes of glomerulosclerosis: an update. J. Clin. Pathol., 2007, 60(1), 18-26.
53. Stout, L.C.; Kumar, S.; Whorton, E.B. Insudative lesions--their pathogenesis and association with glomerular obsolescence in diabetes: a dynamic hypothesis based on single views of advancing human diabetic nephropathy. Hum. Pathol., 1994, 25(11), 1213-27.
54. Gnudi, L. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic glomerulopathy. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association, Eur. Renal, 2012, 27(7), 2642-9.
55. Zeisberg, M.; Neilson, E.G. Biomarkers for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. J. Clin. Invest., 2009, 119(6), 1429-37.
56. Zeisberg, E.M.; Potenta, S.E.; Sugimoto, H.; Zeisberg, M.; Kalluri, R. Fibroblasts in kidney fibrosis emerge via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2008, 19(12), 2282-7.
57. Zeisberg, M.; Duffield, J.S. Resolved: EMT produces fibroblasts in the kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2010, 21(8), 1247-53.
58. Meli, S.; Bruno, C.M. Endothelin and diabetic nephropathy: a new pathogenetic factor? Panminerva Med., 2001, 43(1), 45-8.
59. Zanatta, C.M.; Gerchman, F.; Burttet, L.; Nabinger, G.; Jacques-Silva, M.C.; Canani, L. H.; Gross, J.L. Endothelin-1 levels and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2008, 80(2), 299-304.
60. Umeda, F.; Kuroki, T.; Nawata, H. Prostaglandins and diabetic nephropathy. J. Diabetes Complicat., 1995, 9(4), 334-6.
61. Tajiri, Y.; Umeda, F.; Inoguchi, T.; Nawata, H. Effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (OKY-046) on urinary prostaglandin excretion and renal function in streptozotocininduced diabetic rat. J. Diabetes Complicat., 1994, 8(2), 126-32.
62. Stehouwer, C.D. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy: state of the art and potential significance for non-diabetic renal disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2004, 19(4), 778-81.
63. Xu, J.; Xie, Z.; Reece, R.; Pimental, D.; Zou, M.H. Uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxidase synthase by hypochlorous acid: role of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide and peroxynitrite. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26(12), 2688-95.
64. Fukumura, D.; Gohongi, T.; Kadambi, A.; Izumi, Y.; Ang, J.; Yun, C.O.; Buerk, D.G.; Huang, P.L.; Jain, R.K. Predominant role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 2001, 98(5), 2604-9.
65. Harrison, D.G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 100(9), 2153-7.
66. Janssens, S.; Flaherty, D.; Nong, Z.; Varenne, O.; van Pelt, N.; Haustermans, C.; Zoldhelyi, P.; Gerard, R.; Collen, D. Human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfer inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation after balloon injury in rats. Circulation, 1998, 97(13), 1274-81.
67. Ju, H.; Zou, R.; Venema, V.J.; Venema, R.C. Direct interaction of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and caveolin-1 inhibits synthase activity. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(30), 18522-5.
68. Kashiwagi, M.; Shinozaki, M.; Hirakata, H.; Tamaki, K.; Hirano, T.; Tokumoto, M.; Goto, H.; Okuda, S.; Fujishima, M. Locally activated renin-angiotensin system associated with TGF-beta1 as a major factor for renal injury induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in rats. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2000, 11(4), 616-24.
69. Keynan, S.; Hirshberg, B.; Levin-Iaina, N.; Wexler, I.D.; Dahan, R.; Reinhartz, E.; Ovadia, H.; Wollman, Y.; Chernihovskey, T.; Iaina, A.; Raz, I. Renal nitric oxide production during the early phase of experimental diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int., 2000, 58(2), 740-7.
70. Kiff, R.J.; Gardiner, S.M.; Compton, A.M.; Bennett, T. The effects of endothelin-1 and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on regional haemodynamics in conscious rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1991, 103(2), 1321-6.
71. Zhao, H.J.; Wang, S.; Cheng, H.; Zhang, M.Z.; Takahashi, T.; Fogo, A.B.; Breyer, M. D.; Harris, R.C. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficiency produces accelerated nephropathy in diabetic mice. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17(10), 2664-9;
72. Mohan, S.; Konopinski, R.; Yan, B.; Centonze, V.E.; Natarajan, M. High glucose-induced IKK-Hsp-90 interaction contributes to endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2009, 296(1), C182-92.
73. Vallance, P.; Leone, A.; Calver, A.; Collier, J.; Moncada, S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet, 1992, 339(8793), 572-5.
74. Tarnow, L.; Hovind, P.; Teerlink, T.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Parving, H.H. Elevated plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine as a marker of cardiovascular morbidity in early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27(3), 765-9.
75. Hanai, K.; Babazono, T.; Nyumura, I.; Toya, K.; Tanaka, N.; Tanaka, M.; Ishii, A.; Iwamoto, Y. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is closely associated with the development and progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2009, 24 (6), 1884-8.
76. Krzyzanowska, K.; Mittermayer, F.; Schernthaner, G. H.; Brunner, S.; Brix, J.M.; Aschauer, S.; Hollerl, F.; Wolzt, M.; Schernthaner, G. Renal function but not asymmetric dimethylarginine is independently associated with retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Cardiol. Res. Pract., 2011, 2011, 260191.
77. Itani, S.I.; Saha, A.K.; Kurowski, T.G.; Coffin, H.R.; Tornheim, K.; Ruderman, N.B. Glucose autoregulates its uptake in skeletal muscle: involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetes, 2003, 52(7), 1635-40.
78. Alpert, E.; Gruzman, A.; Riahi, Y.; Blejter, R.; Aharoni, P.; Weisinger, G.; Eckel, J.; Kaiser, N.; Sasson, S. Delayed autoregulation of glucose transport in vascular endothelial cells. Diabetologia, 2005, 48(4), 752-5.
79. Iyengar, S.K.; Abboud, H.E.; Goddard, K.A.; Saad, M.F.; Adler, S.G.; Arar, N.H.; Bowden, D.W.; Duggirala, R.; Elston, R.C.; Hanson, R.L.; Ipp, E.; Kao, W.H.; Kimmel, P.L.; Klag, M. J.; Knowler, W. C.; Meoni, L. A.; Nelson, R. G.; Nicholas, S. B.; Pahl, M. V.; Parekh, R.S.; Quade, S.R.; Rich, S.S.; Rotter, J.I.; Scavini, M.; Schelling, J.R.; Sedor, J.R.; Sehgal, A R.; Shah, V.O.; Smith, M.W.; Taylor, K.D.; Winkler, C.A.; Zager, P.G.; Freedman, B.I. Genome-wide scans for diabetic nephropathy and albuminuria in multiethnic populations: the family investigation of nephropathy and diabetes (FIND). Diabetes, 2007, 56(6), 1577-85.
80. Vardarli, I.; Baier, L.J.; Hanson, R.L.; Akkoyun, I.; Fischer, C.; Rohmeiss, P.; Basci, A.; Bartram, C.R.; Van Der Woude, F.J.; Janssen, B. Gene for susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes maps to 18q22.3-23. Kidney Int., 2002, 62(6), 2176-83.
81. Orth, S.R.; Schroeder, T.; Ritz, E.; Ferrari, P. Effects of smoking on renal function in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2005, 20(11), 2414-9.
82. Zhang, H.M.; Dang, H.; Kamat, A.; Yeh, C.K.; Zhang, B.X. Geldanamycin derivative ameliorates high fat diet-induced renal failure in diabetes. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3), e32746.
83. Li, J.; Gobe, G. Protein kinase C activation and its role in kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton), 2006, 11(5), 428-34.
84. Inoguchi, T.; Sonta, T.; Tsubouchi, H.; Etoh, T.; Kakimoto, M.; Sonoda, N.; Sato, N.; Sekiguchi, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Sumimoto, H.; Utsumi, H.; Nawata, H. Protein kinase C-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vascular tissues of diabetes: role of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2003, 14(8 Suppl 3), S227-32.
85. Menne, J.; Meier, M.; Park, J.K.; Haller, H. Inhibition of protein kinase C in diabetic nephropathy--where do we stand? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2009, 24(7), 2021-3.
86. Ha, H.; Yu, M.R.; Choi, Y.J.; Lee, H.B. Activation of protein kinase c-delta and c-epsilon by oxidative stress in early diabetic rat kidney. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2001, 38(4 Suppl 1), S204-7.
87. Meier, M.; Menne, J.; Haller, H. Targeting the protein kinase C family in the diabetic kidney: lessons from analysis of mutant mice. Diabetologia, 2009, 52(5), 765-75.
88. Meier, M.; Menne, J.; Park, J.K.; Haller, H. Nailing down PKC isoform specificity in diabetic nephropathy two's company, three's a crowd. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2007, 22(9), 2421-5.
89. Geraldes, P.; King, G.L. Activation of protein kinase C isoforms and its impact on diabetic complications. Circ. Res., 2010, 106(8), 1319-31.
90. Toth, E.; Racz, A.; Toth, J.; Kaminski, P.M.; Wolin, M.S.; Bagi, Z.; Koller, A. Contribution of polyol pathway to arteriolar dysfunction in hyperglycemia. Role of oxidative stress, reduced NO, and enhanced PGH(2)/TXA(2) mediation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2007, 293(5), H3096-104.
91. Mauer, S.M.; Steffes, M.W.; Azar, S.; Brown, D.M. Effects of sorbinil on glomerular structure and function in long-term-diabetic rats. Diabetes, 1989, 38(7), 839-46.
92. Pedersen, M.M.; Christiansen, J.S.; Mogensen, C.E. Reduction of glomerular hyperfiltration in normoalbuminuric IDDM patients by 6 mo of aldose reductase inhibition. Diabetes, 1991, 40(5), 527-31.
93. Cheng, H.F.; Wang, C.J.; Moeckel, G.W.; Zhang, M.Z.; McKanna, J.A.; Harris, R.C. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor blocks expression of mediators of renal injury in a model of diabetes and hypertension. Kidney Int., 2002, 62(3), 929-39.
94. Sato, H.; Iwano, M.; Akai, Y.; Kurioka, H.; Kubo, A.; Yamaguchi, T.; Hirata, E.; Kanauchi, M.; Dohi, K. Increased excretion of urinary transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Nephrol., 1998, 18(6), 490-4.
95. Ziyadeh, F.N. Mediators of diabetic renal disease: the case for tgf-Beta as the major mediator. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15(1), S55-7.
96. Nakagawa, T.; Li, J.H.; Garcia, G.; Mu, W.; Piek, E.; Bottinger, E.P.; Chen, Y.; Zhu, H. J.; Kang, D.H.; Schreiner, G.F.; Lan, H.Y.; Johnson, R.J. TGF-beta induces proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors via parallel but distinct Smad pathways. Kidney Int., 2004, 66(2), 605-13.
97. Soma, J.; Sato, K.; Saito, H.; Tsuchiya, Y. Effect of tranilast in early-stage diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2006, 21(10), 2795-9.
98. Santibanez, J.F.; Quintanilla, M.; Bernabeu, C. TGF-beta/TGF-beta receptor system and its role in physiological and pathological conditions. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2011, 121(6), 233-51.
99. Saura, M.; Zaragoza, C.; Cao, W.; Bao, C.; Rodriguez-Puyol, M.; Rodriguez-Puyol, D.; Lowenstein, C.J. Smad2 mediates transforming growth factor-beta induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Circ. Res., 2002, 91(9), 806-13.
100. van Nieuwenhoven, F.A.; Jensen, L.J.; Flyvbjerg, A.; Goldschmeding, R. Imbalance of growth factor signalling in diabetic kidney disease: is connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) the perfect intervention point? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2005, 20(1), 6-10.
101. Goligorsky, M.S.; Chen, J.; Brodsky, S. Workshop: endothelial cell dysfunction leading to diabetic nephropathy: focus on nitric oxide. Hypertension, 2001, 37(2 Part 2), 744-8.
102. Komers, R.; Anderson, S. Paradoxes of nitric oxide in the diabetic kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol., 2003, 284(6), F1121-37.
103. Cheng, H.; Wang, H.; Fan, X.; Paueksakon, P.; Harris, R.C. Improvement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity retards the progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Kidney Int., 2012, 82(11), 1176-83.
104. Clarkson, P.; Celermajer, D.S.; Donald, A.E.; Sampson, M.; Sorensen, K.E.; Adams, M.; Yue, D.K.; Betteridge, D.J.; Deanfield, J.E. Impaired vascular reactivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is related to disease duration and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1996, 28(3), 573-9;
105. Williams, S.B.; Cusco, J.A.; Roddy, M.A.; Johnstone, M.T.; Creager, M.A. Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1996, 27(3), 567-74.
106. Mohan, S.; Reddick, R.L.; Musi, N.; Horn, D.A.; Yan, B.; Prihoda, T.J.; Natarajan, M.; Abboud-Werner, S.L. Diabetic eNOS knockout mice develop distinct macro-and microvascular complications. Lab. Invest., 2008, 88(5), 515-28;
107. Kanetsuna, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Nagata, M.; Gannon, M.A.; Breyer, M.D.; Harris, R.C.; Takahashi, T. Deficiency of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase confers susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in nephropathyresistant inbred mice. Am. J. Pathol., 2007, 170(5), 1473-84.
108. Ahluwalia, T.S.; Ahuja, M.; Rai, T.S.; Kohli, H.S.; Sud, K.; Bhansali, A.; Khullar, M. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene haplotypes and diabetic nephropathy among Asian Indians. Mol. Cell Biochem., 2008, 314(1-2), 9-17;
109. Zanchi, A.; Moczulski, D.K.; Hanna, L. S.; Wantman, M.; Warram, J.H.; Krolewski, A.S. Risk of advanced diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism. Kidney Int., 2000, 57 (2), 405-13;
110. Neugebauer, S.; Baba, T.; Watanabe, T. Association of the nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism with an increased risk for progression to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2000, 49(3), 500-3.
111. Munzel, T.; Daiber, A.; Ullrich, V.; Mulsch, A. Vascular consequences of endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling for the activity and expression of the soluble guanylyl cyclase and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2005, 25(8), 1551-7.
112. Stuehr, D.J.; Wei, C.C.; Wang, Z.; Hille, R. Exploring the redox reactions between heme and tetrahydrobiopterin in the nitric oxide synthases. Dalton Trans, 2005, (21), 3427-35.
113. Alp, N.J.; Channon, K.M. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by tetrahydrobiopterin in vascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2004, 24(3), 413-20.
114. Schmidt, T.S.; Alp, N.J. Mechanisms for the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial function and vascular disease. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2007, 113(2), 47-63.
115. Baris, N.; Erdogan, M.; Sezer, E.; Saygili, F.; Mert Ozgonul, A.; Turgan, N.; Ersoz, B., Alterations in L-arginine and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria. Acta diabetologica, 2009, 46(4), 309-16.
116. Kohli, R.; Meininger, C.J.; Haynes, T.E.; Yan, W.; Self, J.T.; Wu, G. Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances endothelial nitric oxide synthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Nutr., 2004, 134(3), 600-8.
117. Wu, G.; Meininger, C.J. Nitric oxide and vascular insulin resistance. Biofactors 2009, 35(1), 21-7;
118. Lucotti, P.; Setola, E.; Monti, L.D.; Galluccio, E.; Costa, S.; Sandoli, E.P.; Fermo, I.; Rabaiotti, G.; Gatti, R.; Piatti, P. Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 291(5), E906-12.
119. Meininger, C.J.; Marinos, R.S.; Hatakeyama, K.; Martinez-Zaguilan, R.; Rojas, J.D.; Kelly, K.A.; Wu, G. Impaired nitric oxide production in coronary endothelial cells of the spontaneously diabetic BB rat is due to tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. Biochem. J., 2000, 349 (Pt 1), 353-6.
120. Heitzer, T.; Krohn, K.; Albers, S.; Meinertz, T. Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide activity in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 2000, 43(11), 1435-8.
121. Ferre, J.; Naylor, E.W. Sepiapterin reductase in human amniotic and skin fibroblasts, chorionic villi, and various blood fractions. Clin. Chim. Acta., 1988, 174(3), 271-82.
122. Li, H.; Wallerath, T.; Munzel, T.; Forstermann, U. Regulation of endothelial-type NO synthase expression in pathophysiology and in response to drugs. Nitric Oxide, 2002, 7(3), 149-64;
123. Searles, C.D. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2006, 291(5), C803-16.
124. Thomas, S.R.; Witting, P.K.; Drummond, G.R. Redox control of endothelial function and dysfunction: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid. Redox Signal, 2008, 10(10), 1713-65.
125. Luo, Z.; Fujio, Y.; Kureishi, Y.; Rudic, R.D.; Daumerie, G.; Fulton, D.; Sessa, W. C.; Walsh, K. Acute modulation of endothelial Akt/PKB activity alters nitric oxide-dependent vasomotor activity in vivo. J. Clin. Invest., 2000, 106(4), 493-9.
126. Mount, P.F.; Kemp, B.E.; Power, D.A. Regulation of endothelial and myocardial NO synthesis by multi-site eNOS phosphorylation. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol., 2007, 42(2), 271-9.
127. Komers, R.; Schutzer, W.E.; Reed, J.F.; Lindsley, J.N.; Oyama, T.T.; Buck, D.C.; Mader, S.L.; Anderson, S. Altered endothelial nitric oxide synthase targeting and conformation and caveolin-1 expression in the diabetic kidney. Diabetes, 2006, 55(6), 1651-9.
128. Jagnandan, D.; Sessa, W.C.; Fulton, D. Intracellular location regulates calcium-calmodulin-dependent activation of organellerestricted eNOS. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol., 2005, 289(4), C1024-33.
129. Minshall, R.D.; Sessa, W.C.; Stan, R.V.; Anderson, R.G.; Malik, A.B. Caveolin regulation of endothelial function. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2003, 285(6), L1179-83.
130. Lajer, M.; Tarnow, L.; Jorsal, A.; Teerlink, T.; Parving, H.H.; Rossing, P. Plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care, 2008, 31(4), 747-52.
131. Schulze, P.C.; Yoshioka, J.; Takahashi, T.; He, Z.; King, G.L.; Lee, R.T. Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress through inhibition of thioredoxin function by thioredoxin-interacting protein. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(29), 30369-74.
132. Beckman, J.S.; Koppenol, W.H. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am. J. Physiol., 1996, 271(5 Pt 1), C1424-37.
133. Szabo, C.; Zanchi, A.; Komjati, K.; Pacher, P.; Krolewski, A.S.; Quist, W.C.; LoGerfo, F.W.; Horton, E.S.; Veves, A. Poly(ADPRibose) polymerase is activated in subjects at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and is associated with impaired vascular reactivity. Circulation, 2002, 106(21), 2680-6.
134. El-Remessy, A. B.; Tawfik, H.E.; Matragoon, S.; Pillai, B.; Caldwell, R.B.; Caldwell, R. W. Peroxynitrite mediates diabetesinduced endothelial dysfunction: possible role of Rho kinase activation. Exp. Diabetes Res., 2010, 2010, 247861.
135. Anderson, M.M.; Heinecke, J.W. Production of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine is impaired in mice deficient in NADPH oxidase: a role for phagocyte-derived oxidants in the formation of advanced glycation end products during inflammation. Diabetes, 2003, 52(8), 2137-43.
136. Alp, N.J.; Channon, K.M. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by tetrahydrobiopterin in vascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb., 2004, 24(3), 413-20.
137. Du, X.; Edelstein, D.; Obici, S.; Higham, N.; Zou, M.H.; Brownlee, M. Insulin resistance reduces arterial prostacyclin synthase and eNOS activities by increasing endothelial fatty acid oxidation. Clin. Investig., 2006, 116(4), 1071-80.
138. Kofler, S.; Nickel, T.; Weis, M. Role of cytokines in cardiovascular diseases: a focus on endothelial responses to inflammation. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2005, 108(3), 205-13.
139. Menon, M.C.; Chuang, P.Y.; He, C.J. The glomerular filtration barrier: components and crosstalk. Int. J. Nephrol., 2012, 2012, 749010.
140. Satchell, S.C.; Anderson, K.L.; Mathieson, P.W. Angiopoietin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor modulate human glomerular endothelial cell barrier properties. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15(3), 566-74.
141. Sison, K.; Eremina, V.; Baelde, H.; Min, W.; Hirashima, M.; Fantus, I.G.; Quaggin, S.E. Glomerular structure and function require paracrine, not autocrine, VEGF-VEGFR-2 signaling. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2010, 21(10), 1691-701.
142. Cooper, M.E.; Vranes, D.; Youssef, S.; Stacker, S.A.; Cox, A.J.; Rizkalla, B.; Casley, D. J.; Bach, L.A.; Kelly, D.J.; Gilbert, R.E. Increased renal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 in experimental diabetes. Diabetes, 1999, 48 (11), 2229-39.
143. Lindenmeyer, M.T.; Kretzler, M.; Boucherot, A.; Berra, S.; Yasuda, Y.; Henger, A.; Eichinger, F.; Gaiser, S.; Schmid, H.; Rastaldi, M. P.; Schrier, R.W.; Schlondorff, D.; Cohen, C. D. Interstitial vascular rarefaction and reduced VEGF-A expression in human diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2007, 18(6), 1765-76.
144. Baelde, H.J.; Eikmans, M.; Lappin, D.W.; Doran, P.P.; Hohenadel, D.; Brinkkoetter, P. T.; van der Woude, F.J.; Waldherr, R.; Rabelink, T.J.; de Heer, E.; Bruijn, J.A. Reduction of VEGF-A and CTGF expression in diabetic nephropathy is associated with podocyte loss. Kidney Int., 2007, 71(7), 637-45.
145. Nakagawa, T.; Kosugi, T.; Haneda, M.; Rivard, C.J.; Long, D.A. Abnormal angiogenesis in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes, 2009, 58(7), 1471-8.
146. Nakagawa, T.; Sato, W.; Glushakova, O.; Heinig, M.; Clarke, T.; Campbell-Thompson, M.; Yuzawa, Y.; Atkinson, M.A.; Johnson, R.J.; Croker, B. Diabetic endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice develop advanced diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2007, 18 (2), 539-50.
147. Bussolati, B.; Dunk, C.; Grohman, M.; Kontos, C.D.; Mason, J.; Ahmed, A. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis via nitric oxide. Am. J. Pathol., 2001, 159(3), 993-1008.
148. Eremina, V.; Baelde, H.J.; Quaggin, S.E. Role of the VEGF--a signaling pathway in the glomerulus: evidence for crosstalk between components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Nephron Physiol., 2007, 106(2), p32-7.
149. Ku, C. H.; White, K. E.; Dei Cas, A.; Hayward, A.; Webster, Z.; Bilous, R.; Marshall, S.; Viberti, G.; Gnudi, L. Inducible overexpression of sFlt-1 in podocytes ameliorates glomerulopathy in diabetic mice. Diabetes, 2008, 57(10), 2824-33.
150. Hohenstein, B.; Hausknecht, B.; Boehmer, K.; Riess, R.; Brekken, R. A.; Hugo, C. P., Local VEGF activity but not VEGF expression is tightly regulated during diabetic nephropathy in man. Kidney Int., 2006, 69(9), 1654-61.
151. de Vriese, A.S.; Tilton, R.G.; Elger, M.; Stephan, C.C.; Kriz, W.; Lameire, N.H. Antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor improve early renal dysfunction in experimental diabetes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2001, 12(5), 993-1000.
152. Sung, S.H.; Ziyadeh, F.N.; Wang, A.; Pyagay, P.E.; Kanwar, Y.S.; Chen, S. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling ameliorates diabetic albuminuria in mice. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17(11), 3093-104.
153. Sivaskandarajah, G. A.; Jeansson, M.; Maezawa, Y.; Eremina, V.; Baelde, H. J.; Quaggin, S. E., Vegfa Protects the Glomerular Microvasculature in Diabetes. Diabetes, 2012, 61(11), 2958-66.
154. Satchell, S.C.; Harper, S.J.; Tooke, J.E.; Kerjaschki, D.; Saleem, M.A.; Mathieson, P.W. Human podocytes express angiopoietin 1, a potential regulator of glomerular vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2002, 13(2), 544-50.
155. Davis, B.; Dei Cas, A.; Long, D.A.; White, K. E.; Hayward, A.; Ku, C.H.; Woolf, A. S.; Bilous, R.; Viberti, G.; Gnudi, L. Podocyte-specific expression of angiopoietin-2 causes proteinuriaand apoptosis of glomerular endothelia. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2007, 18(8), 2320-9
156. Yuan, H. T.; Suri, C.; Landon, D. N.; Yancopoulos, G. D.; Woolf, A. S., Angiopoietin-2 is a site-specific factor in differentiation of mouse renal vasculature. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN, 2000, 11 (6), 1055-66.
157. Lim, H.S.; Lip, G.Y.; Blann, A.D. Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 in diabetes mellitus: relationship to VEGF, glycaemic control, endothelial damage/dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 180(1), 113-8.
158. Schlondorff, D.; Banas, B. The mesangial cell revisited: no cell is an island. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2009, 20(6), 1179-87.
159. Nitta, K.; Uchida, K.; Tsutsui, T.; Kawashima, A.; Yumura, W.; Nihei, H. Glomerular endothelial cells promote mesangial cell growth via a PDGF-Like substance. Life Sci., 1995, 56 (3), 143-50.
160. Bohle, A.; Wehrmann, M.; Bogenschutz, O.; Batz, C.; Muller, C.A.; Muller, G.A. The pathogenesis of chronic renal failure in diabetic nephropathy. Investigation of 488 cases of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Pathol. Res. Pract., 1991, 187(2-3), 251-9.
161. Wolf, G.; Neilson, E.G.; Goldfarb, S.; Ziyadeh, F.N. The influence of glucose concentration on angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 176 (2), 902-9.
162. Nangaku, M., Chronic hypoxia and tubulointerstitial injury: a final common pathway to end-stage renal failure. J Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17(1), 17-25.
163. Tasnim, F.; Zink, D. Cross talk between primary human renal tubular cells and endothelial cells in cocultures. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2012, 302(8), F1055-62.
164. Galkina, E.; Ley, K., Leukocyte recruitment and vascular injury in diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17 (2), 368-77.
165. Seron, D.; Cameron, J.S.; Haskard, D.O. Expression of VCAM-1 in the normal and diseased kidney. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 1991, 6(12), 917-22.
166. Smith, S.W.; Chand, S.; Savage, C.O. Biology of the renal pericyte. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 2012, 27(6), 2149-55.
167. Armulik, A.; Abramsson, A.; Betsholtz, C. Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ. Res., 2005, 97(6), 512-23.
168. Gaengel, K.; Genove, G.; Armulik, A.; Betsholtz, C. Endothelialmural cell signaling in vascular development and angiogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb., 2009, 29(5), 630-8.
169. Hammes, H.P. Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Horm. Metab. Res., 2005, 37(1), 39-43.
170. Richards, O.C.; Raines, S.M.; Attie, A.D. The role of blood vessels, endothelial cells, and vascular pericytes in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action. Endocr. Rev., 2010, 31(3), 343-63.
171. Nakagawa, T.; Tanabe, K.; Croker, B.P.; Johnson, R.J.; Grant, M.B.; Kosugi, T.; Li, Q., Endothelial dysfunction as a potential contributor in diabetic nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 2011, 7(1), 36-44.
172. Bassi, R.; Trevisani, A.; Tezza, S.; Ben Nasr, M.; Gatti, F.; Vergani, A.; Farina, A.; Fiorina, P., Regenerative therapies for diabetic microangiopathy. Exp. Diabetes Res., 2012, 2012, 916560.
173. Ikarashi, K.; Li, B.; Suwa, M.; Kawamura, K.; Morioka, T.; Yao, J.; Khan, F.; Uchiyama, M.; Oite, T. Bone marrow cells contribute to regeneration of damaged glomerular endothelial cells. Kidney Int., 2005, 67(5), 1925-33.
174. Reinhard, H.; Jacobsen, P.K.; Lajer, M.; Tarnow, L.; Astrup, A.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Pedersen, N.; Billestrup, N.; Mandrup-Poulsen, T.; Parving, H.H.; Rossing, P. Endothelial progenitor cells in longstanding asymptomatic type 1 diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. Clin. Pract., 2011, 118(3), c309-14.