Atmospheric aerosol particles: A mineralogical introduction

European Mineralogical Union Notes in Mineralogy

Volumn 13, Issue 2013, 2013, Pages 213-294

  Pósfai, Mihály ^a   Molnár, Ágnes ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PANNONIA   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900341599     PISSN: 14172917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1180/EMU-notes.13.6     Document Type: Article

References (444)

1. Adachi, K. & Buseck, P.R. (2011) Atmospheric tar balls from biomass burning in Mexico. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, D05204.
2. Adachi, K., Chung, S.H., Friedrich, H., & Buseck, P.R. (2007) Fractal parameters of individual soot particles determined using electron tomography: Implications for optical properties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D14202.
3. Adachi, K., Chung, S.H., & Buseck, P.R. (2010) Shapes of soot aerosol particles and implications for their effects on climate. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D15206.
4. Adams, F. (1994) Chemical characterization of atmospheric particles. In: Topics in atmospheric and interstellar physics and chemistry, (C.F. Boutron editor). Les Editions de Physique, Les Ulis, France, pp. 271-289.
5. Adedokun, J.A., Emofurieta, W.O., & Adedeji, O.A. (1989) Physical, mineralogical and chemical properties of harmattan dust at Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 40, 161-169.
6. Adriano, D.C. (2001) TraceElements in Terrestrial Environments. Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, andRisk of Metals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
7. Alexander, D.T.L., Crozier, P.A., & Anderson, J.R. (2008) Brown carbon spheres in East Asian outflow and their optical properties. Science, 321, 833-836.
8. Alfaro, S.C., Gaudichet, A., Gomes, L., & Maille, M. (1998) Mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Aerosol particle sizes and binding energies. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 991-994.
9. Allan, J.D., Topping, D.O., Good, N., Irwin, M., Flynn, M., Williams, P.I., Coe, H., Baker, A.R., Martino, M., Niedermeier, N., Wiedensohler, A., Lehmann, S., Muller, K., Herrmann, H., & McFiggans, G. (2009) Composition and properties of atmospheric particles in the eastern Atlantic and impacts on gas phase uptake rates. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 9299-9314.
10. Aller, J.Y., Kuznetsova, M.R., Jahns, C.J.& Kemp, P.F. (2005) The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36, 801-812.
11. Anastasio, C., & Martin, S.T. (2001) Atmospheric nanoparticles. In: Nanoparticles in the Environment (J.F. Banfield and A. Navrotsky, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 44. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., pp. 293-349.
12. Anderson, J.R., Buseck, P.R., Saucy, D.A., & Pacyna, J.M. (1992) Characterization of individual finefraction particles from the Arctic aerosol at Spitzbergen, May-June 1987. Atmospheric Environment, 26A, 1747-1762.
13. Andreae, M.O. (1983) Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: Long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols. Science, 220, 1148-1151.
14. Andreae, M.O. (1986) The ocean as a source of atmospheric sulfur compounds. In: The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (P. Buat-Menard, editor). D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 331-362.
15. Andreae, M.O. (1996) Raising dust in the greenhouse. Nature, 380, 389-390.
16. Andreae, M.O. (2007) Atmospheric aerosols versus greenhouse gases in the 21st century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, A365, 1915-1923.
17. Andreae, M.O. (2009) A new look at aging aerosols. Science, 326, 1493-1494.
18. Andreae, M.O., & Crutzen, P.J. (1997) Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry. Science, 276, 1052-1058.
19. Andreae, M.O., & Gelencser, A. (2006) Black carbon or brown carbon?. The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 3131-3148.
20. Andreae, M.O., & Rosenfeld, D. (2008) Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth-Science Reviews, 89, 13-41.
21. Andreae, M.O., Charlson, R.J., Bruynseels, F., Storms, H., Van Grieken, R., & Maenhaut, W. (1986) Internal mixture of sea salt, silicates, and excess sulphate in marine aerosols. Science, 232, 1620-1623.
22. Andreae, M.O., Andreae, T.W., Meyerdierks, D., & Thiel, C. (2003) Marine sulfur cycling and the atmospheric aerosol over the springtime North Atlantic. Chemosphere, 52, 1321-1343.
23. Andrews, E., & Larson, S.M. (1993) Effect of surfactant layers on the size changes of aerosol particles as a function of relative humidity. Environmental Science, & Technology, 27, 857-865.
24. Andrews, E., Kreidenweis, S.M., Penner, J.E., & Larson, S.M. (1997) Potential origin of organic cloud condensation nuclei observed at marine site. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 21,997-22,012.
25. Andronova, A.V., Gomes, L., Smirnov, V.V., Ivanov, A.V., & Shukurova, L.M. (1993) Physico-chemical characteristics of dust aerosols deposited during the Soviet-American experiment (Tadzhikistan, 1989). Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 2487-2493.
26. Ansmann, A., Petzold, A., Kandler, K., Tegen, I., Wendisch, M., Muller, D., Weinzierl, B., Muller, T., & Heintzenberg, J. (2011) Saharan mineral dust experiments SAMUM-1 and SAMUM-2: What have we learned? Tellus B, 63, 403-429 .
27. Arimoto, R., Balsam, W., & Schloesslin, C. (2002) Visible spectroscopy of aerosol particles collected on filters: iron-oxide minerals. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 89-96.
28. Artaxo, P., Gerab, F., Yamasoe, M.A., & Martins, J.V. (1994) Fine mode aerosol composition at three long-term atmospheric monitoring sites in the Amazon Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 22,857-822,868.
29. Avila, A., Queralt-Mitjans, I., & Alarcon, M. (1997) Mineralogical composition of African dust delivered by red rains over northeastern Spain. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 21,977-21,996.
30. Bauer, H., Kasper-Giebl, A., Loflund, M., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Zibuschka, F., & Puxbaum, H. (2002) The contribution of bacteria and fungal spores to the organic carbon content of cloud water, precipitation and aerosols. Atmospheric Research, 64, 109-119.
31. Bauer, S.E., Koch, D., Unger, N., Metzger, S.M., Shindell, D.T., & Streets, D.G. (2007) Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: A global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 5043-5059.
32. Ben-Ami, Y., Koren, I., & Altaratz, O. (2009) Patterns of North African dust transport over the Atlantic: winter vs. summer, based on CALIPSofirst year data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 7967-7874.
33. Berner, A., Sidla, S., Galambos, Z., Kruisz, C., Hitzenberger, R., ten Brink, H.M., & Kos, G.P.A. (1996) Modal character of atmospheric black carbon size distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,559-19,565.
34. Bigg, E.K. (1997) A mechanism for the formation of new particles in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Research, 43, 129-137.
35. Bigg, E.K., & Leck, C. (2008) The composition of fragments of bubbles bursting at the ocean surface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D11209.
36. Bilde, M., & Svenningsson, B. (2004) CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: The importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56, 128-134.
37. Biscaye, P.E. (1965) Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 76, 803-832.
38. Blake, D.F., & Kato, K. (1995) Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 7195-7202.
39. Blanchard, D.C. (1978) Jet drop enrichment of bacteria, virus, and dissolved organic material. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 116, 302-308.
40. Blanchard, D.C., & Syzdek,L.D. (1982)Water-to-airtransfer and enrichment ofbacteria in drops frombursting bubbles. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 43, 1001-1005.
41. Blanchard, D.C., & Woodcock, A.H. (1957) Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meteorological significance. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 9, 145-158.
42. Bohren, C.F., & Singham, S.B. (1991) Backscattering by nonspherical particles: A review of methods and suggested new approaches. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 5269-5277.
43. Bond, T.C., & Bergstrom, R.W. (2006) Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review. Aerosol Science and Technology, 40, 1-4 1 .
44. Bond, T.C., Streets, D.G., Yarber, K.F., Nelson, S.M., Woo, J.-H., & Klimont, Z. (2004) A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D14203.
45. Bonn, B., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., & Ruuskanen, T.M. (2008) How biogenic terpenes govern the correlation between sulfufric acid concentrations and new particle formation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D12209.
46. Bradley, J.P., & Buseck, P.R. (1983) Catalytically grown carbon filaments from a smelter aerosol. Nature, 306, 770-772.
47. Burrows, S.M., Butler, T., Jockel, P., Tost, H., Kerkweg, A., Poschl, U., & Lawrence, M.G. (2009a) Bacteria in the global atmosphere-Part 2: Modeling of emissions and transport between different ecosystems. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 9281-9297.
48. Burrows, S.M., Elbert, W., Lawrence, M.G., & Poschl, U. (2009b) Bacteria in the global atmosphere-Part 1: Review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 9263-9280.
49. Buseck, P.R. (2010) Atmospheric-particle research: past, present, and future. Elements, 6 , 208-209.
50. Buseck, P.R., & Adachi, K. (2008) Nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Elements, 4, 389-394.
51. Buseck, P.R., & Posfai, M. (1999) Airborne minerals and related aerosol particles: Effects on climate and the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 96, 3372-3379.
52. Buseck, P.R., Jacob, D.J., Posfai, M., Li, J., & Anderson, J.R. (2000) Minerals in the air: An environmental perspective. International Geology Review, 42, 577-593.
53. Cachier, H., Liousse, C., Buat-Menard, P., & Gaudichet, A. (1995) Particulate content of savanna fire emissions. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 22, 123-148.
54. Cakmur, R.V., Miller, R.L., Perlwitz, J., Geogdzhayev, I.V., Ginoux, P., Koch, D., Kohfeld, K.E., Tegen, I., & Zender, C.S. (2006) Constraining the magnitude of the global dust cycle by minimizing the difference between a model and observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D06207.
55. Campbell, I.D., McDonald, K., Flannigan, M.D., & Kringayark, J. (1999) Long-distancetransport of pollen into the Arctic. Nature, 399, 29-30.
56. Canagaratna, M.R., Jayne, J.T., Jimenez, J.L., Allan, J.D., Alfarra, M.R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T.B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L.R., Trimborn, A.M., Northway, M.J., DeCarlo, P.F., Kolb, C.E., Davidovits, P., & Worsnop, D.R. (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26, 185-222 .
57. Caquineau, S., Gaudichet, A., Gomes, L., Magonthier, M.-C., & Chatenet, B. (1998) Saharan dust: Clay ratio as a relevant tracer to assess the origin of soil-derived aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 983-98 6 .
58. Caquineau, S., Magonthier, M.-C., Gaudichet, A., & Gomes, L. (1997) An improved procedure for the X-ray diffraction analysis of low-mass atmospheric dust samples. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9, 157-166.
59. Carslaw, K.S., Harrison, R.G., & Kirkby, J. (2002) Atmospheric science: Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate. Science, 298, 1732-1737.
60. Chamaillard, K., Jennings, S.G., Kleefeld, C., Ceburnis, D., & Yoon, Y.J. (2003) Light backscattering and scattering by nonspherical sea-salt aerosols. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy, & Radiative Transfer, 7 9-8 0 , 577-597.
61. Chameides, W.L., & Stelson, A.W. (1992) Aqueous-phase chemical processes in deliquescent sea-salt aerosols: a mechanism that couples the atmospheric cycles of S and sea salt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97D, 20,565-520,580.
62. Chamley, H. (1989) Clay Sedimentology. Springer, New York.
63. Charlson, R.J., & Heintzenberg, J. (1995) Aerosol Forcing of Climate. John Wiley, & Sons, New York.
64. Charlson, R.J., Covert, D.S., Larson, T.V., & Waggoner, A.P. (1978) Chemical properties of tropospheric sulfur aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 12, 3 9-5 3 .
65. Charlson, R.J., Lovelock, J.E., Andreae, M.O., & Warren, S.G. (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature, 326, 655-661.
66. Charlson, R.J., Schwartz, S.E., Hales, J.M., Cess, R.D., Coakley, J.A., Jr., Hansen, J.E., & Hofmann, D.J. (1992) Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423-430.
67. Choi, M.Y., & Chan, C.K. (2002) The effects of organic species on the hygroscopic behaviors of inorganic aerosols. Environmental Science, & Technology, 36, 2422-2428.
68. Chou, C., Formenti, P., Maille, M., Ausset, P., Helas, G., Harrison, M., & Osborne, S. (2008) Size distribution, shape, and composition of mineral dust aerosols collected during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observation Period 0: Dust and Biomass-Burning Experiment field campaign in Niger, January 2006. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D00C10.
69. Christner, B.C., Morris, C.E., Foreman, C.M., Cai, R.M., & Sands, D.C. (2008) Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall. Science, 319, 1214.
70. Chuang, C.C., Penner, J.E., Taylor, K.E., Grossman, A.S.& Walton, J.J. (1997) An assessment of the radiative effects of anthropogenic sulfate. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3761-3778.
71. Chueinta, W., & Hopke, P.K. (2001) Beta gauge for aerosol mass measurement. Aerosol Science, & Technology, 35, 840-843.
72. Chugtai, A.R., Brooks, M.E., & Smith, D.M. (1996) Hydration of black carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,505-519,514.
73. Claeys, M., Grahem, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M.O., Artaxo, P., & Maenhaut, W. (2004) Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxidation of isoprene. Science, 303, 1173-1176.
74. Claquin, T., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., & Boucher, O. (1998) Uncertainties in assessing radiative forcing by mineral dust. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 50B, 491-505.
75. Clarke, A.D. (1993) Atmospheric nuclei in the Pacific midtroposphere: Their nature, concentration, and evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 20,633-620,647.
76. Clarke, A.D., Ahlquist, N.C., & Covert, D.S. (1987) The Pacific marine aerosol: evidence for natural acid sulphates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 4179-4190.
77. Clarke, A.D., Porter, J.N., Valero, F.P.J., & Pilewskie, P. (1996) Vertical profiles, aerosol microphysics, and optical closure during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment: Measured and modeled column optical properties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 4443-4453.
78. Clarke, A.D., Davis, D., Kapustin, V.N., Eisele, F., Chen, G., Paluch, I., Lenschow, D., Bandy, A.R., Thornton, D., Moore, K., Mauldin, L., Tanner, D., Litchy, M., Carroll, M.A., Collins, J., & Albercook, G. (1998) Particle nucleation in the tropical boundary layer and its coupling to marine sulfur sources. Science, 282, 89-92.
79. Clarke, A.D., Owens, S.R., & Zhou, J.C. (2006) An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D06202.
80. Clegg, N.A., & Toumi, R. (1998) Non-sea-salt-sulphate formation in sea-salt aerosol. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 31,095.
81. Coffman, D.J., & Hegg, D.A. (1995) A preliminary study of the effect of ammonia on particle nucleation in the marine boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 7147-7160.
82. Conen, F., Morris, C.E., Leifeld, J., Yakutin, M.V., & Alewell, C. (2011) Biological residues define the ice nucleation properties of soil dust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9643-9648.
83. Cooke, W.F., & Wilson, J.J.N. (1996) A global black carbon aerosol model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,395-319,409.
84. Covert, D.S., Kapustin, V.N., Quinn, P.K., & Bates, T.S. (1992) New particle formation in the marineboundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 20,581-520,589.
85. Covert, D.S., Wiedensohler, A., Aalto, P., Heintzenberg, J., McMurry, P.H., & Leck, C. (1996) Aerosol number size distributions from 3 to 500 nm diameter in the Arctic marine boundary layer during summer and autumn. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 48B, 197-21 2 .
86. Coz, E., Gomez-Moreno, F.J., Pujadas, M., Casuccio, G.S., Lersch, T.L., & Artano, B. (2009) Individual particle characteristics of North African dust under different long-range transport scenarios. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1850-1863.
87. Crutzen, P.J., & Andreae, M.O. (1990) Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250, 1669-1678.
88. Cruz, C.N., & Pandis, S.N. (2000) Deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of mixed inorganic-Organic atmospheric aerosol. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 4313-4319.
89. Cwiertny, D.M., Baltrusaitis, J., Hunter, G.J., Laskin, A., Scherer, M.M., & Grassian, V.H. (2008) Characterization and acid-mobilization study of iron-containing mineral dust source materials. Journal ofGeophysical Research, 113, D05202.
90. Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., Dlouhy, J.F., Houle, N., Piechowski, M., & Ritchie, S. (1995) Comparison of capillary zone electrophoresis with ion cromatography and standard photometric methods for the determination of inorganic ions in atmospheric aerosols. Journal of Chromatography A , 706, 469-47 8 .
91. Dal Maso, M. (2006) Analysis ofatmospheric particle formation events. Academic Dissertation, University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
92. Dall'Osto, M., Harrison, R.M., Coe, H., Williams, P.I., & Allan, J.D. (2009) Real time chemical characterization of local and regional nitrate aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 3709-3720.
93. Davison, B., Hewitt, C.N., O'Dowd, C.D., Lowe, J.A., Smith, M.H., Schwikowski, M., Baltensperger, U., & Harrison, R.M. (1996) Dimethyl sulfide, methane sulfonic acid and physicochemical aerosol properties in Atlantic air from the United Kingdom to Halley Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 22,855-22,867.
94. DeBell, L.J., Gebhart, K.A., Hand, J.L., Malm, W.C., Pitchford, M.L., Schichtel, B.A., & White, W.H. (2006) IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) Spatial and seasonal patterns and temporal variability of haze and its constituents in the United States. Report IV CIRA Report ISSN: 07375352-74, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
95. Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M., Fuzzi, S., Stephanou, E.G., Tziaras, T., Spyros, A., Ceburnis, D., O'Dowd, C., Dall'Osto, M., Harrison, R.M., Allan, J., Coe, H., & Facchini, M.C. (2011) Primary and secondary marine organic aerosols over the North Atlantic Ocean during the MAP experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, D22210.
96. DeMott, P.J., Cziczo, D.J., Prenni, A.J., Murphy, D.M., Kreidenweis, S.M., Thomson, D.S., Borys, R., & Rogers, D.C. (2003) Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 14655-14660.
97. Denman, K.L., Brasseur, G., Chidthaisong, A., Ciais, P., Cox, P.M., Dickinson, R.E., Hauglustaine, D., Heinze, C., Holland, E., Jacob, D., Lohmann, U., Ramachandran, S., da Silva Dias, P.L., C., W.S., & Zhang, X. (2007) Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller editors). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 499-5 8 7 . .
98. Dentener, F.J., Carmichael, G.R., Zhang, Y., Lelieveld, J., & Crutzen, P.J. (1996) Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 22,869-22,889.
99. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Bucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J.J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J.E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G.R., & Wilson, J. (2006) Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 4321-4344.
100. Despres, V., Nowoisky, J., Klose, M., Conrad, R., Andreae, M.O., & Poschl, U. (2007) Characterization of primary biogenic aerosol particles in urban, rural, and high-alpine air by DNA sequence and restriction fragment analysis of ribosomal RNA genes. Biogeosciences, 4, 1127-1141.
101. Diaz-Hernandez, J.L .& Parraga, J. (2008) The nature and tropospheric formation of iberulites: Pinkish mineral microspherulites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica A cta, 72, 3883-3906.
102. Ding, Z., Yu, Z., Rutter, N.W., & Liu, T. (1994) Towards an orbital time scale for Chinese loess deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews, 13, 3 9-7 0 .
103. Duce, R.A. (1986) The impact of atmospheric nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron species on marine biological productivity. In: The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling, (P. Buat-Menard editor). D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 497-529.
104. Duce, R.A. (1995) Sources, distributions, and fluxes of mineral aerosols and their relationship to climate. In: Aerosol forcing of climate, (R.J. Charlson, & J. Heintzenberg editors). John Wiley, & Sons, New York, pp. 43-7 2 .
105. Duce, R.A., Winchester, J.W., & Nahl, T.W. (1966) Iodine, bromine, and chlorine in winter aerosols and snow from Barrow, Alaska. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 18, 238-248.
106. Duce, R.A., Liss, P.S., Merrill, J.T., Atlas, E.L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B.B., Miller, J.M., Prospero, J.M., Arimoto, R., Church, T.M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J.N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T.D., Knapp, A.H., Reinhardt, K.H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J.J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., & Zhou, M. (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 5, 193-254.
107. Durant, A.J., Bonadonna, C., & Horwell, C.J. (2010) Atmospheric and environmental impacts of volcanic particulates. Elements, 6 , 235-240.
108. Dusek, U., Frank, G.P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., & Andreae, M.O. (2006) Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles. Science, 312, 1375-1378.
109. Ebert, M., Inerle-Hof, M., & Weinbruch, S. (2002) Environmental scanning electron microscopy as a new technique to determine the hygroscopic behaviour of individual aerosol particles. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5909-5916.
110. Echalar, F., Artaxo, P., Martins, J.V., Yamasoe, M., Gerab, F., Maenhaut, W., & Holben, B. (1998) Long-term monitoring of atmospheric aerosols in teh Amazon Basin: Source identification and apportionment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 31,849.
111. Elbert, W., Taylor, P.E., Andreae, M.O., & Poschl, U. (2007) Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: Wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 4569-4588.
112. Engelbrecht, J.P., & Derbyshire, E. (2010) Airborne mineral dust. Elements, 6 , 241-246.
113. Erickson, D.J., & Duce, R.A. (1988) On the global flux of atmospheric sea salt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 14,079-14,088.
114. Facchini, M.C., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., & Charlson, R.J. (1999) Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets. Nature, 401, 257-259.
115. Facchini, M.C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Flanagan, R., Nilsson, E.D., de Leeuw, G., Martino, M., Woeltjen, J., & O'Dowd, C.D. (2008) Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L17814.
116. Falkovich, A.H., Ganor, E., Levin, Z., Formenti, P., & Rudich, Y. (2001) Chemical and mineralogical analysis of individual mineral dust particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 18029-18036.
117. Fassi-Fihri, A., Suhre, K., & Rosset, R. (1997) Internal and external mixing in atmospheric aerosols by coagulation: Impact on the optical and hygroscopic properties of the sulphate-soot system. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 1393-1402.
118. Finlayson-Pitts, B.J., & Pitts, J.N., Jr. (1997) Tropospheric air pollution: Ozone, airborne toxics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles. Science, 276, 1045-1052.
119. Fischer, E.V., Hsu, N.C., Jaffe, D.A., Jeong, M.-J., & Gong, S.L. (2009) A decade of dust: Asian dust and springtime aerosol load in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L03821.
120. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., & Van Dorland, R. (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, editors). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, USA, pp. 129-234.
121. Freney, E.J., Adachi, K., & Buseck, P.R. (2010) Internally mixed atmospheric aerosol particles: Hygroscopic growth and light scattering. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D19210.
122. Friedbacher, G., Grasserbauer, M., Meslmani, Y., Klaus, N., & Higatsberger, M.J. (1995) Investigation of environmental aerosol by atomic force microscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 67, 1749-1754.
123. Frohlich-Nowoisky, J., Pickersgill, D.A., Despres, V.R., & Poschl, U. (2009) High diversity of fungi in air particulate matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 12814-12819.
124. Fuentes, E., Coe, H., Green, D., De Leeuw, G., & McFiggans, G. (2010) On the impacts of phytoplanktonderived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol-Part 1: Source fluxes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 9295-9317.
125. Fuentes, E., Coe, H., Green, D., & McFiggans, G. (2011) On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol-Part 2: Composition, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation activity. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 2585-2602.
126. Fuller, K.A., Malm, W.C., & Kreidenweis, S.M. (1999) Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 15,941-15,954.
127. Gao, Y., Anderson, J.R., & Hua, X. (2007) Dust characteristics over the North Pacific observed through shipboard measurements during the ACE-Asia experiment. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7907-7922.
128. Gelencser, A. (2004) Carbonaceous Aerosol. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
129. Gelencser, A., Kovats, N., Turoczi, B., Rostasi, A., Hoffer, A., Imre, K., Nyiro-Kosa, I., Csakberenyi-Malasics, D., Toth, A., Czitrovszky, A., Nagy, A., Nagy, S .,Acs,A., Kovacs, A., Ferincz, A., Hartyani, Z., & Posfai, M. (2011) The red mud accident in Ajka (Hungary) characterization and potential health effects of fugitive dust. Environmental Science, & Technology, 45, 1608-1615.
130. Georgakopoulos, D.G., Despres, V., Frohlich-Nowoisky, J., Psenner, R., Ariya, P.A., Posfai, M., Ahern, H.E., Moffett, B.F., & Hill, T.C.J. (2009) Microbiology and atmospheric processes: Biological, physical and chemical characterization of aerosol particles. Biogeosciences, 6 , 721-737.
131. Giere, R., & Querol, X. (2010) Solid particulate matter in the atmosphere. Elements, 6 , 215-222.
132. Gislason, S.R., Hassenkam, T., Nedel, S., Bovet, N., Eiriksdottir, E.S., Alfredsson, H.A., Hem, C.P., Balogh, Z.I., Dideriksen, K., Oskarsson, N., Sigfusson, B., Larsen, G., & Stipp, S.L.S. (2011) Characterization of Eyjafjallajokull volcanic ash particles and a protocol for rapid risk assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 7307-7312.
133. Glaccum, R.A., & Prospero, J.M. (1980) Saharan aerosols over the tropical North Atlantic-mineralogy. Marine Geology, 37, 295-32 1 .
134. Gong, S.L., Barrie, L.A., & Lazare, M. (2002) Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM) a size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models-2. Global sea-salt aerosol and its budgets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 4779.
135. Good, N., Topping, D.O., Duplissy, J., Gysel, M., Meyer, N.K., Metzger, A., Turner, S.F., Baltensperger, U., Ristovski, Z., Weingartner, E., Coe, H., & McFiggans, G. (2010) Widening the gap between measurement and modelling of secondary organic aerosol properties? Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 2577-2593.
136. Gras, J.L., Podzimek, J., O'Connor, T.C., & Enderle, K.-H. (2002) Nolan-Pollak type CN counters in the Vienna aerosol workshop. Atmospheric Research, 62, 239-254.
137. Gregory, P.H. (1973) The Microbiology of the Atmosphere. John Wiley, & Sons, New York.
138. Grenfell, J.L., Harrison, R.M., Allen, A.G., Shi, J.P., Penkett, S.A., O'Dowd, C.D., Smith, M.H., Hill, M.K., Robertson, L., Hewitt, C.N., Davison, B., Lewis, A.C., Creasey, D.J., Heard, D.E., Hebestreit, K., Alicke, B., & James, J. (1999) An analysis of rapid increases in condensation nuclei concentrations at a remote coastal site in western Ireland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 13,771-13,780.
139. Griffin, R.J., Dabdub, D., Cocker III, D.R., & Seinfeld, J.H. (1999) Estimate of global atmospheric organic aerosol from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2721-2724.
140. Griffin, D.W., Garrison, V.H., Herman, J.R., & Shinn, E.A. (2001) African desert dust in the Caribbean atmosphere: Microbiology and public health. Aerobiologia, 17, 203-21 3 .
141. Grobety, B., Giere, R., Dietze, V., & Stille, P. (2010) Airborne particles in the urban environment. Elements, 6 , 229-234.
142. Grover, S.N., & Pruppacher, H.R. (1977) A numerical determination of efficiency with which spherical aerosol particles collide with spherical water drops due to inertial impaction and phoretic and electrical forces. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 34, 1655-1663.
143. Gunthe, S.S., King, S.M., Rose, D., Chen, Q., Roldin, P., Farmer, D.K., Jimenez, J.L., Artaxo, P., Andreae, M.O., Martin, S.T., & Poschl, U. (2009) Cloud condensation nuclei in pristine tropical rainforest air of Amazonia: size-resolved measurements and modeling of atmospheric aerosol composition and CCN activity. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 7551-7575.
144. Guthrie, G.D., & Mossman, B.T., editors (1993) Health Effects of Mineral Dusts. Reviews in Mineralogy, 28. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
145. Hand, J.L., Day, D.E., McMeeking, G.M., Levin, E.J.T., Carrico, C.M., Kreidenweis, S.M., Malm, W.C., Laskin, A., & Desyaterik, Y. (2010) Measured and modeled humidification factors of fresh smoke particles from biomass burning: Role of inorganic constituents. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 6179-6194.
146. Hand, J.L., Malm, W.C., Laskin, A., Day, D., Lee, T., Wang, C., Carrico, C., Carrillo, J., Cowin, J.P., Collett, J., Jr., & Iedema, M.J. (2005) Optical, physical, and chemical properties of tar balls observed during the Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D21210.
147. Harrison, R.M., & Sturges, W.T. (1984) Physico-chemical speciation and transformation reactions of particulate atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Atmospheric Environment, 18, 1829-1833.
148. Haywood, J.M., & Ramaswamy, V. (1998) Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing effect due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 6043-6058.
149. Haywood, J.M., & Shine, K.P. (1995) The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 603-60 6 .
150. Haywood, J.M., Ramaswamy, V., & Soden, B.J. (1999) Tropospheric aerosol climate forcing in clear-sky satellite observations over the oceans. Science, 283, 1299-1303.
151. Haywood, J.M., Roberts, D.L., Slingo, A., Edwards, J.M., & Shine, K.P. (1997) General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol. Journal of Climate, 10, 1562-1577.
152. Hegg, D.A., Yuen, P.-F., & Larson, T.V. (1992) Modeling the effects of heterogeneous cloud chemistry on the marine particle size distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 12,927-12,933.
153. Heintzenberg, J. (1985) What can we learn from aerosol measurements at baseline stations? Journal ofAtmospheric Chemistry, 3, 153-169.
154. Heintzenberg, J. (1994) The life cycle of the atmospheric aerosol. In: Topics in Atmospheric and Interstellar Physics and Chemistry (C.F. Boutron, editor). Les Editions de Physique, Les Ulis, France, pp. 251-270.
155. Heintzenberg, J. (2009) The SAMUM-1 experiment over Southern Morocco: Overview and introduction. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical
156. Hering, S., Eldering, A., & Seinfeld, J.H. (1997) Bimodal character of accumulation mode aerosol mass distribution in southern California. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 1-1 1 .
157. Hildemann, L.M., Rogge, W.F., Cass, G.R., Mazurek, M.A., & Simoneit, B.R.T. (1996) Contribution of primary aerosol emissions from vegetation-derived sources tofine particle concentrations in Los Angeles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,541-19,549.
158. Hlavay, J., Polyak, K., Bodog, I., Molnar, A., & Meszaros, E. (1996) Distribution of trace metals in filtercollected aerosol samples. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 354, 227-232.
159. Hobbs, P.V. (1993) A erosol-cloud-climate interactions. International Geophysics Series, 54, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
160. Hobbs, P.V., Reid, J.S., Kotchenruther, R.A., Ferek, R.J., & Weiss, R. (1997) Direct radiative forcing by smoke from biomass burning. Science, 275, 1776-1778.
161. Hoffer, A., Gelencser, A., Guyon, P., Kiss, G., Schmid, O., Frank, G.P., Artaxo, P., & Andreae, M.O. (2006) Optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) in biomass-burning aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 3563-3570.
162. Holben, B.N., Tanre, D., Smirnov, A., Eck, T.F., Slutsker, I., Abuhassan, N., Newcomb, W.W., Schafer, J.S., Chatenet, B., Lavenu, F., Kaufman, Y.J., Vande Castle, J., Setzer, A., Markham, B., Clark, D., Frouin, R., Halthore, R., Karneli, A., O'Neill, N.T., Pietras, C., Pinker, R.T., Voss, K., & Zibordi, G. (2001) An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: aerosol optical depth from AERONET. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 12,067-12,097.
163. Hong, S., Candelone, J.P., Patterson, C.C., & Boutron, C.F. (1994) Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millenia ago by Greek and Roman civilization. Science, 265, 1841-1843.
164. Hopkins, R.J., Desyaterik, Y., Tivanski, A.V., Zaveri, R.A., Berkowitz, C.M., Tyliszczak, T., Gilles, M.K., & Laskin, A. (2008) Chemical speciation of sulfur in marine cloud droplets and particles: Analysis of individual particles from the marine boundary layer over the California current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D04209.
165. Hoppel, W.A., Frick, G.M., Fitzgerald, J.W., & Larson, R.E. (1994) Marine boundary layer measurements of new particle formation and the effects nonprecipitating clouds have on aerosol size distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 14,443-14,459.
166. Hoppel, W.A., Frick, G.M., & Fitzgerald, J.W. (1996) Deducing droplet concentration and supersaturation in marine boundary layer clouds from surface aerosol measurements. Journal ofGeophysical Research, 101, 26,553-26,565.
167. Horvath, H. (1992) Effects on visibility, weather and climate. In: Atmospheric Acidity. Sources, Consequences and Abatement (M. Radojevic and R.M. Harrison, editors). Elsevier, London, pp. 435-466.
168. Horvath, H. (1998) Influence of atmospheric aerosols upon the global radiation balance. In: Atmospheric Particles IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry ofEnvironmental Systems (R.M. Harrison, & R. van Grieken, editors). John Wiley, New York, pp. 543-59 6 .
169. Horvath, L., Meszaros, E., Antal, E., & Simon, A. (1981) On the sulfate, chloride and sodium concentration in maritime air around the Asian continent. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 33, 382-386.
170. Huang, W., Tan, J., Kan, H., Zhao, N., Song, W., Song, G., Chen, G., Jiang, L., Jiang, C., Chen, R., & Chen, B. (2009) Visibility, air quality and daily mortality in Shanghai, China. Science ofth e Total Environment, 407, 3295-3300.
171. Hudson, P.K., Murphy, D.M., Cziczo, D.J., Thomson, D.S., de Gouw, J.A., Warneke, C., Holloway, J., Jost, H.-J., & Hubler, G. (2004) Biomass-burning particle measurements: Characteristics composition and chemical processing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, 1-1 1 .
172. Hudson, P.K., Young, M.A., Kleiber, P.D., & Grassian, V.H. (2008) Coupled infrared extinction spectra and size distribution measurements for several non-clay components of mineral dust aerosol (quartz, calcite, and dolomite). Atmospheric Environment, 42, 5991-5999.
173. Huffman, J.A., Treutlein, B., & Poschl, U. (2010) Fluorescent biological aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions measured with an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UV-APS) in Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 3215-3233.
174. Hughes, L.S., Allen, J.O., Kleeman, M.J., Johnson, R.J., Cass, G.R., Gross, D.S., Gard, E.E., Galli, M.E., Morrical, B.D., Fergenson, D.P., Dienes, T., Noble, C.A., Liu, D.-Y., Silva, P.J., & Prather, K.A. (1999) Size and composition distribution of atmospheric particles in Southern California. Environmental Science, & Technology, 33, 3506-3515.
175. Husar, R.B., & Whitby, K.T. (1973) Growth mechanism and size spectra of photochemical aerosols. Environmental Science, & Technology, 7, 241-247.
176. Husarova, S., Vaitilingom, M., Deguillaume, L., Traikia, M., Vinatier, V., Sancelme, M., Amato, P., Matulova, M., & Delort, A.-M. (2011) Biotransformation of methanol and formaldehyde by bacteria isolated from clouds. Comparison with radical chemistry. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 6093-6102.
177. Ibald-Mulli, A., Wichmann, H.E., Kreyling, W., & Peters, A. (2002) Epidemiological evidence on health effects of ultrafine particles. Journal of Aerosol Medicine: Deposition, Clearance, and Effects in the Lung, 15, 189-201.
178. IPCC (1996) Climate Change 1995: The Science ofClimate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
179. Iwasaka, Y., Minoura, H., & Nagaya, K. (1983) The transport and special scale of Asian dust-storm cloud: A case study of the dust-storm event of April 1979. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 35B, 189-196.
180. Iwasaka, Y., Shibata, T., Nagatani, T., Shi, G., Kim, Y.S., Matsuki, A., Trochkine, D., Zhang, D., Yamada, M., Nagatani, M., Nakata, H., Shen, Z., Li, G., Chen, B., & Kawahira, K. (2003) Large depolarization ratio of free tropospheric aerosols over the Taklamakan Desert revealed by lidar measurements: Possible diffusion and transport of dust particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8652.
181. Jacob, D.J. (2000) Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2131-2159.
182. Jacobson, M.Z. (1999) Isolating nitrated and aromatic aerosols and nitrated aromatic gases as sources of unltraviolet light absorption. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 3527-3542.
183. Jacobson, M.Z. (2001) Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature, 409, 695-697.
184. Jacobson, M.Z. (2002a) Atmospheric Pollution. History, Science, and Regulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
185. Jacobson, M.Z. (2002b) Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 4410.
186. Jaenicke, R. (1993) Tropospheric aerosols. In: A erosol-c lo u d-c lima te interactions, (P.V. Hobbs editor). Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 1-3 1 .
187. Jeong, G.Y. (2008) Bulk and single-particle mineralogy of Asian dust and a comparison with its source soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D02208.
188. Jeong, G.Y., & Chun, Y.S. (2006) Nanofiber calcite in Asian dust and its atmospheric roles. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L24802.
189. Jickells, T.D., An, Z.S., Andersen, K.K., Baker, A.R., Bergametti, C., Brooks, N., Cao, J.J., Boyd, P.W., Duce, R.A., Hunter, K.A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., LaRoche, J., Liss, P.S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J.M., Ridgwell, A.J., Tegen, I., & Torres, R. (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. Science, 308, 67-7 1 .
190. Jimenez, J.L., Bahreini, R., Cocker III, D.R., Zhuang, H., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H., O'Dowd, C.D., & Hoffman, T. (2003) New particle formation from photooxidation of diiodomethane (CH 2I 2). Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, AAC 5-1-5-25.
191. Jimenez, J.L., Canagaratna, M.R., Donahue, N.M., Prevot, A.S.H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J.H., DeCarlo, P.F., Allan, J.D., Coe, H., Ng, N.L., Aiken, A.C., Docherty, K.S., Ulbrich, I.M., Grieshop, A.P., Robinson, A.L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J.D., Wilson, K.R., Lanz, V.A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y.L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J.M., Collins, D.R., Cubison, M.J., Dunlea, E.J., Huffman, J.A., Onasch, T.B., Alfarra, M.R., Williams, P.I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J.Y., Zhang, Y.M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J.R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J.T., Herndon, S.C., Trimborn, A.M., Williams, L.R., Wood, E.C., Middlebrook, A.M., Kolb, C.E., Baltensperger, U., & Worsnop, D.R. (2009) Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Science, 326, 1525-1529.
192. John, W. (2001) Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols. In: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, (P. Kulkarni, P.A. Baron, & K. Willeke, editors). Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, DOI: 10.1002/9781118001684.ch4.
193. Johnson, B., Turnbull, K., Brown, P., Burgess, R., Dorsey, J., Baran, A.J., Webster, H., Haywood, J., Cotton, R., Ulanowski, Z., Hesse, E., Woolley, A., & Rosenberg, P. (2012) In situ observations of volcanic ash clouds from the FAAM aircraft during the eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D00U24.
194. Journet, E., Desboeufs, K.V., Caquineau, S., & Colin, J.-L. (2008) Mineralogy as a critical factor of dust iron solubility. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L07805.
195. Junge, C.E. (1963) A ir Chemistry and Radioactivity. Academic Press, New York.
196. Kaegi, R. & Holzer, L. (2003) Transfer of a single particle for combined ESEM and TEM analyses. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4353-4359.
197. Kalashnikova, O.V. & Sokolik, I.N. (2002) Importance of shapes and compositions of wind-blown dust particles for remote sensing at solar wavelengths. Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 1398.
198. Kandler, K., Schiitz, L., Deutscher, C., Ebert, M., Hofmann, H., Jackel, S., Jaenicke, R., Knippertz, P., Lieke, K., Massling, A., Petzold, A., Schladitz, A., Weinzierl, B., Wiedensohler, A., Zorn, S. & Weinbruch, S. (2009) Size distribution, mass concentration, chemical and mineralogical composition and derived optical parameters of the boundary layer aerosol at Tinfou, Morocco, during SAMUM 2006. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 61, 3 2-5 0 .
199. Kasibhatla, P., Chameides, W.L. & John, J.S. (1997) A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3737-3759.
200. Katrinak, K.A., Rez, P. & Buseck, P.R. (1992) Structural variations in individual carbonaceous particles from an urban aerosol. Environmental Science & Technology, 26, 1967-1976.
201. Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre, D. & Boucher, O. (2002) A satellite view of aerosols in the climate. Nature, 419, 215-223.
202. Kaufman, Y.J., Boucher, O., Tanre, D., Chin, M., Remer, L.A. & Takemura, T. (2005) Aerosol anthropogenic component estimated from satellite data. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L17804.
203. Keene, W.C., Maring, H., Maben, J.R., Kieber, D.J., Pszenny, A.A.P., Dahl, E.E., Izaguirre, M.A., Davis, A.J., Long, M.S., Zhou, X., Smoydzin, L. & Sander, R. (2007) Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model a ir-s e a interface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D21202.
204. Keppler, H. (1999) Experimental evidence for the source of excess sulfur in explosive volcanic eruptions. Science, 284, 1652-1654.
205. Kerminen, V.-M., Wexler, A.S. & Potukuchi, S. (1997) Growth of freshly nucleated particles in the troposphere: Roles of NH3, H2SO4 , HNO3 , and HCl. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3715-3724.
206. Kiehl, J.T. & Briegleb, B.P. (1993) The relative role of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing. Science, 260, 311-314.
207. King, M.D., Thompson, K.C., Ward, A.D., Pfrang, C. & Hughes, B.R. (2007) Oxidation of biogenic and watersoluble compounds in aqueous and organic aerosol droplets by ozone: A kinetic and product analysis approach using laser Raman tweezers. Faraday Discussions, 137, 173-192.
208. Kirchstetter, T.W., Novakov, T. & Hobbs, P.V. (2004) Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D21208.
209. Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Gagne, S., Ickes, L., Kurten, A., Kupc, A., Metzger, A., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wimmer, D., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Downard, A., Ehn, M., Flagan, R.C., Haider, S., Hansel, A., Hauser, D., Jud, W., Junninen, H., Kreissl, F., Kvashin, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Lima, J., Lovejoy, E.R., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Mikkila, J., Minginette, P., Mogo, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pereira, P., Petaja, T., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J.H., Sipila, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tome, A., Vanhanen, J., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P.E., Walther, H., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Winkler, P.M., Carslaw, K.S., Worsnop, D.R., Baltensperger, U. & Kulmala, M. (2011) Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature, 476, 429-43 5 .
210. Kis, V.K., Posfai, M. & Labar, J.L. (2006) Nanostructure of atmospheric soot particles. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 5533-5542.
211. Kiss, G., Tombacz, E. & Hansson, H.-C. (2005) Surface tension effects of humic-like substances in the aqueous extract of tropospheric fine aerosol. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 50, 279-294.
212. Koehler, K.A., Kreidenweis, S.M., DeMott, P.J., Petters, M.D., Prenni, A.J. & Carrico, C.M. (2009) Hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation of mineral dust aerosol. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L08805.
213. Kok, J.F. (2010) A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 1016-1021.
214. Kok, J.F. & Renno, N.O. (2008) Electrostatics in wind-blown sand. Physical Review Letters, 100, 014501.
215. Kollensperger, G., Friedbacher, G., Grasserbauer, M. & Dorffner, L. (1997) Investigation of aerosol particles by atomic force microscopy. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 358, 268-273.
216. Kollensperger, G., Friedbacher, G., Kotzick, R., Niessner, R. & Grasserbauer, M. (1999) In-situ atomic force microscopy investigation of aerosols exposed to different humidities. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 364, 296-304.
217. Kreidenweis, S.M., McInnes, L.M. & Brechtel, F.J. (1998) Observations of aerosol volatility and elemental composition at Macquarie Island during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 16,511-16,524.
218. Krivacsy, Z., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Meszaros, E., Molnar, A., Hoffer, A., Meszaros, T., Sarvari, Z., Temesi, D., Varga, B., Baltensperger, U., Nyeki, S. & Weingartner, E. (2001) Study on the chemical character of water soluble organic compounds in fine atmospheric aerosol at the Jungfraujoch. Journal ofAtmospheric Chemistry, 39, 235-259.
219. Krueger, B.J., Grassian, V.H., Iedema, M.J., Cowin, J.P. & Laskin, A. (2003) Probing heterogeneous chemistry of individual atmospheric particles using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 75, 5170-5179.
220. Krueger, B.J., Grassian, V.H., Cowin, J.P. & Laskin, A. (2004) Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles from different dust source regions: The importance of particle mineralogy. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 6253-6261.
221. Kulmala, M. & Kerminen, V.M. (2008) On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles. Atmospheric Research, 90, 132-150.
222. Kulmala, M., Vehkamaki, H., Petaja, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W. & McMurry, P.H. (2004) Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations. Journal of Aerosol Science, 35, 143-176.
223. Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Sipila, M., Manninen, H.E., Petaja, T., Junninen, H., Dal Maso, M., Mordas, G., Mirme, A., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Harrison, R.M., Hanson, I., Leung, C., Lehtinen, K.E.J. & Kerminen, V.M. (2007) Toward direct measurement of atmospheric nucleation. Science, 318, 8 9-92.
224. Kutsuna, S. & Ibusuki, T. (1994) Fourier transform infrared measurement of the formation of nitrogen compounds on sodium chloride particles exposed to the ambient air in the Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 25,479-25,488.
225. Lacis, A.A. & Mishchenko, M.I. (1995) Climate forcing, climate sensitivity, and climate response: A radiative modeling perspective on atmospheric aerosols. In: Aerosol Forcing of Climate (R.J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg editor) John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 11-4 2 .
226. Lahaye, J. (1992) Particulate carbon from the gas phase. Carbon, 30, 309-314.
227. Langner, J. & Rodhe, H. (1991) A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 13, 225-264.
228. Laskin, A., Cowin, J.P. & Iedema, M.J. (2006) Analysis of individual environmental particles using modern methods of electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 150, 260-274.
229. Laskin, A., Wietsma, T.W., Krueger, B.J. & Grassian, V.H. (2005) Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles with nitric acid: A combined CCSEM/EDX, ESEM, and ICP-MS study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1-15.
230. Latham, J., Rasch, P., Chen, C.-C., Kettles, L., Gadian, A., Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., Bower, K. & Choularton, T. (2008) Global temperature stabilization via controlled albedo enhancement of low-level maritime clouds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, A366, 3969-3987.
231. Lazar, A.C., Reilly, P.T.A., Whitten, W.B. & Ramsey, J.M. (1999) Real-time surface analysis of individual airborne environmental particles. Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 3393-4001.
232. Legrand, M. (1995) Atmospheric chemistry changes versus past climate inferred from polar ice cores. In: Aerosol Forcing of Climate (R.J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, editors). John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 123-15 1 .
233. Leinen, M., Prospero, J.M., Arnold, E. & Blank, M. (1994) Mineralogy of aeolian dust reaching the North Pacific Ocean 1. Sampling and analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 21,017-21,023.
234. Levin, Z., Teller, A., Ganor, E. & Yin, Y. (2005) On the interactions of mineral dust, sea-salt particles, and clouds: A measurement and modeling study from the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D20202.
235. Levine, J.S. (1991) Global Biomass Burning. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
236. Lewis, E.R. & Schwartz, S.E. (2004) Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements and Models-a Critical Review. Geophysical Monograph, 152, American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C.
237. Li, J., Anderson, J.R. & Buseck, P.R. (2003a) TEM study of aerosol particles from clean and polluted marine boundary layers over the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4189.
238. Li, J., Posfai, M., Hobbs, P.V. & Buseck, P.R. (2003b) Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 2. Compositions and aging of inorganic particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8484.
239. Li, X., Maring, H., Savoie, D., Voss, K. & Prospero, J.M. (1996) Dominance of mineral dust in aerosol lightscattering in the North Atlantic trade winds. Nature, 380, 416-419.
240. Liao, H. & Seinfeld, J.H. (1998) Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols: Sensitivity to key variables. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 31,637-31,645.
241. Lindemann, J. & Upper, C.D. (1985) Aerial dispersal of epiphytic bacteria over bean plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50, 1229-1232.
242. Liousse, C., Cachier, C. & Jennings, S.G. (1993) Optical and thermal measurements of black carbon aerosol content in different environments: Variation of the specific attenuation cross-section, sigma (s). Atmospheric Environment, 27, 1203-1211.
243. Liousse, C., Penner, J.E., Chuang, C., Walton, J.J., Eddleman, H. & Cachier, H. (1996) A global threedimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,411-19,432.
244. Liu, X., Penner, J.E. & Herzog, M. (2005) Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1-3 7 .
245. Lodge, J.P. (1986) Chemical identification of individual particles. In: Physical and Chemical Characterization ofIndividual Airborne Particles (K.R. Spurny, editor). Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 116-126.
246. Lorenzo, R., Kaegi, R., Gehrig, R. & Grobety, B. (2006) Particle emissions of a railway line determined by detailed single particle analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 7831-7841.
247. Lu, H. & Shao, Y. (1999) A new model for dust emission by saltation bombardment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 16,827.
248. Maher, B.A. (2009) Rain and dust magnetic records of climate and pollution. Elements, 5, 229-234.
249. Mahowald, N.M. & Luo, C. (2003) A less dusty future? Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1903.
250. Mahowald, N.M., Baker, A.R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Duce, R.A., Jickells, T.D., Kubilay, N., Prospero, J.M. & Tegen, I. (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB4025.
251. Mahowald, N.M., Muhs, D.R., Levis, S., Rasch, P.J., Yoshioka, M., Zender, C.S. & Luo, C. (2006) Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates,. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D10202.
252. Makela, J.M., Hoffmann, T., Holzke, C., Vakeva, M., Suni, T., Mattila, T., Aalto, P.P., Tapper, U., Kauppinen, E.I. & O'Dowd, C.D. (2002) Biogenic iodine emissions and identification of end-products in coastal ultrafine particles during nucleation bursts. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 107, 8110.
253. Mamane, Y. & de Pena, R.G. (1978) A quantitative method for the detection of individual submicrometer size sulfate particles. Atmospheric Environment, 12, 6 9-8 2 .
254. Markowitz, A. & Van Grieken, R. (1991) X-ray methods. In: InstrumentalAnalysis ofPollutants (C.N. Hewitt, editor). Elsevier, London, pp. 173-24 2 .
255. Maron, P.-A., Lejon, D.P.H., Carvalho, E., Bizet, K., Lemanceau, P., Ranjard, L. & Mougel, C. (2005) Assessing genetic structure and diversity of airborne bacterial communities by DNA fingerprinting and 16S rDNA clone library. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3687-3695.
256. Martensson, E.M., Nilsson, E.D., de Leeuw, G., Cohen, L.H. & Hansson, H.-C. (2003) Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, AAC 15-11 AAC 15-12.
257. Marti, J.J., Jefferson, A., Cai, X.P., Richert, C., McMurry, P.H. & Eisele, F. (1997) H2SO4 vapor pressure of sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate solutions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3725-3735.
258. Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G. & Aumont, B. (1997) Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle 2. Simulation of Saharan dust sources. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 4387-4404.
259. Martin, J.H. & Gordon, R.M. (1988) Northeast Pacific iron distributions in relation to phytoplankton productivity. Deep-Sea Research, 35, 177-196.
260. Martin, S.T. (2000) Phase transitions of aqueous atmospheric particles. Chemical Reviews, 100, 3403-3453.
261. Martin, S.T., Hung, H.M., Park, R.J., Jacob, D.J., Spurr, R.J.D., Chance, K.V. & Chin, M. (2004) Effects of the physical state of tropospheric ammonium-sulfate-nitrate particles on global aerosol direct radiative forcing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 183-214.
262. Martin, S.T., Andreae, M.O., Artaxo, P., Baumgartner, D., Chen, Q., Goldstein, A.H., Guenther, A., Heald, C.L., Mayol-Bracero, O.L., McMurry, P.H., Pauliquevis, T., Poschl, U., Prather, K.A., Roberts, G.C., Saleska, S.R., Dias, M.A.S., Spracklen, D.V., Swietlicki, E. & Trebs, I. (2010) Sources and properties of Amazonian aerosol particles. Reviews in Geophysics, 48, RG2002.
263. Martins, J.V., Artaxo, P., Liousse, C., Reid, J.S., Hobbs, P.V. & Kaufman, Y.J. (1998) Effects of black carbon content, particle size, and mixing on light absorption by aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 103, 32,041-032,050.
264. Matthias-Maser, S. & Jaenicke, R. (1994) Examination of atmospheric bioaerosol particles with radii > 0 .2 mm. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25, 1605-1613.
265. Maynard, A.D. (1995) The application of electron-energy-loss spectroscopy to the analysis of ultrafine aerosolparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science, 26, 757-77 7 .
266. Mazurek, M., Masonjones, M.C., Masonjones, H.D., Salmon, L.G., Cass, G.R., Hallock, K.A. & Leach, M. (1997) Visibility-reducing organic aerosols in the vicinity of Grand Canyon National Park: Properties observed by high resolution gas chromatography. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3779-3793.
267. McConnell, C.L., Highwood, E.J., Coe, H., Formenti, P., Anderson, B., Osborne, S., Nava, S., Desboeufs, K., Chen, G. & Harrison, M.A.J. (2008) Seasonal variations of the physical and optical characteristics of Saharan dust: Results from the Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D14S05.
268. McFiggans, G., Cox, R.A., Mossinger, J.C., Allan, B.J. & Plane, J.M.C. (2002) Active chlorine release from marine aerosols: Roles for reactive iodine and nitrogen species. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 10-11-10-13.
269. McFiggans, G., Coe, H., Burgess, R., Allan, J., Cubison, M., Alfarra, M.R., Saunders, R., Saiz-Lopez, A., Plane, J.M.C., Wevill, D.J., Carpenter, L.J., Rickard, A.R. & Monks, P.S. (2004) Direct evidence for coastal iodine particles from Laminaria macroalgae-Linkage to emissions of molecular iodine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 701-71 3 .
270. McFiggans, G., Bale, C.S.E., Ball, S.M., Beames, J.M., Bloss, W.J., Carpenter, L.J., Dorsey, J., Dunk, R., Flynn, M.J., Furneaux, K.L., Gallagher, M.W., Heard, D.E., Hollingsworth, A.M., Hornsby, K., Ingham, T., Jones, C.E., Jones, R.L., Kramer, L.J., Langridge, J.M., Leblanc, C., LeCrane, J.P., Lee, J.D., Leigh, R.J., Longley, I., Mahajan, A.S., Monks, P.S., Oetjen, H., Orr-Ewing, A.J., Plane, J.M.C., Potin, P., Shillings, A.J.L., Thomas, F., Von Glasow, R., Wada, R., Whalley, L.K. & Whitehead, J.D. (2010) Iodine-mediated coastal particle formation: An overview of the Reactive Halogens in the Marine boundary layer (RHaMBLe) Roscoff coastal study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 2975-2999.
271. McInnes, L., Bergin, M., Ogren, J. & Schwartz, S. (1998) Apportionment of light scattering and hygriscopic growth to aerosol composition. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 513-516.
272. McInnes, L.M., Quinn, P.K., Covert, D.S. & Anderson, T.L. (1996) Gravimetric analysis, ionic composition, and associated water mass of the marine aerosol. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 869-88 4 .
273. Merikanto, J., Napari, I., Vehkamaki, H., Anttila, T. & Kulmala, M. (2007) New parameterization of sulfuric acid-ammonia-water ternary nucleation rates at tropospheric conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D15207.
274. Merrill, J., Arnold, E., Leinen, M. & Weaver, C. (1994) Mineralogy of aeolian dust reaching the North Pacific Ocean 2. Relationship of mineral assemblages to atmospheric transport patterns. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 21,025-21,032.
275. Meskhidze, N. & Nenes, A. (2006) Phytoplankton and cloudiness in the southern ocean. Science, 314, 1419-1423.
276. Meszaros, A. (1984) The number concentration and size distribution of the soot particles in the 0 .02-0.5 mm radius range at sites of different pollution levels. Science of the Total Environment, 36, 283-288.
277. Meszaros, A. & Vissy, K. (1974) Concentration, size distribution and chemical nature of atmospheric aerosol particles in remote oceanic areas. Journal of Aerosol Science, 5, 101-109.
278. Meszaros, E. (1968) On the size distribution of water soluble particles in the atmosphere. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 20, 443-448.
279. Meszaros, E. (1973) Evidence of the role of indirect photochemical processes in the formation of atmospheric sulphate particulate. Journal of Aerosol Science, 4, 429-434.
280. Meszaros, E. (1992) Occurrence of atmospheric acidity. In: Atmospheric Acidity, Sources, Consequences and Abatement (M. Radojevic and R.M. Harrison, editors). Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York, pp. 1-3 7 .
281. Meszaros, E. (1999) Fundamentals of Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
282. Meszaros, E., Barcza, T., Gelencser, A., Hlavay, J., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A. & Polyak, K. (1997) Size distributions of inorganic and organic species in the atmospheric aerosol in Hungary. Journal of Aerosol Science, 28, 1163-1175.
283. Michalsky, J.J., Pearson, E.W. & LeBaron, B.A. (1990) An assessment of the impact of volcanic eruptions on the Northern Hemisphere's aerosol burden during the last decade. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 5677-5688.
284. Middlebrook, A.M., Murphy, D.M. & Thomson, D.S. (1998) Observations of organic material in individual marine particles at Cape Grim during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 16,475-16,483.
285. Mikami, M., Shi, G.Y., Uno, I., Yabuki, S., Iwasaka, Y., Yasui, M., Aoki, T., Tanaka, T.Y., Kurosaki, Y., Masuda, K., Uchiyama, A., Matsuki, A., Sakai, T., Takemi, T., Nakawo, M., Seino, N., Ishizuka, M., Satake, S., Fujita, K., Hara, Y., Kai, K., Kanayama, S., Hayashi, M., Du, M., Kanai, Y., Yamada, Y., Zhang, X.Y., Shen, Z., Zhou, H., Abe, O., Nagai, T., Tsutsumi, Y., Chiba, M. & Suzuki, J. (2006) Aeolian dust experiment on climate impact: An overview of Japan-China joint project ADEC. Global and Planetary Change, 52, 142-172.
286. Milford, J.B. & Davidson, C.I. (1985) The size of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere-a review. Journal of the A ir Pollution Control Association, 37, 1249-1260.
287. Millero, F.J. & Sohn, M.L. (1992) Chemical Oceanography. CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
288. Mirabel, P. & Katz, J.L. (1974) Binary homogeneous nucleation as a mechanism for the formation of areosols. Journal of Chemical Physics, 60, 1138-1144.
289. Mishchenko, M.I. (2008) Multiple scattering by particles embedded in an absorbing medium. 2. Radiative transfer equation. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 109, 2386-2390.
290. Molnar, A., Meszaros, E., Bozo, L., Borbely-Kiss, I., Koltay, E. & Szabo, G. (1993) Elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol particles under different conditions in Hungary. Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 2457-2461.
291. Moosmuller, H., Arnott, W.P., Rogers, C.F., Chow, J.C., Frazier, C.A., Sherman, L.E. & Dietrich, D.L. (1998) Photoacoustic and filter measurements related to aerosol light absorption during the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (Colorado 1996/1997). Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 28,149-28,157.
292. Morgan, W.T., Allan, J.D., Bower, K.N., Esselborn, M., Harris, B., Henzing, J.S., Highwood, E.J., Kiendler-Scharr, A., McMeeking, G.R., Mensah, A.A., Northway, M.J., Osborne, S., Williams, P.I., Krejci, R. & Coe, H. (2010) Enhancement of the aerosol direct radiative effect by semi-volatile aerosol components: Airborne measurements in North-Western Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 8151-8171.
293. Morris, C.E., Sands, D.C., Bardin, M., Jaenicke, R., Vogel, B., Leyronas, C., Ariya, P.A. & Psenner, R. (2008) Microbiology and atmospheric processes: an upcoming era of research on bio-meteorology. Biogeosciences Discussions, 5, 191-21 2 .
294. Mohler, O., Benz, S., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., Wagner, R., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Ebert, V. & Wagner, S. (2008) The effect of organic coating on the heterogeneous ice nucleation efficiency of mineral dust aerosols. Environmental Research Letters, 3, 025007.
295. Mohler, O., DeMott, P.J., Vali, G. & Levin, Z. (2007) Microbiology and atmospheric processes: The role of biological particles in cloud physics. Biogeosciences, 4, 1059-1071.
296. Moller, D. (1995) Sulfate aerosols and their atmospheric precursors. In: Aerosol Forcing of Climate, (R.J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, editors). John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 73-9 0 .
297. Moller, D. (2010) Chemistry of the Climate System. De Gruyer, Berlin.
298. Mulik, J.D. & Sawicki, E. (1979) Ion chromatography. Environmental Science & Technology, 13, 804-809.
299. Murphy, D.M., Anderson, J.R., Quinn, P.K., Mclnnes, L.M., Brechtel, F.J., Kreidenwels, S.M., Middlebrook, A.M., Posfal, M., Thomson, D.S. & Buseck, P.R. (1998a) Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer. Nature, 392, 6 2-6 5 .
300. Murphy, D.M., Thomson, D.S. & Mahoney, M.J. (1998b) In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers. Science, 282, 1664-1669.
301. Murphy, D.M., Cziczo, D.J., Froyd, K.D., Hudson, P.K., Matthew, B.M., Middlebrook, A.M., Peltier, R.E., Sullivan, A., Thomson, D.S. & Weber, R.J. (2006) Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D23S32.
302. Murphy, D.M., Solomon, S., Portmann, R.W., Rosenlof, K.H., Forster, P.M. & Wong, T. (2009) An observationall based energy balance for the Earth since 1950. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D17107.
303. Myhre, G., Berglen, T.F., Johnsrud, M., Hoyle, C.R., Berntsen, T.K., Christopher, S.A., Fahey, D.W., Isaksen, I.S.A., Jones, T.A., Kahn, R.A., Loeb, N., Quinn, P., Remer, L., Schwarz, J.P. & Yttri, K.E. (2009) Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 1365-1392.
304. Niemi, J.V., Tervahattu, H., Vehkamaki, H., Martikainen, J., Laakso, L., Kulmala, M., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Sillanpaa, M. & Makkonen, U. (2005) Characterization of aerosol particle episodes in Finland caused by wildfires in Eastern Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 2299-2310.
305. Niemi, J.V., Saarikoski, S., Tervahattu, H., Makela, T., Hillamo, R., Vehkamaki, H., Sogacheva, L. & Kulmala, M. (2006) Changes in background aerosol composition in Finland during polluted and clean periods studied by TEM/EDX individual particle analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 5049-5066.
306. Nilsson, E.D., Martensson, E.M., Van Ekeren, J.S., deLeeuw, G., Moerman, M. & O'Dowd, C. (2007) Primary marine aerosol emissions: size resolved eddy covariance measurements with estimates of the sea salt and organic carbon fractions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 7, 13,345-313,400.
307. Noble, C.A. & Prather, K.A. (1996) Real-time measurement of correlated size and composition profiles of individual atmospheric aerosol particles. Environmental Science & Technology, 30, 2667-2680.
308. Novakov, T. & Penner, J.E. (1993) Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations. Nature, 365, 823-826.
309. Novakov, T., Hegg, D.A. & Hobbs, P.V. (1997) Airborne measurements of carbonaceous aerosols on the East Coast of the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 30,023-30,030.
310. Nriagu, J.O. & Davidson, C.I. (1986) Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere. Wiley & Sons, New York.
311. Nunes, T.V. & Pio, C.A. (1993) Carbonaceous aerosols in industrial and coastal atmospheres. Atmospheric Environment, 27, 1339-1346.
312. O'Dowd, C.D., Smith, M.H., Consterdine, I.E. & Lowe, J.A. (1997) Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulfur cycle: A short review. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 7 3-8 0 .
313. O'Dowd, C.D., McFiggans, G., Creasey, D., Pirjola, L., Hoell, C., Smith, M., Allen, B., Plane, J., Heard, D., Lee, J., Pilling, M. & Kulmala, M. (1999) On the photochemical production of new particles in the coastal boundary layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1707.
314. O'Dowd, C.D., Jimenez, J.L., Bahreini, R., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H., Hamerl, K., Pirjola, L., Kulmala, M., Jennings, S.G. & Hoffmann, T. (2002) Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions. Nature, 417, 632-636.
315. O'Dowd, C.D., Facchini, M.C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y.J. & Putaud, J.-P. (2004) Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol. Nature, 431, 676-680.
316. Odum, J.R., Jungkamp, T.P.W., Griffin, R.J., Flagan, R.C. & Seinfeld, J.H. (1997) The atmospheric aerosolforming potential of whole gasoline vapor. Science, 276, 9 6-9 9 .
317. Okada, K. (1985) Number-size distribution and formation process of submicrometer sulfate-containing particles in the urban atmosphere of Nagoya. Atmospheric Environment, 19, 743-75 7 .
318. Okada, K. & Kai, K. (2004) Atmospheric mineral particles collected at Qira in the Taklamakan Desert, China. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 6927-6935.
319. Ondov, J.M. & Biermann, A.-H. (1980) Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosol Emissions from Coal-fired Power Plants. In: Environmental and Climate Impact of Coal Utilization. Aerosol Emissions from Coal Plants (J.J. Singh and A. Deepak, editors). Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-1 7 .
320. Osan, J., Szaloki, I., Ro, C.-U. & Van Grieken, R. (2000) Light element analysis of individual microparticles using thin-window EPMA. Mikrochimica A cta, 132, 349-355.
321. Pant, A., Fok, A., Parsons, M.T., Mak, J. & Bertram, A.K. (2004) Deliquescence and crystallization of ammonium sulfate-glutaric acid and sodium chloride glutaric acid particles Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L12111.
322. Papayannis, A., Amiridis, V., Mona, L., Tsaknakis, G., Balis, D., Bosenberg, J., Chaikovski, A., De Tomasi, F., Grigorov, I., Mattis, I., Mitev, V., Muller, D., Nickovic, S., Perez, C., Pietruczuk, A., Pisani, G., Ravetta, F., Rizi, V., Sicard, M., Trickl, T., Wiegner, M., Gerding, M .,Mamouri, R.E., D 'Amico, G. & Pappalardo, G. (2008) Systematic lidar observations of Saharan dust over Europe in the frame of EARLINET (20002002). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D10204.
323. Parrington, J.R., Zoller, W.H. & Aras, N.K. (1983) Asian dust: seasonal transport to the Hawaiian Islands. Science, 220, 195-197.
324. Patashnick, H. & Rupprecht, E.G. (1991) Continuous PM-10 measurement susing the tapered element oscillating microbalance. Journal of the A ir and Waste Management Association, 41, 1079-1083.
325. Patterson, C.C. & Settle, D.M. (1987) Review of data on eolian fluxes of industrial and natural lead to the lands and seas in remote regions ona global scale. Marine Chemistry, 22, 137-162.
326. Penner, J.E. (1995) Carbonaceous aerosols influencing atmospheric radiation: Black and organic carbon. In: Aerosol forcing of climate, (R.J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg editors). John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 91-109.
327. Penner, J.E., Eddleman, H. & Novakov, T. (1993) Towards the development of a global inventory for black carbon emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 27, 1277-1295.
328. Perry, K.D. & Hobbs, P.V. (1994) Further evidence for particle nucleation in clear air adjacent to marine cumulus clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 22,803-22,818.
329. Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chapellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V.Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E. & Stievenard, M. (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-435.
330. Pilinis, C. & Li, X. (1998) Particle shape and internal inhomogeneity effects on the optical properties of tropospheric aerosols of relevance to climate forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 3789-3800.
331. Posfai, M. & Buseck, P.R. (2010) Nature and climate effects of individual tropospheric aerosol particles. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38, 17-43.
332. Posfai, M., Anderson, J.R., Buseck, P.R., Shattuck, T.W. & Tindale, N.W. (1994) Constituents of a remote Pacific marine aerosol: a TEM study. Atmospheric Environment, 28, 1747-1756.
333. Posfai, M., Anderson, J.R., Buseck, P.R. & Sievering, H. (1995) Compositional variations of sea-salt-mode aerosol particles from the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 23,063-23,074.
334. Posfai, M., Xu, H., Anderson, J.R. & Buseck, P.R. (1998) Wet and dry sizes of atmospheric aerosol particles: A combined AFM-TEM study. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 1907-1910.
335. Posfai, M., Anderson, J.R., Buseck, P.R. & Sievering, H. (1999) Soot and sulfate aerosol particles in the remote marine troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 21,685-21,693.
336. Posfai, M., Simonics, R., Li, J., Hobbs, P.V. & Buseck, P.R. (2003a) Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8483.
337. Posfai, M., Li, J., Anderson, J.R. & Buseck, P.R. (2003b) Aerosol bacteria over the Southern Ocean during ACE-1. Atmospheric Research, 6 6 , 231-240.
338. Posfai, M., Gelencser, A., Simonics, R., Arato, K., Li, J., Hobbs, P.V. & Buseck, P.R. (2004) Atmospheric tar balls: Particles from biomass and biofuel burning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D06213.
339. Poschl, U., Martin, S.T., Sinha, B., Chen, Q., Gunthe, S.S., Huffman, J.A., Borrmann, S., Farmer, D.K., Garland, R.M., Helas, G., Jimenez, J.L., King, S.M., Manzi, A., Mikhailov, E., Pauliquevis, T., Petters, M.D., Prenni, A.J., Roldin, P., Rose, D., Schneider, J., Su, H., Zorn, S.R., Artaxo, P. & Andreae, M.O. (2010) Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and precipitation in the Amazon. Science, 329, 1513-1516.
340. Prospero, J.M. (1999) Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States. Proceedings ofth e NationalAcademy ofSciences of the USA, 96, 3396-3403.
341. Prospero, J.M. & Carlson, T.N. (1972) Vertical and areal distribution of Saharan dust over the western equatorial North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77, 5255-5265.
342. Prospero, J.M., Blades, E., Naidu, R., Mathison, G., Thani, H. & Lavoie, M.C. (2008) Relationship between African dust carried in the Atlantic trade winds and surges in pediatric asthma attendances in the Caribbean. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 823-832.
343. Prospero, J.M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S.E. & Gill, T.E. (2002) Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Reviews in Geophysics, 40, 1002.
344. Pueschel, R.F., Blake, D.F., Snetsinger, K.G., Hansen, A.D.A., Verma, S. & Kato, K. (1992) Black carbon (soot) aerosol in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 1659-1662.
345. Puxbaum, H., Gomiscek, B., Kalina, M., Bauer, H., Salam, A., Stopper, S., Preining, O. & Hauck, H. (2004) A dual site study of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol chemistry in the larger region of Vienna, Austria. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3949-3958.
346. Qian, G.-W. & Ishizaka, Y. (1993) Electron microscope studies of methane sulfonic acid in individual aerosol particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 8459-8470.
347. Raes, F. (1995) Entrainment of free tropospheric aerosols as a regulating mechanism for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 2893-2903.
348. Rahn, K.A., Dams, R., Robbin, J.A. & Winchester, J.W. (1971) Diurnal variation of aerosol trace element concentrations as determined by non-desctructive neutron activation analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 5, 413-42 2 .
349. Ramanathan, V. & Carmichael, G. (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience, 1, 221-227.
350. Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J.T., Washington, W.M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D.R. & Wild, M. (2005) Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 5326-5333.
351. Ramsden, A.R. & Shibaoka, M. (1982) Characterization and analysis of individual fly-ash particles from coalfired power stations by a combination of optical microscopy, electron microscopy and quantitative electron microprobe analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 16, 2191-2206.
352. Rea, D. (1994) The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: The geologic history of wind. Reviews of Geophysics, 32, 159-195.
353. Reid, J.S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T.F. & Eleuterio, D.P. (2005) A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 799-825.
354. Roessler, D.M., Faxvog, F.R., Stevenson, R. & Smith, G.W. (1981) Optical properties andmorphology ofparticulate carbon: Variation with air/fuel ratio. In: Particulate Carbon: Formation During Combustion, (D.C. Siegla & G.W. Smith editors). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 5 7-8 4 .
355. Rogge, W.F., Mazurek, M.A., Hildemann, L.M. & Cass, G.R. (1993) Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: Identification, abundance and seasonal variation. Atmospheric Environment, 27, 1309-1330.
356. Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A. & Cass, G.R. (1996) Mathematical modeling of atmospheric fine particle-associated primary organic compound concentrations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,379-19,394.
357. Rood, M.J., Shaw, M.A., Larson, T.V. & Covert, D.S. (1989) Ubiquitous nature of ambient metastable aerosol. Nature, 337, 537-539.
358. Rosenfeld, D., Lohmann, U., Raga, G.B., O'Dowd, C.D., Kulmala, M., Fuzzi, S., Reissell, A. & Andreae, M.O. (2008) Flood or drought: how do aerosols affect precipitation? Science, 321, 1309-1313.
359. Saiz-Lopez, A., Plane, J.M.C., McFiggans, G., Williams, P.I., Ball, S.M., Bitter, M., Jones, R.L., Hongwei, C. & Hoffmann, T. (2006) Modelling molecular iodine emissions in a coastal marine environment: The link to new particle formation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 883-895.
360. Salma, I., Posfai, M., Kovacs, K., Kuzmann, E., Homonnay, Z. & Posta, J. (2009) Properties and sources of individual particles and some chemical species in the aerosol of a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3460-3466.
361. Salma, I., Borsos, T., Weidinger, T., Aalto, P., Hussein, T., Dal Maso, M. & Kulmala, M. (2011) Production, growth and properties of ultrafine atmospheric aerosol particles in an urban environment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 1339-1353.
362. Salmon, G.A. (1994) Chemical reactions in cloud droplets. In: Physico-chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants (G. Angeletti & G. Restelli, editors). European Commission Report (EUR 15609/2 EN), Brussels, pp. 854-863.
363. Salter, S., Sortino, G. & Latham, J. (2008) Sea-going hardware for the cloud albedo method of reversing global warming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, 13, 3989-4006.
364. Sattler, B., Puxbaum, H. & Psenner, R. (2001) Bacterial growth in supercooled cloud droplets. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 243-24 6 .
365. Saxena, P., Hildemann, L.M., McMurry, P.H. & Seinfeld, J.H. (1995) Organics alter hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 18,755-18,770.
366. Schnaiter, M., Gimmler, M., Llamas, I., Linke, C., Jager, C. & Mutschke, H. (2006) Strong spectral dependence of light absorption by organic carbon particles formed by propane combustion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 2981-2990.
367. Schnell, R.C. (1977) Ice nuclei in seawater, fog water and marine air off the coast of Nova Scotia: Summer 1975. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 1299-1305.
368. Schnell, R.C. & Vali, G. (1976) Biogenic ice nuclei: Part I. Terrestrial and marine sources. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 33, 1554-1564.
369. Schult, I., Feichter, J. & Cooke, W.F. (1997) Effect of black carbon and sulfate aerosols on the global radiation budget. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 30,107-30,117.
370. Schumann, U., Weinzierl, B., Reitebuch, O., Schlager, H., Minikin, A., Forster, C., Baumann, R., Sailer, T., Graf, K., Mannstein, H., Voigt, C., Rahm, S., Simmet, R., Scheibe, M., Lichtenstern, M., Stock, P., Ruba, H., Schauble, D., Tafferner, A., Rautenhaus, M., Gerz, T., Ziereis, H., Krautstrunk, M., Mallaun, C., Gayet, J.-F., Lieke, K., Kandler, K., Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., Stohl, A., Gasteiger, J., Gross, S., Freudenthaler, V., Wiegner, M., Ansmann, A., Tesche, M., Olafsson, H. & Sturm, K. (2011) Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 2245-2279.
371. Schutz, L. & Sebert, M. (1987) Mineral aerosols and source identification. Journal of Aerosol Science, 18, 1-1 0 .
372. Schwarz, J.P., Spackman, J.R., Fahey, D.W., Gao, R.S., Lohmann, U., Stier, P., Watts, L.A., Thomson, D.S., Lack, D.A., Pfister, L., Mahoney, M.J., Baumgardner, D., Wilson, J.C. & Reeves, J.M. (2008) Coatings and their enhancement of black carbon light absorption in the tropical atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D03203.
373. Seinfeld, J.H. & Pandis, S.N. (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From A ir Pollution to Climate Change. John Wiley, New York.
374. Semeniuk, T.A., Wise, M.E., Martin, S.T., Russell, L.M. & Buseck, P.R. (2007) Hygroscopic behavior of aerosol particles from biomass fires using environmental transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 56, 259-273.
375. Sheng, L.T., Fei, G.X., Sheng, A.Z. & Xiang, F.Y. (1981) The dust fall in Beijing, China on April 18, 1980. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 186, 149-15 7 .
376. Sheridan, P.J. (1989) Characterization of size segregated particles collected over Alaska and the Canadian high Arctic, AGASP-II flights 204-206. Atmospheric Environment, 23, 2371-2386.
377. Sheridan, P.J., Schnell, R.C., Kahl, J.D., Boatman, J.F. & Garvey, D.M. (1993) Microanalysis of the aerosol collected over south-central New Mexico during the ALIVE field experiment, May-December, 1989. Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 1169-1183.
378. Shulman, M.L., Jacobson, M.C., Carlson, R.J., Synovec, R.E. & Young, T.E. (1996) Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 277-280.
379. Sieburth, J.M. (1982) Microbiological and organo-chemical processes in the surface and mixed layers. In: Airsea Exchange of Gases and Particles (P.S. Liss & W.G.N. Slinn, editors). D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 121-17 2 .
380. Sievering, H., Boatman, J., Gorman, E., Kim, Y., Anderson, L., Ennis, G., Luria, M. & Pandis, S. (1992) Removal of sulfur from the marine boundary layer by ozone oxidation in sea-salt aerosol. Nature, 360, 571-573.
381. Sievering, H., Lerner, B., Slavich, J., Anderson, J., Posfai, M. & Cainey, J. (1999) O3 oxidation of SO2 in seasalt aerosol water: Size distribution of non-sea-salt sulfate during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 21,707-21,717.
382. Silva, L.F.O., Moreno, T. & Querol, X. (2009) An introductory TEM study of Fe-nanominerals within coal fly ash. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 4972-4974.
383. Sinha, B.W., Hoppe, P., Huth, J., Foley, S. & Andreae, M.O. (2008) Sulfur isotope analyses of individual aerosol particles in the urban aerosol at a central European site (Mainz, Germany). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8 , 7217-7238.
384. Skeie, R.B., Berntsen, T.K., Myhre, G., Tanaka, K., Kvalevag, M.M. & Hoyle, C.R. (2011) Anthropogenic radiative forcing time series from pre-industrial times until 2010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 11827-11857.
385. Skinner, C.W. (2013) Minerals and Human Health. In: Environmental Mineralogy II (D.J. Vaughan & R.A. Wogelius, editors). EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 13, European Mineralogical Union and the MineralogicalSociety of Great Britian & Ireland, pp. 441-484.
386. Smith, J.N., Dunn, M.J., VanReken, T.M., Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M.R., McMurry, P.H. & Huey, L.G. (2008) Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles formed from nucleation in Tecamac, Mexico: Evidence for an important role for organic species in nanoparticle growth. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L04808.
387. Smith, J.N., Barsantia, K.C., Friedlia, H.R., Ehnd, M., Kulmala, M., Collins, D.R., Scheckman, J.H., Williams, B.J. & McMurry, P.H. (2010) Observations of aminium salts in atmospheric nanoparticles and possible climatic implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107, 6634-6639.
388. Snider, J.R. & Vali, G. (1994) Sulfur dioxide oxidation in winter orographic clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 18,713-18,733.
389. Sokolik, I., Andronova, A. & Johnson, T.C. (1993) Complex refractive index of atmospheric dust aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 2495-2502.
390. Spracklen, D.V., Jimenez, J.L., Carslaw, K.S., Worsnop, D.R., Evans, M.J., Mann, G.W., Zhang, Q., Canagaratna, M.R., Allan, J., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Rap, A. & Forster, P. (2011) Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 12109-12136.
391. Stern, D.I. (2005) Global sulfur emissions from 1850 to 2000. Chemosphere, 58, 163-175.
392. Stoddard, J.L., Jeffries, D.S., Lukewille, A., Clair, T.A., Dillon, P.J., Driscoll, C.T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J.S., Kellogg, J.H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D.T., Murdoch, P.S., Patrick, S., Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvlle, B.L., Stainton, M.P., Traaen, T., Van Dam, H., Webster, K.E., Wieting, J. & Wilander, A. (1999) Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe. Nature, 401, 575-578.
393. Sturges, W.T., Harrison, R.M. & Barrie, L.A. (1989) Semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of size fractionated atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environment, 23, 1083-1098.
394. Sullivan, R.C. & Prather, K.A. (2005) Recent advances in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry and climate made possible by on-line aerosol analysis instrumentation. Analytical Chemistry, 77, 3861-3885.
395. Tang, I.N. (1996) Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols on light scattering coefficients. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,245-19,250.
396. Tang, I.N. & Munkelwitz, H.R. (1993) Composition and temperature dependence of the deliquescence properties of hygroscopic aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 27A, 467-473.
397. Tegen, I. & Fung, I. (1994) Modeling of mineral dust in the atmosphere: Sources, transport, and optical thickness. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 22,89-22,914.
398. Tegen, I. & Fung, I. (1995) Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 18,707-18,726.
399. Tegen, I., Lacis, A.A. & Fung, I. (1996) The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature, 380, 419-422.
400. Tegen, I., Werner, M., Harrison, S.P. & Kohfeld, K.E. (2004) Relative importance of climate and land use in determining present and future global soil dust emission. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L05105.
401. Ten Hoeve, J.E., Jacobson, M.Z. & Remer, L.A. (2012) Comparing results from a physical model with satellite and in situ observations to determine whether biomass burning aerosols over the Amazon brighten or burn off clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D08203.
402. Tinsley, B.A., Rohrbaugh, R.P., Hei, M. & Beard, K.V. (2000) Effects of image charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets and on droplet charging and possible ice nucleation processes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57, 2118-2134.
403. Tivanski, A.V., Hopkins, R.J., Tyliszczak, T. & Gilles, M.K. (2007) Oxygenated interface on biomass burn tar balls determined by single particle scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry A , 111, 5448-5458.
404. Topping, D.O., Barley, M.H. & McFiggans, G. (2011) The sensitivity of Secondary Organic Aerosol component partitioning to the predictions of component properties-Part 2: Determination of particle hygroscopicity and its dependence on "apparent" volatility. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 7767-7779.
405. Topping, D.O., McFiggans, G.B., Kiss, G., Varga, Z., Facchini, M.C., Decesari, S. & Mircea, M. (2007) Surface tensions of multi-component mixed inorganic/organic aqueous systems of atmospheric significance: Measurements, model predictions and importance for cloud activation predictions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 2371-2398.
406. Tsigaridis, K. & Kanakidou, M. (2007) Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 4682-4692.
407. Turn, S.Q., Jenkins, B.M., Chow, J.C., Pritchett, L.C., Campbell, D., Cahill, T. & Whalen, S.A. (1997) Elemental characterization of particulate matter emitted from biomass burning: Wind tunnel derived source profiles for herbaceous and wood fuels. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3683-3699.
408. Turpin, B.J. & Lim, H.J. (2001) Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass. Aerosol Science and Technology, 35, 602-610.
409. Twohy, C.H., Kreidenweis, S.M., Eidhammer, T., Browell, E.V., Heymsfield, A.J., Bansemer, A.R., Anderson, B.E., Chen, G., Ismail, S., DeMott, P.J. & Van Den Heever, S.C. (2009) Saharan dust particles nucleate droplets in eastern Atlantic clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L01807.
410. Twomey, S. (1977) Atmospheric aerosols. Elsevier, New York.
411. Uematsu, M., Duce, R.A., Prospero, J.M., Chen, L., Merrill, J.T. & McDonald, R.L. (1983) Transport of mineral aerosol from Asia over the North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 8 8 , 5343-5352.
412. Vali, G. (1985) Atmospheric ice nucleation-a review. Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques, 19, 105-115.
413. van Poppel, L.H., Friedrich, H., Spinsby, J., Chung, S.H., Seinfeld, J.H. & Buseck, P.R. (2005) Electron tomography of nanoparticle clusters: Implications for atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcing of soot. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 1-4 .
414. Vander Wal, R.L., Bryg, V.M. & Hays, M.D. (2010) Fingerprinting soot (towards source identification). Physical structure and chemical composition. Aerosol Science, 41, 108-117.
415. Virkkula, A., Teinila, K., Hillamo, R., Kerminen, V.-M., Saarikoski, S., Aurela, M., Viidanoja, J., Paatero, J., Koponen, I.K. & Kulmala, M. (2006) Chemical composition of boundary layer aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean and at an Antarctic site. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6 , 3407-3421.
416. Vogt, R., Sander, R., Von Glasow, R. & Crutzen, P.J. (1999) Iodine chemistry and its role in halogen activation and ozone loss in the marine boundary layer: A model study. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 32, 375-395.
417. Volz, F.E. (1983) Infrared optical constants of aerosols at some locations. Applied Optics, 22, 3690-3700.
418. Wang, J., Jacob, D.J. & Martin, S.T. (2008) Sensitivity of sulfate direct climate forcing to the hysteresis of particle phase transitions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D11206.
419. Washington, R. & Todd, M.C. (2005) Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodele Depression, Chad: the role of the low level jet. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L17701.
420. Wayne, R.P. (1991) Chemistry of atmospheres. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
421. Weast, R.C. (1987) Physical constants of organic compounds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
422. Weber, R.J., McMurry, P.H., Mauldin, L., Tanner, D.J., Eisele, F.L., Brechtel, F.J., Kreidenweis, S.M., Kok, G.L., Schillawski, R.D. & Baumgardner, D. (1998) A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species measured during ACE 1. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 16,385-16,396.
423. Wentzel, M., Gorzawski, H., Naumann, K.H., Saathoff, H. & Weinbruch, S. (2003) Transmission electron microscopical and aerosol dynamical characterization of soot aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science, 34, 1347-1370.
424. Whitby, K.T. (1978) The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 12, 135-159.
425. Wild, M. (2009) Global dimming and brightening: a review. Journal ofGeophysical Research, 114, D00D16.
426. Wild, M., Gilgen, H., Roesch, A., Ohmura, A., Long, C.N., Dutton, E.C., Forgan, B., Kallis, A., Russak, V. & Tsvetkov, A. (2005) From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at earth's surface. Science, 308, 847-850.
427. Winiwarter, W., Bauer, H., Caseiro, A. & Puxbaum, H. (2009) Quantifying emissions of primary biological aerosol particle mass in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1403-1409.
428. Winter, B. & Chylek, P. (1997) Contribution of sea salt aerosol to the planetary clear-sky albedo. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 49B, 7 2-7 9 .
429. Wise, M.E., Biskos, G., Martin, S.T., Russell, L.M. & Buseck, P.R. (2005) Phase transitions of single salt particles studied using a transmission electron microscope with an environmental cell. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39, 849-856.
430. Wise, M.E., Semeniuk, T.A., Bruintjes, R., Martin, S.T., Russell, L.M. & Buseck, P.R. (2007) Hygroscopic behavior of NaCl-bearing natural aerosol particles using environmental transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D10224.
431. Wogelius, R.A. & Vaughan, D.J. (2013) Analytical, experimental, and computational methods in environmental mineralogy. In: Environmental Mineralogy II (D.J. Vaughan & R.A. Wogelius, editors). EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 13, European Mineralogical Union and the MineralogicalSociety of Great Britian & Ireland, pp. 5-1 0 2 .
432. Wojcik, G.S. & Chang, J.S. (1997) A re-evaluation of sulfur budgets, lifetimes, and scavenging ratios for eastern North America. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 26, 109-145.
433. Woodcock (1972) Smaller salt particles in oceanic air and bubble behavior in the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77, 362-371.
434. Xhoffer, C., Jacob, W. & Van Grieken, R. (1989) Application of electron energy loss spectroscopy to aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20, 1617-1619.
435. Yoshioka, M., Mahowald, N., Dufresne, J.-L. & Lou, C. (2005) Simulation of absorbing aerosol indices for African dust. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1-2 2 .
436. Yu, J., Griffin, R.J., Cocker, D.R., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H. & Blanchard, P. (1999) Observation of gaseous and particulate products of monoterpene oxidation in forest atmospheres. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1145.
437. Yuan, H., Zhuang, G., Rahn, K.A., Zhang, X. & Li, Y. (2006) Composition and mixing of individual particles in dust and nondust conditions of North China, spring 2002. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20208.
438. Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.C., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H.-C., Rosman, K. & Zebuhr, Y. (1999) Inorganic, organic and macromolecular components of fine aerosol in different areas of Europe in relation to their water solubility. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 2733-2743.
439. Zhang, D., Iwasaka, Y., Shi, G., Zang, J., Matsuki, A. & Trochkine, D. (2003) Mixture state and size of Asian dust particles collected at southwestern Japan in spring 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, ACH 9-1-A CH 9-12.
440. Zhang, R., Khalizov, A., Wang, L., Hu, M. & Xu, W. (2012a) Nucleation and growth of nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Chemical Reviews, 112, 1957-2011.
441. Zhang, H., Shen, Z., Wei, X., Zhang, M. & Li, Z. (2012b) Comparison of optical properties of nitrate and sulfate aerosol and the direct radiative forcing due to nitrate in China. Atmospheric Research, 113, 113-125.
442. Zhang, R., Suh, I., Zhao, J., Zhang, D., Fortner, E.C., Tie, X., Molina, L.T. & Molina, M.J. (2004) Atmospheric new particle formation enhanced by organic acids. Science, 304, 1487-1490.
443. Zhao, T.L., Gong, S.L., Zhang, X.Y. & Jaffe, D.A. (2008) Asian dust storm influence on North American ambient PM levels: observational evidence and controlling factors. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8 , 2717-2728.
444. Zhuang, G., Yi, Z., Duce, R.A. & Brown, P.R. (1992) Link between iron and sulfur cycles suggested by detection of Fe(II) in remote marine aerosols. Nature, 355, 537-53 9 .