Qualitative inquiry in TESOL

Qualitative Inquiry in TESOL

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-323

  Richards, Keith ^a,b  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900666493     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230505056     Document Type: Book

References (379)

1. Abrams, M.H. 1988. A Glossary of Literary Terms (5th edn). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2. Abu-Lughod, L. 1991. 'Writing Against Culture', in R.G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, pp. 137-62.
3. Adams, R.S. 1972. 'Observational Studies of Teacher Role', International Review of Education, 18, 4, 440-59. (Special Number: N. Flanders and G. Nuthall (eds), The Classroom Behavior of Teachers).
4. Adler, P.A. and Adler P. 1994. 'Observational Techniques', in N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 377-90.
5. Agar, M.H. 1996. The Professional Stranger. San Diego: Academic Press.
6. Allwright, D. 1988. Observation in the Language Classroom. London: Longman.
7. Allwright, D. and Bailey, K.M. 1991. Focus on the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Angrosino, M.V. 1997. 'Among the Savage Anthros: Reflections on the SAS Oral History Project', Southern Anthropologist, 24, 25-32.
9. Angrosino, M.V. and de Pérez, K.A. Mays. 2000. 'Rethinking Observation: From Method to Context', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) op. cit., pp. 673-702.
10. Antaki, C. 1994. Explaining and Arguing. London: Sage.
11. Arksey, H. and Knight, P. 1999. Interviewing for Social Scientists. London: Sage.
12. Ashmore, M. and Reed, D. 2000. 'Innocence and Nostalgia in Conversation Analysis: the Dynamic Relations of Tape and Transcript' [45 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research [Online Journal], 1(3) December. Available at: http:/ /qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-eng.htm [Accessed 8/6/01].
13. Atkinson, J.M. and Heritage, J. (eds). 1984a. Structures of Social Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Atkinson, J.M. and Heritage, J. 1984b. Introduction, in J.M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-15.
15. Atkinson, P. 1988. 'Ethnomethodology: a Critical Review', Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 441-65.
16. Atkinson, P. 1992a. Understanding Ethnographic Texts. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., et al. (eds). 2001. Handbook of Ethnography. London: Sage.
18. Atkinson, P. and Silverman, D. 1997. 'Kundera's Immortality: the Interview Society and the Invention of the Self', Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 304-25.
19. Bakeman, R. and Gottman, J.M. 1997. Observing Interaction: an Introduction to Sequential Analysis (2nd edn), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Baker, C. 1997. 'Membership Categorization and Interview Accounts', in O. Silverman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 130-43.
21. Baker, C.D. 2002. 'Ethnomethodological Analyses of Interviews', in J.F. Gubrium and J.A. Holstein (eds), pp. 777-95.
22. Banks, M. 2001. Visual Methods in Social Research. London: Sage.
23. Barry, C.A. 1998. 'Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Atlas/ti and Nudist compared', Sociological Research Online, 3/3 (http:/ /www.socresonline.org.uk/ socresonline/3/3/4.html).
24. Bassey, M. 1999. Case Study Research in Educational Settings. Buckingham: Open University Press.
25. Bassey, M. 2001. 'A Solution to the Problem of Generalization in Educational Research: Empirical Findings and Fuzzy Predictions', Oxford Review of Education, 27, 1, 5-22.
26. Becker, H.S. 1993. 'Theory: the Necessary Evil', in Flinders and Mills (eds), pp. 218-29.
27. Benney, M. and Hughes, E.C. 1956. 'Of Sociology and the Interview', American Journal of Sociology, 62, 137-42.
28. Bentz, V.M. and Shapiro, J.M. 1998. Mindful Inquiry in Social Research. London: Sage.
29. Beretta, A., Crookes, G., Gregg, K. and Long, M. 1994. 'Comment on van Lier 1994', Applied Linguistics, 15, 3, 347.
30. Berg, B.L. 1998. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
31. Billig, M. and Schegloff, E.A. 1999. 'Critical Discourse Analysis and Conversation Analysis: an Exchange between Michael Billig and Emanuel A. Schegloff', Discourse and Society, 10, 4, 543-82.
32. Block, D. 2000. 'Research Issues: Problematizing Interview Data: Voices in the Mind's Machine?', TESOL Quarterly, 34, 4, 757-63.
33. Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M. and Robson, K. 2001. Focus Groups in Social Research. London: Sage.
34. Bochner, A.P. 2000. 'Criteria Against Ourselves', Qualitative Inquiry, 6, 2, 266-72.
35. Bochner, A.P. 2001. 'Narrative's Virtues', Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 2, 131-57.
36. Borkan, J. 1999. 'Immersion/Crystallization', in B.F. Crabtree and W.L. Miller (eds), op. cit., pp. 179-94.
37. Brown, G. and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Brumfit, C. and Mitchell, R. 1989. 'The Language Classroom as a Focus for Research', in C. Brumfit and R. Mitchell (eds), Research in the Language Classroom, London: Modern English Publications and the British Council, pp. 3-15.
39. Bryman, A. 2001a. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Bryman, A. (ed.). 2001b. Ethnography Vol. 4. London: Sage.
41. Burgess, R.G. 1984a. 'Autobiographical Accounts and Research Experience', in R.G. Burgess (ed.), The Research Process in Educational Settings: Ten Case Studies, Lewes: The Falmer Press, pp. 251-70.
42. Burgess, R.G. 1984b. In the Field. London: Allen and Unwin.
43. Burgess, R.G. 1991. 'Sponsors, Gatekeepers, Members and Friends: Access in Educational Settings', in W.B. Shaffir and R.A. Stebbins (eds), op. cit., pp. 43-52.
44. Burgess, R.G. 1992. Introduction, in R.G. Burgess (ed.), Studies in Qualitative Methodology, Vol. 3: Learning about Fieldwork, London: JAI Press, pp. ix-xiv.
45. Burns, A. 1999. Collaborative Action Research for English Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Burton, D. (ed.) 2000. Research Training for Social Scientists. London: Sage.
47. Byrne, D. 1998. Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
48. Cameron, D. 2001. Working with Spoken Discourse. London: Sage.
49. Canagarajah, A.S. 1993. 'Critical Ethnography of a Sri Lanka Classroom: Ambiguities in Student Opposition through ESOL', TESOL Quarterly, 27, 4, 601-26.
50. Canagarajah, A.S. 1996. 'From Critical Research Practice to Critical Research Reporting', TESOL Quarterly, 30, 2, 321-30.
51. Carr, W. and Kemmis, S. 1986. Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action Research. Lewes: The Falmer Press.
52. Cazden, C.B. 1986. 'Classroom Discourse', in M.C. Wittrock (ed.), op. cit., pp. 432-63.
53. Chouliaraki, K. and Fairclough, N. 1999. Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
54. Christenson, M., Slutsky, R., Bendau, S., et al. 2001. 'The Rocky Road of Teachers Becoming Action Researchers', Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 3, 259-72.
55. Clarke, M.A. 1994. 'The Dysfunctions of the Theory/Practice Discourse', TESOL Quarterly, 28, 1, 9-26.
56. Clarke, M.A. 1995. 'The Importance of Particularisability', Paper presented at the 1995 TESOL Convention, Long Beach, California.
57. Clayman, S.E. and Maynard, D.W. 1994. 'Criteria for Assessing Interpretive Validity in Qualitative Research', in P. ten Have and G. Psathas (eds), Situated Order: Studies in The Social Organization of Talk and Embodied Activities. Washington DC: University Press of America, pp. 1-30.
58. Coates, J. and Thornborrow, J. 1999. 'Myths, Lies and Videotapes: some thoughts on Data Transcripts', Discourse & Society, 10, 4, 594-7.
59. Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P. 1996. Making Sense of Qualitative Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
60. Cohen, J. 1960. 'A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales', Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46.
61. Crabtree, B.F. and Miller W.L. (eds). 1999. Doing Qualitative Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
62. Cresswell, J.W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
63. Cresswell, J.W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Crockett, M.D. 2002. 'Inquiry as Professional Development: Creating Dilemmas through Teachers' Work', Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 609-24.
65. Crotty, M. 1998. The Foundations of Social Research. London: Sage.
66. Cullen, R. 2002. 'Supportive Teacher Talk: the Importance of the F-move', ELT Journal, 56, 2, 117-27.
67. Davis, K.A. 1995. 'Qualitative Theory and Methods in Applied Linguistics Research', TESOL Quarterly, 29, 3, 427-53.
68. de Laine, M. 2000. Fieldwork, Participation and Practice. London: Sage.
69. Delamont, S. 2002. Fieldwork in Educational Settings. London: Routledge.
70. Denzin, N.K. 1970. The Research Act. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
71. Denzin, N.K. 1997. Interpretive Ethnography: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. London: Sage.
72. Denzin, N.K. 2000. 'Aesthetics and the Practices of Qualitative Inquiry', Qualitative Inquiry, 6, 2, 256-65.
73. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds). 1994a. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
74. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. 1994b. 'Entering the Field of Qualitative Research', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), Ibid., pp. 1-17.
75. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds). 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
76. DeVault, M.L. and McCoy, L. 2002. 'Institutional Ethnography', in J.F. Gubrium and J.A. Holstein (eds), pp. 751-75.
77. Dey, I. 1993. Qualitative Data Analysis: a User-Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. London: Routledge.
78. Dey, I. 1999. Grounding Grounded Theory. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
79. Dilley, R.M. 2002. 'The Problem of Context in Social and Cultural Anthropology', Language and Communication, 22, 437-56.
80. Dingwall, R. 1980. 'Ethics and Ethnography', Sociological Review, 28, 4, 871-91.
81. Dreher, M. 1994. 'Qualitative Research Methods from the Reviewer's Perspective', in J.M. Morse (ed.), Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 281-97.
82. Drew, P. and Heritage, J. 1992. Introduction, in P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds), Talk at Work, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-65.
83. Duff, P.A. 2002. 'The Discursive Co-construction of Knowledge, Identity, and Difference: an Ethnography of Communication in the High School Mainstream', Applied Linguistics, 23, 3, 289-322.
84. Edge, J. 1996. 'Cross-Cultural Paradoxes in a Profession of Values', TESOL Quarterly, 31, 1, 9-30.
85. Edge, J. (ed.). 2001a. Action Research. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Inc.
86. Edge, J. 2001b. 'Attitude and Access: Building a New Teaching/Learning Community in TESOL', in J. Edge (ed.), op. cit., pp. 1-11.
87. Edge, J. 2002. Continuing Professional Development: A Discourse Framework for Individuals as Colleagues. Ann Arbor, Ml: The University of Michigan Press.
88. Edge, J. and Richards, K. (eds). 1993. Teachers Develop Teachers Research. London: Heinemann.
89. Edge, J. and Richards, K. 1998a. '"May I See your Warrant, Please?" Justifying Outcomes in Qualitative Research', Applied Linguistics, 19, 3, 334-56.
90. Edge, J. and Richards, K. 1998b. 'Why Best Practice isn't Good Enough. TESOL Quarterly, 32, 4, 569-76.
91. Edwards, A. 2002. 'Responsible Research: Ways of Being a Researcher', British Educational Research Journal, 28, 2, 157-68.
92. Eggins, S. and Slade, D. 1997. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell.
93. Eisenhart, M. 2001. 'Educational Ethnography Past, Present, and Future: Ideas to Think with', Educational Researcher, 30, 8, 16-27.
94. Eisner, E.W. 2001. 'Concerns and Aspirations for Qualitative Research in the new Millennium', Qualitative Research, 1, 2, 135-45.
95. Eisner, E.W. 2002. 'From Episteme to Phronesis to Artistry in the Study and Improvement of Teaching', Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 375-85.
96. Elbaz, F. 1983. Teacher Thinking: a Study of Practical Knowledge. Beckenham: Croom Helm.
97. Ellis, D.G. 1999. 'Research on Social Interaction and the Micro-Macro Issue', Research on Language and Social Interaction, 32, 1&2, 31-40.
98. Ellis, C., Kiesinger, C.E. and Tillman-Healy, L.M. 1997. 'Interactive Interviewing: Talking about Emotional Experience', in R. Hertz (ed.), Reflexivity and Voice, pp. 119-49. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
99. Ely, M., with Anzul, M., Friedman, T., Garner D. and Steinmetz, A.M. 1991. Doing Qualitative Research:/Circles within Circles. London: Falmer Press.
100. Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R.I. and Shaw, L.L. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
101. Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R.I. and Shaw, L.L. 2001. 'Participant Observation and Fieldnotes', in Atkinson et al. (eds), op. cit., pp. 352-68.
102. Erickson, F. 1986. 'Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching', in M.C. Wittrock (ed.), op. cit., pp. 119-61.
103. Erickson F. 1992. 'Ethnographic Microanalysis of Interaction', in M.D. LeCompte, W. Millroy and J. Preissle (eds), The Handbook of Qualitative Research in Education, pp. 201-25. New York: Academic Press.
104. Erickson F. 1996. 'Ethnographic Microanalysis', in S.L. McKay and N.H. Hornberger (eds), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, pp. 283-306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
105. Erickson, K.T. 1967. 'A Comment on Disguised Observation in Sociology', Social Problems, 14, 366-73.
106. Evertson, C.M and Green, J.L. 1986. 'Observation as Inquiry and Method', in M.C. Wittrock (ed.), op. cit., pp. 162-213.
107. Faiclough, N. 1996. 'A reply to Henry Widdowson's Discourse Analysis: a Critical View', Language and Literature, 5, 1, 1-8.
108. Fairclough, N. 2001. 'The Discourse of New Labour: Critical Discourse Analysis', in M. Wetherell, S. Yates and S.J. Yates (eds), op. cit., pp. 229-66.
109. Fetterman, D.M. 1991. 'A Walk through the Wilderness: Learning to Find your Way', in W.B. Shaffir and R.A. Stebbins (eds), op. cit., pp. 87-96.
110. Fetzer, A. and Akman, V. 2002. 'Contexts of Social Action: Guest Editors' Introduction', Language and Communication, 22, 391-402.
111. Fielding, N.G. (ed.). 2002a. Interviewing (4 vols). London: Sage.
112. Fielding, N.G. 2002b. 'Automating the ineffable: Qualitative Software and the Meaning of Qualitative Research', in T. May (ed.), op. cit., pp. 161-78.
113. Finlay, L. 2002. 'Negotiating the Swamp: the Operation and Challenge of Reflexivity in Research Practice', Qualitative Research, 2, 2, 209-30.
114. Flanders, N.A. 1970. Analysing Teaching Behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
115. Flick, U. 2002. An Introduction to Qualitative Research (2nd edn). London: Sage.
116. Freeman, D. 1991 'To Make the Tacit Explicit: Teacher Education, Emerging Discourse, and Conceptions of Teaching', Teaching and Teacher Education, 7, 5/6, 439-54.
117. Freeman, D. 1992. 'Language Teacher Education, Emerging Discourse, and Change in Classroom Practice', in J. Flowerdew, M. Brock and S. Hsia (eds), Perspectives in Second Language Teacher Education, pp. 1-21. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
118. Freeman, D. 1998. Doing Teacher Research: From Inquiry to Understanding. Pacific Grove, CA: Heinle & Heinle.
119. Frey, J.H. 1989. Survey Research by Telephone (2nd edn). Newbury Park: Sage.
120. Gardner, G. 2001. 'Unreliable Memories and other Contingencies: Problems with Biographical Knowledge', Qualitative Research, 1, 2, 185-204.
121. Garfinkel H. 1984. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
122. Garratt, D. and Hodkinson, P. 1998. 'Can there Be Criteria from Selecting Research Criteria? A Hermeneutical Analysis of an Inescapable Dilemma', Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 4, 515-39.
123. Geer, B. 1964/1999. 'First Days in the Field', in P.E. Hammond (ed.), Sociologists at Work. New York: Basic Books.
124. A. Bryman and R.G. Burgess (eds), 1999, Qualitative Research, Vol. III, pp. 33-52. London: Sage.
125. Glaser, B.G. (ed.). 1993. Examples of Grounded Theory: a Reader. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
126. Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
127. Goffman, E. 1981. Forms of Talk. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
128. Gold, R.L. 1958. 'Roles in Sociological Field Observations', Social Forces, 36, 217-23.
129. Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P. (eds). 2000a. Case Study Method. London: Sage.
130. Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P. 2000b. 'Case Study and Generalization', in Gomm et al. (eds), pp. 98-115.
131. González, K.P. 2001. 'Inquiry as a Process of Learning about the Other and the Self', Qualitative Studies in Education, 14, 4, 543-62.
132. Goodall, H.L. Jr. 2000. Writing the New Ethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
133. Goodson, I.F. 1992. 'Studying Teachers' Lives: an Emergent Field of Inquiry', in I.F. Goodson (ed.), Studying Teachers' Lives, pp. 1-17. London: Routledge.
134. Goodwin, C. and Duranti, 'A. 1992. Rethinking Context: an Introduction', in A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, pp. 1-42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. Grbich, C. 1999. Qualitative Research in Health. London: Sage.
136. Green, J.L. and Dixon, C.N. 1993. 'Talking Knowledge into Being: Discursive Practices in Classrooms', Linguistics and Education, 5, 231-39.
137. Green, J.L. and Dixon, C.N. 2002. 'Exploring Differences in Perspectives on Microanalysis of Classroom Discourse: Contributions and Concerns', Applied Linguistics, 23, 3, 393-406.
138. Green, J., Franquiz, M. and Dixon, C. 1977. 'The Myth of the Objective Transcript: Transcribing as a Situated Act', TESOL Quarterly, 31, 1, 172-76.
139. Greenwood, D.J. and Levin, M. 1998. Introduction to Action Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
140. Guba, E.G. (ed.). 1990. The Paradigm Dialog. Newbury Park: Sage.
141. Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. 'Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research', in Denzin and Lincoln (eds), pp. 105-17.
142. Gubrium, J.F. and Holstein, J.A. (eds). 2002a. Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
143. Gubrium, J.F. and Holstein, J.A. 2002b. 'From the Individual Interview to the Interview Society', in Gubrium and Holstein (eds), pp. 3-32.
144. Gumperz, J.J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
145. Hammersley, M. 1980. 'A Peculiar World? Teaching and Learning in an Innercity School', Unpublished doctoral thesis, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, University of Manchester.
146. Hammersley, M. 1981. 'Ideology in the Staffroom? A Critique of False Consciousness', in L. Barton and S. Walker (eds), Schools Teachers and Teaching, pp. 331-42. Lewes: Falmer Press.
147. Hammersley, M. 1984a. 'Staffroom News', in A. Hargreaves and P. Woods (eds), Classrooms and Staffrooms: the Sociology of Teachers and Teaching, pp. 203-14. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
148. Hammersley, M. 1984b. 'The Researcher Exposed: a Natural History', in R.G. Burgess (ed.), In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research, pp. 39-68. London: George Allen & Unwin.
149. Hammersley, M. 1990. Reading Ethnographic Research: A Critical Guide. London: Longman.
150. Hammersley, M. 1992. What's Wrong with Ethnography? London: Routledge.
151. Hammersley, M. 1993/2001. 'The Rhetorical Turn in Ethnography', Social Science Information, 32, 23-37. Reprinted in Bryman 2001b (ed.), pp. 329-40.
152. Hammersley, M. 2001. 'On Michael Bassey's Concept of the Fuzzy Generalisation', Oxford Review of Education, 27, 2, 219-25.
153. Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. 1995. Ethnography (2nd edn). London: Routledge.
154. Hart, C. 1998. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. London: Sage.
155. Hart, C. 2001. Doing a Literature Search. London: Sage.
156. Heap, J.L. 1995. 'The status of Claims in 'Qualitative' Educational Research', Curriculum Inquiry, 25, 3, 271-92.
157. Henstrand, J.L. 1993. 'Theory as Research Guide: a Qualitative Look at Qualitative Inquiry', in D.J. Flinders and G.E. Mills (eds), pp. 83-102.
158. Heritage, J. 1984a. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity.
159. Heritage, J. 1984b. A change-of-state Token and Aspects of its Sequential Placement, in Atkinson and Heritage (eds), pp. 299-435.
160. Heritage, J. and Sorjonen, M.L. 1994. 'Constituting and Maintaining Activities across Sequences: And-prefacing as a Feature of Questioning Design', Language in Society, 23, 1-29.
161. Heshusius, L. and Ballard, K. (eds). 1996. From Positivism to Interpretivism and Beyond: Tales of Transformation in Educational and Social Research. New York: Teachers College Press.
162. Hester, S. and Eglin, P. (eds). 1997. Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorization Analysis. Washington, DC: University Press of America.
163. Heyl, B.S. 2001. 'Ethnographic Interviewing', in Atkinson et al. (eds), op. cit., pp. 369-83.
164. Hoffman, J.E. 1980. 'Problems of Access in the Study of Social Elites and Boards of Directors', in W.B. Shaffir, R.A. Stebbins and A. Turowetz (eds), op. cit., pp. 45-56.
165. Holliday, A. 1996. 'Developing a Sociological Imagination: Expanding ethnography in International English Language Education', Applied Linguistics, 17, 2, 234-55.
166. Holliday, A. 2002. Doing and Writing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
167. Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
168. Howe, K. and Eisenhart, M. 1990. 'Standards for Qualitative (and Quantitative) Research: a Prolegomenon', Educational Researcher, 19, 4, 2-9.
169. Huberman, M. 1989. 'The Professional Life Cycle of Teachers', Teachers College Record, 91, 1, 31-57.
170. Huberman, M. 1992. 'Teacher Development and Instructional Mastery', in A. Hargreaves and M.G. Fullan (eds), Understanding Teacher Development, pp. 122-42. London: Cassell.
171. Huberman, M. 1993. The Lives of Teachers. London: Cassell.
172. Hutchby, I. and Wooffitt, R. 1998. Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Polity Press.
173. Jackson, J.E. 1990. '"I Am a Fieldnote": Fieldnotes as a Symbol of Professional Identity', in R. Sanjek (ed.), Fieldnotes: The Making of Anthropology, pp. 3-33. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
174. Janesick, V.J. 1998. 'Stretching' Exercises for Qualitative Researchers. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
175. Jarvis, J. and Robinson, M. 1997. 'Analysing Educational Discourse: an Exploratory Study of Teacher Response and Support to Pupils' Learning', Applied Linguistics, 18, 2, 212-28.
176. Jefferson, G. 1984. 'On Stepwise Transition from Talk about a Trouble to Inappropriately Next-positioned Matters', in Atkinson and Heritage (eds), pp. 191-222.
177. Jefferson G. 1985. 'An Exercise in the Transcription and Analysis of Laughter', in T. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol. 3: Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 25-34. London: Academic Press.
178. Johnson, D.M. 1992. Approaches to Research in Second Language Learning. New York: Longman.
179. Johnson, J.C. and Weller, S.C. 2002. 'Elicitation Techniques for Interviewing', In J.F. Gubrium and J.A. Holstein (eds), Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method, pp. 491-514. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
180. Johnson, J.L. 1997. 'Generalizability in Qualitative Research: Excavating the Discourse', in J. M. Morse (ed.), Completing a Qualitative Project, pp. 191-208. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
181. Johnson, K. 2002. Designing Language Teaching Tasks. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
182. Jones, J. 1985a. 'Depth Interviewing', in R. Walker (ed.), Applied Qualitative Research, pp. 45-55. Brookfield, VT: Gower.
183. Jones, S. 1985b. 'The Analysis of Depth Interviews', in R. Walker (ed.), Applied Qualitative Research, pp. 56-70. Brookfield, VT: Gower.
184. Karp, D.A. 1980. 'Observing Behavior in Public Places: Problems and Strategies', in W.B. Shaffir, R.A. Stebbins and A. Turowetz (eds), op. cit., pp. 82-97.
185. Kemmis, S. and McTaggart, R. (eds). 1988. The Action Research Planner (3rd edn). Geelong: Deakin University Press.
186. Kincheloe, J. and McLaren, P. 2000. 'Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research', in Denzin and Lincoln (eds), op. cit., pp. 138-67.
187. Kirk, J. and Miller, M. 1986. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
188. Kuhn, T.S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
189. Kumaravadivelu, B. 1993. 'Maximising Learning Potential in the Communicative Classroom', ELT Journal, 47, 1, 12-21.
190. Kvale, S. 1996. InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
191. Kvale, S. 1999. The Psychoanalytic Interview as Qualitative Research', Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 1, 87-113.
192. Lazaraton, A. 1995. 'Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics: a Progress Report', TESOL Quarterly, 29, 3, 455-72.
193. Lazaraton, A. 2001. 'Standards in Qualitative Research: Whose Standards? And Whose Research?', Paper presented at the American Association of Applied Linguistics annual conference, 26 February 2001.
194. LeCompte, M.D. and Goetz, J.P. 1982/2001. 'Problems of Reliability and Validity in Ethnographic Research', Review of Educational Research, 52, 1, 31-60.
195. A. Bryman (ed.), 2001, Ethnography Vol. 3, pp. 100-32, London: Sage.
196. Lerner, D. 1957. 'The "Hard-headed" Frenchman: On se défend, toujours', Encounter, 8, 27-32.
197. Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
198. Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. 1990. 'Judging the Quality of Case Study Reports', Qualitative Studies in Education, 3, 1, 53-9.
199. Lofland, J. and Lofland, L.H. 1984. Analyzing Social Settings (2nd edn). Belmonst, CA: Wadsworth.
200. Lofland, J. and Lofland, L.H. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis (3rd edn). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
201. Lortie, D.C. 1975. Schoolteacher: a Sociological Study. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
202. McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
203. McHoul, A. and Rapley, M. 2001. How to Analyse Talk in Institutional Settings. London: Continuum.
204. MacLure, M. 1993. 'Mundane Autobiography: some Thoughts on Self-talk in Research Contexts', British Journal of Sociology of Education, 14, 4, 373-84.
205. McTaggart, R. 1996. 'Issues for Participatory Action Researchers', in O. Zuber-Skerritt (ed.), pp. 243-55.
206. McTaggart, R. 1997. 'Reading the Collection', in R. McTaggart (ed.), Participatory Action Research: International Contexts and Consequences, New York: State University of New York Press, pp. 1-23.
207. Malamah-Thomas, A. 1987. Classroom Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
208. Mann, S. 2002. 'The Development of Discourse in a Discourse of Development: a Case Study of a Group Constructing a New Discourse', Unpublished doctoral thesis, The University of Aston in Birmingham.
209. Manning, P. 1992. Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
210. Manning, K. 1997. 'Authenticity in Constructivist Inquiry: Methodological Considerations without Prescription', Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 1, 93-115.
211. Markee, N. 2000. Conversation Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
212. Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B. 1999. Designing Qualitative Research (3rd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
213. Martin, A.W. 2001. 'Large-group Processes in Action Research', in P. Reason and A. Bradbury (eds), op. cit., pp. 200-08.
214. Mason, I. 2001. 'Phenomenology and Ethnography', in Atkinson et al. (eds), pp. 136-44.
215. Mason, J. 1994. 'Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis', in A. Bryman and R.G. Burgess (eds), Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, pp. 89-110.
216. Mason, J. 2002. 'Qualitative Interviewing: Asking, Listening and Interpreting', in T. May (ed.), Qualitative Research in Action, London: Sage, pp. 225-41.
217. Masterman, M. 1970. 'The Nature of Paradigm', in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59-89.
218. Maxwell, J.A. 1992. 'Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research', Harvard Educational Review, 62, 3, 279-300.
219. May, T. 2001. Social Research: Issues Methods and Process (3rd edn). Buckingham: Open University Press.
220. May, T. (ed.). 2002. Qualitative Research in Action. London: Sage.
221. Meadows, L.M. and Morse, J.M. 2001. 'Constructing Evidence within the Qualitative Project', in J.M. Morse, J.M. Swanson and A.J. Kuzel (eds), The Nature of Qualitative Evidence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 187-200.
222. Measor, L. and P. Sikes. 1992. 'Visiting Lives: Ethics and Methodology in Life History', in I.F. Goodson (ed.), Studying Teachers' Lives. London: Routledge, pp. 209-33.
223. Meyer, M. 2001. 'Between Theory, Method, and Politics: Positioning of the Approaches to CDA', in R. Wodak and M. Meyer (eds), op. cit., pp. 14-31.
224. Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd edn). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
225. Miller, J. and Glassner, B. 1997. 'The "Inside" and the "Outside": Finding Realities in Interviews', in D. Silverman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 99-112.
226. Miller, W.L. and Crabtree, B.F. 1992. 'Primary Care Research: a Multimethod Typology and Qualitative Roadmap', in B.F. Crabtree and W.L. Miller (eds), Doing Qualitative Research: Multiple Strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 3-28.
227. Miller, W.L. and Crabtree, B.F. 1999. 'The Dance of Interpretation', in B.F. Crabtree and W.L. Miller (eds), op. cit., pp. 127-43.
228. Mishler, E.G. 1986. Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
229. Mori, J. 2002. 'Task Design, Plan and Development of Talk-in-Interaction: an Analysis of a Small Group Activity in a Japanese Language Classroom', Applied Linguistics, 23, 3, 323-47.
230. Morse, J.M. 1994. 'Designing Funded Qualitative Research', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), op. cit., pp. 20-35.
231. Morse, J.M. 1997. 'Recognizing the Power of Qualitative Research', in J.M. Morse (ed.), Completing a Qualitative Project. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 1-7.
232. Morse, J.M. 1999. 'Myth #93: Reliability and Validity Are not Relevant to Qualitative Inquiry', Qualitative Health Research, 9, 6, 717-18.
233. Morse, J.M. and Field, P.A. 1995. Qualitative Research Methods for Health Professionals (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
234. Morse, J.M., Swanson, J.M. and Kuzel, A.J. (eds). 2001. The Nature of Qualitative Evidence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
235. Moskowitz, G. 1976. 'The Classroom Interaction of Outstanding Foreign Language Teachers', Foreign Language Annals, 9, 2, 125-43 and 146-57.
236. Nassaji, H. and Wells, G. 2000. 'What's the Use of "Triadic Dialogue"?: an Investigation of Teacher-Student Interaction', Applied Linguistics, 21, 3, 376-406.
237. Nespor, J. 1997. Tangled up in School: Politics, Space, Bodies, and Signs in the Educational Process. Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
238. Nijhof, G. 1997. '"Response Work": Approaching Answers to Open Interview Readings', Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 2, 169-87.
239. Nunan, D. 1992. Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
240. Oakley, A. 1981. 'Interviewing women: a Contradiction in Terms', in H. Roberts (ed.), Doing Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 30-61.
241. Oates, C. 2000. 'The Use of Focus Groups in Social Science Research', in D. Burton (ed.), Research Training for Social Scientists. London: Sage, pp.186-95.
242. Ochs, E. 1979. 'Transcription as Theory', in E. Ochs and B.B. Schieffelin (eds), Developmental Pragmatics, New York: Academic Press, pp. 43-72.
243. Ortiz, S.M. 2001. 'How Interviewing became Therapy for Wives of Professional Athletes: Learning from a Serendipitous Experience', Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 2, 192-220.
244. Patton, M.Q. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
245. Peirce, B.N. 1995. 'The theory of Methodology in Critical Research', TESOL Quarterly, 29, 3, 569-81.
246. Peräkylä, A. 1997. 'Reliability and Validity in Research Based on Transcripts', in D. Silverman 1997, op. cit., pp. 201-20.
247. Peshkin, A. 1993. 'The Goodness of Qualitative Research', Educational Researcher, 22, 2, 23-9.
248. Petty, R. 1997. 'Everything is Different Now: Surviving Ethnographic Research', in E. Stringer, M.F. Agnello, S.C. Baldwin, et al., Community-Based Ethnography. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 68-84.
249. Phillips, D.C. 1987. Philosophy, Science and Social Inquiry. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
250. Phillips, D.C. 1990. 'Postpositivistic Science: Myths and Realities', in E.G. Guba (ed.), The Paradigm Dialog, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 31-45.
251. Poland, B.D. 1995. 'Transcription Quality as an Aspect of Rigor in Qualitative Research', Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 3, 290-310.
252. Poland, B. and Pederson, A. 1998. 'Reading Between the Lines: Interpreting Silences in Qualitative Research', Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 2, 293-312.
253. Polkinghorne, D.E. 1997. 'Reporting Qualitative Research as Practice', in W.G. Tierney and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), Representation and the Text: Re-framing the Narrative Voice, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 3-22.
254. Pollner, M. and Emerson, R.M. 2001. 'Ethnomethodology and Ethnography', in P. Atkinson et al. (eds), op. cit., pp. 118-35.
255. Pridham, F. 2001. The Language of Conversation. London: Routledge.
256. Punch, K.F. 2000. Developing Effective Research Proposals. London: Sage.
257. Rampton, B. 1999. 'Dichotomies, Difference, and Ritual in Second Language Learning and Teaching', Applied Linguistics, 20, 3, 316-40.
258. Rampton, B. Roberts, C., Leung, C. and Harris, R. 2002. 'Methodology in the Analysis of Classroom Discourse', Applied Linguistics, 23, 3, 373-92.
259. Ray, M.A. 1994. 'The Richness of Phenomenology: Philosophic, Theoretic, and Methodologic Concern', in J.M. Morse (ed.), Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 117-33.
260. Reason, P. and Bradbury, H. (eds). 2001. Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. London: Sage.
261. Reason, P. and Rowan, J. 1981. 'Issues of Validity in New Paradigm Research', in P. Reason and J. Rowan (eds), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. New York: Wiley, pp. 239-50.
262. Rees, A. 1993. 'Segmenting Classroom Activities for Research Purposes', in J. Edge and K. Richards (eds), Teachers Develop Teachers Research, London: Heinemann, pp. 54-64. (http:/ /www.les.aston.ac.uk/lsu/research/tdtr92/tdtrar.html).
263. Reynolds, M. 1990. 'Classroom Power-Some Dynamics of Classroom Talk', in R. Clark, N. Fairclough, R. Ivanic, et al. (eds), Language and Power. London: CILT, pp. 122-36.
264. Richards, K. 1997a. 'Teachers for Specific Purposes', in R. Howard and I.M. McGrath (eds), LSP and Teacher Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 115-26.
265. Richards, K. 1997b. 'Staffroom as World', in E. Griffiths and K. Head (eds), Teachers Develop Teachers Research 2. Whitstable: IATEFL, pp. 242-53.
266. Richards K. 1999a. 'Theory in Practice: Design and Argument in Day-to-Day Teaching', in H. Trappes-Lomax and I.M. McGrath (eds), Theory in Language Teacher Education. London: Longman, pp. 21-32.
267. Richards, K. 1999b. 'Working Towards Common Understandings: Collaborative Interaction in Staffroom Stories', Text, 19, 1, 143-74.
268. Richards, K. 2001. 'Discourse, Identity and Development', in C. Coombe (ed.), Alternative Assessment: Selected Papers from the 1999 and 2000 International CTELT Conferences, Vol. II. UAE: TESOL Arabia, pp. 46-57.
269. Richards, K. 2002. 'TRUST: a Management Perspective on CPD', in J. Edge (ed.), Continuing Professional Development: Some of our Perspectives. Whitstable, UK: IATEFL, pp. 71-9.
270. Richardson, L. 2000. 'Writing: a Method of Inquiry', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), pp. 923-48.
271. Roberts, C. 1997. 'Transcribing Talk: Issues of Representation', TESOL Quarterly, 31, 1, 167-72.
272. Roberts, C., Byram, M., Barro, et al. 2001. Language Learners as Ethnographers. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
273. Robson, C. 2002. Real World Research (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell.
274. Rock, P. 2001. 'Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnography', in P. Atkinson et al. (eds), op. cit., pp. 26-38.
275. Rossman, G.B. and Rallis, S.F. 1998. Learning in the Field. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
276. Rubin, H.J. and Rubin, I.S. 1995. Qualitative Interviewing: the Art of Hearing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
277. Sacks, H. 1984. 'Notes on Methodology', in Atkinson and Heritage 1984a (eds.), pp. 21-7.
278. Sacks, H. 1985. 'The Inference-making Machine: Notes on Observability', in T. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol. 3: Discourse and Dialogue. London: Academic Press, pp. 13-24.
279. Sacks, H. 1992. Lectures on Conversation (edited by E. Schegloff). Oxford: Blackwell.
280. Sacks, H. Schegloff, E.A. and Jefferson, G. 1974. 'A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-taking for Conversation', Language, 50, 4, 696-735.
281. Sánchez-Janowski, M. 2002. 'Representation, Responsibility and Reliability in Participant-Observation', in T. May (ed.), Qualitative Research in Action. London: Sage, pp. 144-60.
282. Sanjek, R. (ed.). 1990. Fieldnotes: the Making of Anthropology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
283. Saville-Troike, M. 1989. The Ethnography of Communication (2nd edn). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
284. Saville-Troike, M. 1996. 'The Ethnogrsaphy of Communication', in S.L. McKay and N.H. Hornberger (eds), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 351-82.
285. Schegloff, E.A. 1972. 'Notes on a Conversational Practice: Formulating Place', in D. Sudnow (ed.), Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, pp. 75-119.
286. Schegloff, E.A. 1987. 'Between Micro and Macro: Contexts and Other Connections', in J.C. Alexander, B. Giesen, R. Münch and N.J. Smelser (eds), The Micro-Macro Link. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 207-234.
287. Schegloff, E.A. 1991. 'Reflections on Talk and Social Structure', in D. Boden and D.H. Zimmerman (eds), Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis. London: Polity Press, pp. 44-70.
288. Schegloff, E.A. 1997. 'Whose Text? Whose Context?', Discourse and Society, 8, 165-87.
289. Schegloff, E.A. 1998. 'Reply to Wetherell', Discourse and Society, 9, 413-16.
290. Schegloff, E.A., Koshik, I., Jacoby, S. and Olsher, D. 2002. 'Conversation Analysis and Applied Linguistics', Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 3-31.
291. Schiffrin, D. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
292. Schofield, J.W. 1990. 'Increasing the Generalizability of Qualitative Research', in E.W. Eisner and A. Peshkin (eds), Qualitative Inquiry in Education: the Continuing Debate. New York: Teachers College Press, pp. 201-32.
293. Schubert, W.H. 1989. 'Reconceptualizing and the Matter of Paradigms', Journal of Teacher Education, Jan-Feb, 27-32.
294. Schubert, W.H. 1990. 'Acknowledging Teachers' Experiential Knowledge: Reports from the Teacher Lore Project', Kappa Delta Pi Record, Summer 1990, 99-100.
295. Schwandt, T.A. 1994. 'Constructivist, Interpretivist Approaches to Human Inquiry', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), op. cit., pp. 118-137.
296. Schwandt, T.A. 1996a. 'Notes on being an Interpretivist', in L. Heshusius and K. Ballard (eds), op. cit., pp. 77-84.
297. Schwandt, T.A. 1996b. 'New Songs of Innocence and Experience?' (With apologies to William Blake), in L. Heshusius and K. Ballard (eds), op. cit., pp. 155-60.
298. Scott, S. 1985. 'Working Through the Contradictions in Researching Postgraduate Education', in R.G. Burgess (ed.), Field Methods in the Study of Education. London: Falmer Press, pp. 118-123.
299. Seale, C. 1999a. 'Quality in Qualitative Research', Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 4, 465-78.
300. Seale, C. 1999b. The Quality of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
301. Seale, C. 2000. 'Using Computers to Analyse Qualitative Data', in D. Silverman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 154-74.
302. Seedhouse, P. 1996. 'Classroom Interaction: Possibilities and Impossibilities', ELT Journal, 50, 1, 16-24.
303. Seedhouse, P. 1998. 'CA and the Analysis of Foreign Language Interaction: a Reply to Wagner', Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 85-102.
304. Seedhouse, P. (Forthcoming 2004). A Conversation Analysis Perspective on the Organisation of Language Classroom Interaction. Oxford: Blackwell.
305. Shaffir, W.B. and Stebbins, R.A. (eds). 1991a. Experiencing Fieldwork: an Inside View of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
306. Shaffir, W.B. and Stebbins, R.A. 1991b. Introduction, in W.B. Shaffir and R.A. Stebbins (eds), op. cit., pp. 1-30.
307. Shaffir, W.B., Stebbins, R.A. and Turowetz, A. (eds). 1980. Fieldwork Experience: Qualitative Approaches to Social Research. New York: St Martin's Press.
308. Sikes, P. 2000. '"Truth" and "Lies" Revisited', British Educational Research Journal, 26, 2, 257-70.
309. Sikes, P.J., Measor, L. and Woods, P. 1985. Teacher Careers. Lewes: Falmer Press.
310. Silverman, D. 1993. Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London: Sage.
311. Silverman, D. (ed.). 1997. Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice. London: Sage.
312. Silverman, D. 1998. Harvey Sacks. Cambridge: Polity Press.
313. Silverman, D. 2000a. Doing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
314. Silverman, D. 2000b. 'Analyzing Talk and Text', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), op. cit., pp. 821-34.
315. Sinclair, J. McH. and Coulthard, R.M. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse: the English Used by Teachers and Pupils. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
316. Smith, J.K. 1993. After the Demise of Empiricism: the Problem of Judging Social and Educational Inquiry. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
317. Smith, S.E. 1997. 'Introduction: Participatory Action-Research within the Global Context', in S.E. Smith and D.G. Willms (eds) with N.A. Johnson, Nurtured by Knowledge: Learning to Do Participatory Action-Research. New York/Ottawa: The Apex Press/IDRC, pp. 1-6.
318. Smithson, J. and Díaz, F. 1996. 'Arguing for a Collective Voice: Collaborative Strategies in Problem-Oriented Conversation', Text 16, 2, 251-68.
319. Spradley, J.P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Rinehart & Winston.
320. Spradley, J.P. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.
321. Stake, R. 1995. The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
322. Stenhouse, L. 1980. 'The Study of Samples and the Study of Cases', British Educational Research Journal, 6, 1, 1-6.
323. Stenhouse, L. 1984. 'Library Access, Library Use and User Education in Academic Sixth Forms: an Autobiographical Account', in R.G. Burgess (ed.), The Research Process in Educational Settings: Ten Case Studies, Lewes: The Falmer Press, pp. 211-34.
324. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Resarch: Techniques and Procedures for Producing Grounded Theory (2nd edn). London: Sage.
325. Stringer, E.T. 1993. 'Socially Responsive Educational Research: Linking Theory and Practice', in Flinders and Mills (eds), pp. 141-62.
326. Stroh, M. 2000. 'Using NUD · IST Version 4: A Hands-on Lesson', in D. Burton (ed.), op. cit., pp. 257-87.
327. Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis: the Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
328. Stubbs, M. 1992. 'Institutional Linguistics: Language and Institutions, Linguistics and Sociology', in M. Pütz (ed.), Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution. Duisberg: University of Duisberg, pp. 189-211.
329. Taylor, S.J. 1991. 'Leaving the Field: Research, Relationships and Responsibilities', in W.B. Shaffir and R.A. Stebbins (eds), op. cit., pp. 238-47.
330. Taylor, T.J. and Cameron, D. 1987. Analysing Conversation: Rules and Units in the Structure of Talk. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
331. Tedlock, B. 2000. 'Ethnography and Ethnographic Representation', in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), op. cit., pp. 455-86.
332. ten Have, P. 1990. 'Methodological Issues in Conversation Analysis', Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 27, 23-51.
333. ten Have, P. 1999. Doing Conversation Analysis: a Practical Guide. London: Sage.
334. Thomas, R.J. 1993. 'Interviewing Important People in Big Companies', Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22, 1, 80-96.
335. Titscher, S., Meyer, M., Wodak, R. and Vetter, E. 2000. Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. London: Sage.
336. Travers, M. 2001. Qualitative Research Through Case Studies. London: Sage.
337. Tyler, S.A. 1986/2001. 'Post-modern Ethnography: From the Document of the Occult to Occult Document', in J. Clifford and G.E. Marcus (eds), Writing Other Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Reprinted in Bryman 2001a (ed.), pp. 312-28.
338. van Dijk, T. 1999. 'Critical Discourse Analysis and Conversation Analysis', Discourse and Society, 10, 4, 459-60.
339. van Geert, P. 1994. Dynamic Systems of Development: Change between Complexity and Chaos. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
340. van Lier, L. 1988. The Classroom and the Language Learner. London: Longman.
341. van Lier, L. 1994. 'Forks and Hope: Pursuing Understanding in Different Ways', Applied Linguistics, 15, 3, 328-46.
342. van Lier, L. 1996. Interaction in the Language Curriculum: Awareness, Autonomy and Authenticity. London: Longman.
343. van Maanen, J. 1988. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
344. van Maanen, M. 1990. Researching Lived Experience. Albany, N: State University of New York Press.
345. Wagner, J. 1996. 'Foreign Language Acquisition through Interaction - a Critical Review of Research on Conversational Adjustments', Journal of Pragmatics, 26, 215-35.
346. Walford, G. 2001. Doing Qualitative Educational Research. London: Continuum.
347. Wallace, M. 1998. Action Research for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
348. Watson-Gegeo, K.A. 1988. 'Ethnography in ESL: Defining the Essentials', TESOL Quarterly, 22, 4, 575-92.
349. Wengraf, T. 2001. Qualitative Research Interviewing. London: Sage.
350. Wetherell, M. 1998. 'Positioning and Interpretive Repertoires: Conversation Analysis and Post-structuralism in Dialogue', Discourse and Society, 9, 387-416.
351. Wetherell, M., Yates, S. and Yates, S.J. (eds). 2001. Discourse as Data: a Guide for Analysis. London/Milton Keynes: Sage in association with The Open University.
352. White, J. and Lightbown, P.M. 1984. 'Asking and Answering in ESL Classes', Canadian Modern Languages Review, 40, 228-44.
353. Whyte, W.F. 1984. Learning from the Field. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
354. Whyte, W.F. 1997. Creative Problem Solving in the Field: Reflections on a Career. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
355. Whyte, W.F., Greenwood, D.J. and Lazes, P. 1991. 'Participatory Action Research: Through Practice to Science in Social Research', in W.F. Whyte (ed.), Participatory Action Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 19-55.
356. Widdowson, H.G. 1995. 'Discourse Analysis: a Critical View', Language and Literature, 4, 3, 157-72.
357. Widdowson, H.G. 1996. 'Reply to Fairclough: Discourse and Interpretation: Conjectures and Refutations', Language and Literature, 5, 1, 57-69.
358. Widdowson, H.G. 2000. 'On the Limitations of Linguistics Applied', Applied Linguistics, 21, 1, 3-25.
359. Williams, M. 2002. 'Generalization in Interpretive Research', in T. May (ed.), op. cit., pp. 125-43.
360. Williams, M. and May, T. 2002. 'Commitment and Investigation in Knowing the Social World', International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 5, 1, 3-9.
361. Winter, R. 1996. 'Some Principles and Procedures for the Conduct of Action Research', in O. Zuber-Skerritt (ed.), op. cit., pp. 13-27.
362. Wittrock, M.C. (ed.). 1986. Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York: Macmillan.
363. Wodak, R. 1999. Disorders of Discourse. London: Longman.
364. Wodak, R. 2001. 'What CDA is About - a Summary of its History, Important Concepts and its Developments', in R. Wodak and M. Meyer (eds), op. cit., pp. 1-13.
365. Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. (eds). 2001. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage.
366. Wolcott, H.F. 1982. 'Different Styles of On-site Research, or, 'If it isn't ethnography, what is it?', The Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science, 7, 1 & 2, 154-69.
367. Wolcott, H.F. 1990. 'On Seeking - and Rejecting - Validity in Qualitative Research', in E.W. Eisner and A. Peshkin (eds), Qualitative Inquiry in Education: the Continuing Debate. New York: Teachers College Press, pp. 121-52.
368. Wolcott H.F. 1994. Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis, and Interpretation. London: Sage.
369. Wolcott, H.F. 2001. Writing up Qualitative Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
370. Wolfinger, N.H. 2002. 'On Writing Fieldnotes: Collection Strategies and Background Expectations', Qualitative Research, 2, 1, 85-95.
371. Woods, P. 1985. 'Conversations with Teachers: Some Aspects of Life-history Method. British Educational Research Journal, 11, 1, 13-26.
372. Woods, P. 1996. Researching the Art of Teaching: Ethnography for Educational Use. London: Routledge.
373. Woods, P. 1999. Successful Writing for Qualitative Researchers. London: Routledge.
374. Wooffitt, R. 2001. 'Researching Psychic Practitioners: Conversation Analysis', in M. Wetherell, S. Yates and S.J. Yates (eds), op. cit., pp. 49-92.
375. Wragg, E.C. 1999. An Introduction to Classroom Observation. London: Routledge.
376. Wu, B. 1998. 'Towards an Understanding of the Dynamic Process of L2 Classroom Interaction', System, 26:525-40.
377. Yin, R.K. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2nd edn). London: Sage.
378. Zuber-Skerritt, O. (ed.). 1996. New Directions in Action Research. London: Falmer Press.
379. Zuengler, J. and Mori, J. (eds). 2002. 'Microanalyses of Classroom Discourse: a Critical Consideration of Method', Applied Linguistics 23(1) special issue.