Accepting inequality deters responsibility: How power distance decreases charitable behavior

Journal of Consumer Research

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 274-293

  Winterich, Karen Page ^a   Zhang, Yinlong ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904201728     PISSN: 00935301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/675927     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Aaker, Jennifer L. (2000), "Accessibility or Diagnosticity? Disentangling the Influence of Culture on Persuasion Process and Attitudes," Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (4), 340-57.
2. Aggarwal, Pankaj, and Sharmistha Law (2005), "Role of Relationship Norms in Processing Brand Information," Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (December), 453-64.
3. Aggarwal, Pankaj, and Meng Zhang (2006), "The Moderating Effect of Relationship Norms," Journal of Consumer Research, 33 (December), 413-19.
4. Baker, Thomas L., Tracy Meyer, and Jean-Charles Chebat (2013), "Cultural Impacts on Felt and Expressed Emotions and Third Party Compliant Relationships," Journal of Business Research, 66 (7), 816-22.
5. Bandura, Albert (1977), "Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change," Psychological Review, 84 (2), 191-215.
6. Bandura, Albert (2006), "Guide for Constructing Self-Efficacy Scales," in Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, Vol. 5, ed. Frank Pajares and Timothy C. Urdan, Greenwich, CT: Information Age, 307-37.
7. Bem, Daryl J. (1972), "Self-Perception Theory," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 6, ed. Leonard Berkowitz, New York: Academic Press, 1-62.
8. Bendapudi, Neeli, Surendra N. Singh, and Venkat Bendapudi (1996), "Enhancing Helping Behavior: An Integrative Framework for Promotion Planning," Journal of Marketing, 60 (July), 33-49.
9. Betancourt, Hector (1990), "An Attribution-Empathy Model of Helping Behavior: Behavioral Intentions and Judgments of Help-Giving," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16 (3), 573-91.
10. Blackwood, Amy S., Katie L. Roeger, and Sarah L. Pettijohn (2012), "The Nonprofit Sector in Brief: Public Charities, Giving, and Volunteering, 2012," Urban Institute, Washington, DC, http://www.urban.org/publications/412674.html.
11. Blodgett, Jeffrey G., Long-Chuan Lu, Gregory M. Rose, and Scott J. Vitell (2001), "Ethical Sensitivity to Stakeholder Interests: A Cross-Cultural Comparison," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29 (2), 190-202.
12. Blume, Brian D., Robert S. Rubin, and Timothy T. Baldwin (2013), "Who Is Attracted to an Organization Using a Forced Distribution Performance Management System?" Human Resource Management Journal, 12 (2), 158-72.
13. Boenigk, Silke, and Bernd Helmig (2013), "Why Do Donors Donate? Examining the Effects of Organizational Identification and Identity Salience on the Relationships among Satisfaction, Loyalty, and Donation Behavior," Journal of Service Research, 16 (1), 533-48.
14. Bond, Michael H., Kwok-Choi Wan, Kwok Leung, and Robert A. Giacalone (1985), "How Are Responses to Verbal Insult Related to Cultural Collectivism and Power Distance?" Journal of Cross-Culture Psychology, 16 (March), 111-27.
15. Bourdieu, Pierre (1984), Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Brewin, Chris R., and David A. Shapiro (1984), "Beyond Locus of Control: Attribution of Responsibility for Positive and Negative Outcomes," British Journal of Psychology, 75 (1), 43-49.
17. Brickman, Philip, Vita Carulli Rabinowitz, Jurgis Karuza Jr., Dan Coates, Ellen Cohn, and Louise Kidder (1982), "Models of Helping and Coping," American Psychologist, 37 (4), 368-84.
18. Brockner, Joel, Srikanth Paruchuri, Lorraine Chen Idson, and E. Tory Higgins (2001), "Regulatory Focus and the Probability Estimates of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Events," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86 (September), 35-66.
19. Bryan, Angela D., Jill C. Hammer, and Jeffrey D. Fisher (2000), "Whose Hands Reach out to the Homeless? Patterns of Helping among High and Low Communally Oriented Individuals," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30 (5), 887-905.
20. Charities Aid Foundation (2012), "World Giving Index 2012: A Global View of Giving Trends," Charities Aid Foundation, London.
21. Chiu, Chi-yue, and Ying-yi Hong (2006), "Strategies for Describing Culture," in Social Psychology of Culture, New York: Psychology, 25-46.
22. Clark, Margaret S., and Judson Mills (1993), "The Difference between Communal and Exchange Relationships: What It Is and Is Not," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19 (6), 684-91.
23. Clark, Margaret S., Robert Ouellette, Martha C. Powell, and Sandra Milberg (1987), "Recipient's Mood, Relationship Type, and Helping," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (1), 94-103.
24. Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Julie Hauge, and Peter Miene (1998), "Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (6), 1516-30.
25. Cummings, William H., and M. Venkatesan (1976), "Cognitive Dissonance and Consumer Behavior: A Review of the Evidence," Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (3), 303-8.
26. Darley, John M., and Bibb Latané (1968), "Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8 (4), 377-83.
27. Earley, P. Christopher (1989), "Social Loafing and Collectivism: A Comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China," Administrative Science Quarterly, 34 (4), 565-81.
28. Earley, P. Christopher (1999), "Playing Follow the Leader: Status-Determining Traits in Relation to Collective Efficacy across Cultures," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 80 (3), 192-212.
29. Feldman, Jack M., and John G. Lynch Jr. (1988), "Self-Generated Validity and Other Effects of Measurement on Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior," Journal of Applied Psychology, 73 (3), 421-35.
30. Fennis, Bob, Loes Janssen, and Kathleen D. Vohs (2009), "Acts of Benevolence: A Limited-Resource Account of Compliance with Charitable Requests," Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (April), 906-24.
31. Festinger, Leon, and James M. Carlsmith (1959), "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58 (2), 203-10.
32. Fisher, Robert J., Mark Vandenbosch, and Kersi D. Antia (2008), "An Empathy-Helping Perspective on Consumers' Responses to Fund-Raising Appeals," Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (October), 519-31.
33. Fiske, Susan T. (2004), Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology, New York: Wiley.
34. Giving USA Foundation (2013), Giving USA 2013, Glenview, IL: Giving USA Foundation.
35. Hair, Joseph F., Rolph E. Anderson, Ronald L. Tatham, and Bill Black (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
36. Hanson, Mary Jane S. (1997), "The Theory of Planned Behavior Applied to Cigarette Smoking in African-American, Puerto Rican, and Non-Hispanic White Teenage Females," Nursing Research, 46 (3), 155-62.
37. Hayes, Andrew F. (2013), Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, New York: Guilford.
38. Hoffmann, Stefan, Robert Mai, and Anamaria Cristescu (2013), "Do Culture-Dependent Response Styles Distort Substantial Relationships?" International Business Review, 22 (5), 814-27.
39. Hofstede, Geert (1980), "Culture and Organizations," International Studies of Management and Organization, 10 (4), 15-41.
40. Hofstede, Geert (1984), Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
41. Hofstede, Geert (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42. Hofstede, Geert (2013), "Creating Cultural Competence," Hofstede Centre, http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php.
43. Johnson, Jennifer W., and Pamela E. Grimm (2010), "Communal and Exchange Relationship Perceptions as Separate Constructs and Their Role in Motivations to Donate," Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20 (3), 282-94.
44. Jost, John T., Diana Burgess, and Cristina O. Mosso (2001), "Conflicts of Legitimation among Self, Group, and System: An Integrative Potential of System Justification Theory," in The Psychology of Legitimacy, ed. John T. Jost and Brenda Major, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 363-88.
45. Jost, John T., and Orsolya Hunyady (2003), "The Psychology of System Justification and the Palliative Function of Ideology," European Review of Social Psychology, 13 (1), 111-53.
46. Karasawa, Kaori (1991), "The Effects of Onset and Offset Responsibility on Affects and Helping Judgments," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21 (6), 482-99.
47. Kay, Aaron C., and John T. Jost (2003), "Complementary Justice: Effects of 'Poor but Happy' and 'Poor but Honest' Stereotype Exemplars on System Justification and Implicit Activation of the Justice Motive," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 (5), 823-37.
48. Kemmelmeier, Markus, Edina E. Jambor, and Joyce Letner (2006), "Individualism and Good Works: Cultural Variation in Giving and Volunteering across the United States," Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37 (May), 327-44.
49. Kirkman, Bradley L., Gilad Chen, Jiing-Lih Farh, Zhen Xiong Chen, and Kevin B. Lowe (2009), "Individual Power Distance Orientation and Follower Reactions to Transformational Leaders: A Cross-Level, Cross-Cultural Examination," Academy of Management Journal, 52 (4), 744-64.
50. Kort, Wim de, Elze Wagenmans, Anne van Dongen, Yolande Slotboom, Geert Hofstede, and Ingrid Veldhuizen (2010), "Blood Product Collection and Supply: A Matter of Money," Vox Sanguinis, 98 (April), e201-e208.
51. Lalwani, Ashok K., Sharon Shavitt, and Timothy Johnson (2006), "What Is the Relation between Cultural Orientation and Socially Desirable Responding?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90 (1), 165-78.
52. Lee, Cynthia, Madan Pillutla, and Kenneth S. Law (2000), "Power- Distance, Gender and Organizational Justice," Journal of Management, 26 (4), 685-704.
53. Lee, Lichang, Jane Allyn Piliavin, and Vaughn R. A. Call (1999), "Giving Time, Money, and Blood: Similarities and Differences," Social Psychology Quarterly, 62 (3), 276-90.
54. Lerner, Melvin J., and Patricia Reavy (1975), "Locus of Control, Perceived Responsibility for Prior Fate, and Helping Behavior," Journal of Research in Personality, 9 (1), 1-20.
55. Lian, Huiwen, Lance D. Ferris, and Douglas J. Brown (2012), "Does Power Distance Exacerbate or Mitigate the Effects of Abusive Supervision? It Depends on the Outcome," Journal of Applied Psychology, 97 (1), 107-23.
56. Lin, Weipeng, Lei Wang, and Shuting Chen (2012), "Abusive Supervision and Employee Well-Being: The Moderating Effect of Power Distance Orientation," Applied Psychology, 62 (2), 308-29.
57. Liu,Wendy, and Jennifer Aaker (2008), "The Happiness of Giving: The Time-Ask Effect," Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (October), 543-57.
58. Liviatan, Ido, Yaacov Trope, and Nira Liberman (2008), "Interpersonal Similarity as a Social Distance Dimension: Implications for Perception of Others' Actions," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44 (5), 1256-69.
59. Miller, Christopher M., Shelby H. McIntyre, and Murali K. Mantrala (1993), "Toward Formalizing Fashion Theory," Journal of Marketing Research, 30 (2), 142-57.
60. Moorman, Robert H., and Gerald L. Blakely (1995), "Individualism-Collectivism as an Individual Difference Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior," Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16 (2), 127-42.
61. Nelson, Michelle, Frederic Brunel, Magne Supphellen, and Rajesh Manchanda (2006), "Effects of Culture, Gender, and Moral Obligations on Responses to Charity Advertising across Masculine and Feminine Cultures," Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16 (1), 45-56.
62. Ng, Kok-Yee, Christine Koh, Soon Ang, Jeffrey C. Kennedy, and Kim-Yin Chan (2011), "Rating Leniency and Halo in Multisource Feedback Ratings: Testing Cultural Assumptions of Power Distance and Individualism-Collectivism," Journal of Applied Psychology, 96 (5), 1033-44.
63. Oyserman, Daphna (2006), "High Power, Low Power, and Equality: Culture beyond Individualism and Collectivism," Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16 (4), 352-56.
64. Oyserman, Daphna, Heather M. Coon, and Markus Kemmelmeier (2002), "Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-analyses," Psychological Bulletin, 128 (January), 3-72.
65. Oyserman, Daphna, and Spike W. S. Lee (2007), "Priming 'Culture': Culture as Situated Cognition," in Handbook of Cultural Psychology, ed. Shinobu Kitayama and Dov Cohen, New York: Guilford, 255-79.
66. Oyserman, Daphna, and Spike W. S. Lee (2008), "Does Culture Influence What and HowWe Think? Effects of Priming Individualism and Collectivism," Psychological Bulletin, 134 (2), 311-42.
67. Piff, Paul K., Michael W. Kraus, Stéphane Côté, Bonnie Hayden Cheng, and Dacher Keltner (2010), "Having Less, Giving More: The Influence of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99 (5), 771-84.
68. Piliavin, Jane Allyn, and Peter L. Callero (1991), Giving Blood: The Development of an Altruistic Identity, Johns Hopkins Series in Contemporary Medicine and Public Health, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
69. Preacher, Kristopher, and Andrew F. Hayes (2004), "SPSS and SAS Procedures of Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Meditation Models," Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36 (November), 717-31.
70. Reed, Americus, Karl Aquino, and Eric Levy (2007), "Moral Identity and Judgments of Charitable Behaviors," Journal of Marketing, 71 (January), 178-93.
71. Rucker, Derek D., David Dubois, and Adam D. Galinsky (2011), "Generous Paupers and Stingy Princes: Power Drives Consumer Spending on Self versus Others," Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (6), 1015-29.
72. Schwartz, Shalom H. (1977), "Normative Influences on Altruism," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10, ed. Leonard Berkowitz, New York: Academic Press, 221-79.
73. Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992), "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theory and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries," International Journal of Psychology, 27 (2), 211-25.
74. Schwartz, Shalom H., and Wolfgang Bilsky (1990), "Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-Cultural Replications," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5), 878-91.
75. Schwartz, Shalom H., and Amit B. David (1976), "Responsibility and Helping in an Emergency: Effects of Blame, Ability and Denial of Responsibility," Sociometry, 39 (4), 406-15.
76. Schwartz, Shalom H., and Tammy Rubel (2005), "Sex Differences in Value Priorities: Cross-Cultural and Multimethod Studies," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 (6), 1010-28.
77. Shang, Jennifer, Americus Reed, and Rachel Croson (2008), "Identity Congruency Effects on Donations," Journal of Marketing Research, 45 (3), 351-61.
78. Sharma, Eesha, and Vicki G. Morwitz (2013), "Saving the Masses: The Role of Perceived Efficacy in Charitable Giving," unpublished manuscript, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York 10012.
79. Shaver, Kelly G. (1985), The Attribution of Blame: Causality, Responsibility, and Blameworthiness, New York: Springer.
80. Shavitt, Sharon, Ashok Lalwani, Jing Zhang, and Carlos Torelli (2006), "The Horizontal/Vertical Distinction in Cross-Cultural Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16 (4), 325-56.
81. Skinner, Ellen A. (1996), "A Guide to Constructs of Control," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71 (3), 549-70.
82. Skitka, Linda J., and Philip E. Tetlock (1992), "Allocating Scarce Resources: A Contingency Model of Distributive Justice," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28 (6), 491-522.
83. Small, Deborah A., George Loewenstein, and Paul Slovic (2007), "Sympathy and Callousness: The Impact of Deliberative Thought on Donations to Identifiable and Statistical Victims," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102 (2), 143-53.
84. Small, Deborah A., and Uri Simonsohn (2008), "Friends of Victims: Personal Experience and Prosocial Behavior," Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (October), 532-42.
85. Small, Deborah A., and Nicole M. Verrochi (2009), "The Face of Need: Facial Emotion Expression on Charity Advertisements," Journal of Marketing Research, 46 (6), 777-87.
86. Smith, Robert W., David Faro, and Katherine A. Burson (2013), "More for the Many: The Influence of Entitativity on Charitable Giving," Journal of Consumer Research, 39 (February), 961-76.
87. Spector, Paul E., Cary L. Cooper, and Kate Sparks (2001), "An International Study of the Psychometric Properties of the Hofstede Values Survey Module 1994: A Comparison of Individual and Country/Province Level Results," Applied Psychology, 50 (2), 269-81.
88. Spencer, Steven J., Mark P. Zanna, and Geoffrey T. Fong (2005), "Establishing a Casual Chain: Why Experiments Are Often More Effective than Mediational Analyses in Examining Psychological Processes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 (6), 845-51.
89. Spencer-Oatey, Helen (1997), "Unequal Relationships in High and Low Power Distance Societies: A Comparative Study of Tutor-Student Role Relations in Britain and China," Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28 (3), 284-302.
90. Spiller, Stephen A., Gavan J. Fitzsimons, John G. Lynch, and Gary H. McClelland (2013), "Spotlights, Floodlights, and the Magic Number Zero: Simple Effects Tests in Moderated Regression," Journal of Marketing Research, 50 (April), 277-88.
91. Srull, Thomas K., and Robert Wyer (1979), "Category Accessibility and Social Perception: Some Implications for the Study of Person Memory and Interpersonal Judgments," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38 (6), 841-56.
92. Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E. M., and Hans Baumgartner (1998), "Assessing Measurement Invariance in Cross-National Consumer Behavior," Journal of Consumer Research, 25 (1), 78-90.
93. Tepper, Bennett J. (2007), "Abusive Supervision in Work Organizations: Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda," Journal of Management, 33 (3), 261-89.
94. Torelli, Carlos J., Ashok K. Lalwani, Jessie J. Wang, and Yajin Wang (2012), "The Interplay between Power Distance, Position in the Social Hierarchy, and Product Type: Consequences for Consumers' Preferences for Premium over Generic Brands," in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 40, ed. Zeynep Gurhan-Canli, Cele Otnes, and Rui (Juliet) Zhu, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research, 153-57.
95. Torelli, Carlos J., and Sharon Shavitt (2010), "Culture and Concepts of Power," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99 (4), 703-23.
96. Trafimow, David, Harry C. Triandis, and Sharon G. Goto (1991), "Some Tests of the Distinction between the Private Self and the Collective Self," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60 (May), 649-55.
97. Triandis, Harry C. (1989), "The Self and Social Behavior in Different Cultural Contexts," Psychological Review, 96 (3), 269-89.
98. Triandis, Harry C., and Michele J. Gelfand (1998), "Converging Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 118-28.
99. Weiner, Bernard (1980), "A Cognitive (Attribution)-Emotion-Action Model of Motivated Behavior: An Analysis of Judgments of Help-Giving," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (2), 186-200.
100. Weiner, Bernard, Raymond P. Perry, and Jamie Magnusson (1988), "An Attributional Analysis of Reactions to Stigmas," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55 (5), 738-48.
101. Williamson, Gail M., Margaret S. Clark, Linda J. Pegalis, and Aileen Behan (1996), "Affective Consequences of Refusing to Help in Communal and Exchange Relationships," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22 (1), 34-47.
102. Winterich, Karen Page, and Michael J. Barone (2011), "Warm Glow or Cold, Hard Cash? Social Identify Effects on Consumer Choice for Donation versus Discount Promotions," Journal of Marketing Research, 48 (October), 855-68.
103. Winterich, Karen Page, Vikas Mittal, and Karl Aquino (2013), "When Does Recognition Increase Charitable Behavior? Toward a Moral Identity-Based Model," Journal of Marketing, 77 (May), 121-34.
104. Winterich, Karen Page, Vikas Mittal, and William T. Ross Jr. (2009), "Donation Behavior toward In-Groups and Out- Groups: The Role of Gender and Moral Identity," Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (August), 199-214.
105. Winterich, Karen Page, Yinlong Zhang, and Vikas Mittal (2012), "How Political Identity and Charity Positioning Increase Donations: Insights from Moral Foundations Theory," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29 (4), 346-54.
106. Yoo, Boonghee, Naveen Donthu, and Tomasz Lenartowicz (2011), "Measuring Hofstede's Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individual Level: Development and Validation of CVSCALE," Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23 (3-4), 193-210.
107. Zhang, Yinlong, Karen Page Winterich, and Vikas Mittal (2010), "Power-Distance Belief and Impulsive Buying," Journal of Marketing Research, 47 (October), 945-54.
108. Zhou, Xinyue, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Kan Shi, and Cong Feng (2012), "Nostalgia: The Gift That Keeps on Giving," Journal of Consumer Research, 39 (June), 39-50.