Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 2-1-2-31

  Prospero, Joseph M ^a   Ginoux, Paul ^b   Torres, Omar ^c   Nicholson, Sharon E ^d   Gill, Thomas E ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^d FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Texas Tech University   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Mineral dust; Remote sensing; Soils; TOMS

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE; DUST; REMOTE SENSING; SOIL; SOURCE PARAMETERS; TOMS;

EID: 0036523876     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000RG000095     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Ackerman, S. A., Remote sensing aerosols using satellite infrared observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17,069-17,079, 1997.
2. Ackerman, S. A., and S. K. Cox, Surface weather observations of atmospheric dust over the southeast summer monsoon region, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 41, 19-34, 1989.
3. Adetunji, J., J. McGregor, and C. K. Ong, Harmattan haze, Weather, 34, 430-436, 1979.
4. Arimoto, R., Eolian dust and climate: Relationships to sources, tropospheric chemistry, transport and deposition, Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 29-42, 2001.
5. Arimoto, R., R. A. Duce, B. J. Ray, W. G. Ellis Jr., J. D. Cullen, and J. T. Merrill, Trace elements in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1199-1214, 1995.
6. Arimoto, R., R. A. Duce, D. L. Savoie, J. M. Prospero, R. Talbot, J. D. Cullen, U. Tomza, N. F. Lewis, and B. J. Ray, Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2011-2024, 1996.
7. Bach, A. J., A. J. Brazel, and N. Lancaster, Temporal and spatial aspects of blowing dust in the Mojave and Colorado deserts of southern California, 1973-1994, Phys. Geogr., 17, 329-353, 1996.
8. Blank, R. R., J. A. Young, and F. L. Allen, Aeolian dust in a saline playa environment, Nevada, USA, J. Arid Environ., 41, 365-381, 1999.
9. Bond, A. R., P. P. Micklin, and M. J. Sagers, Lake Balkhash dwindling, becoming increasingly saline, Post Soviet Geogr., 33, 131-134, 1992.
10. Bridges, E. M., World Geomorphology, 260, pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
11. Briere, P. R., Playa, playa lake, sabkha: Proposed definitions for old terms, J. Arid Environ., 45, 1-7, 2000.
12. Cahill, T. A., T. E. Gill, J. S. Reid, E. A. Gearhart, and D. A. Gillete, Saltating particles, playa crusts and dust aerosols at Owens (dry) Lake, California, Earth Surf. Processes Land-forms, 21, 621-639, 1996.
13. Callot, Y., B. Marticorena, and G. Bergametti, Geomorphologic approach for modelling the surface features of arid environments in a model of dust emissions: Application to the Sahara desert, Geodin. Acta, 13(5), 245-270, 2000.
14. Chen, W., D. W. Fryrear, and Z. Yang, Dust fall in the Takla Makan desert of China, Phys. Geogr., 20, 189-224, 1999.
15. Chiapello, I., J. M. Prospero, J. R. Herman, and N. C. Hsu, Detection of mineral dust over the North Atlantic Ocean and Africa with the Nimbus 7 TOMS, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9277-9292, 1999.
16. Chorowicz, J., and J. Fabre, Organization of drainage networks from space imagery in the Tanezrouft Plateau (western Sahara): Implications for recent intracratonic deformations, Geomorphology, 21, 139-151, 1997.
17. Coe, M. T., and J. A. Foley, Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the Lake Chad basin, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3349-3356, 2001.
18. Cooke, H. J., and T. Verstappen, The landforms of the western Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana, with a consideration of the chronology of the evolution of Lake Paleo-Makgadikgadi, Z. Geomorph., 28, 1-19, 1984.
19. Cornet, C., Middle Pleistocene hydrographic network on the Daoura Hamada (western Sahara) and consequences of its recent evolution, Rev. Geomorph. Dyn., 39, 39-45, 1990.
20. De Angelis, M., N. J. Barkov, and V. N. Petrov, Sources of continental dust over Antarctica during the last glacial cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 233-244, 1992.
21. Dentener, F. J., G. R. Carmichael, Y. Zhang, J. Lelieveld, and P. J. Crutzen, Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,869-22,889, 1996.
22. Dickerson, R. R., S. Kondragunta, G. Stenchikov, K. L. Civerolo, B. G. Doddridge, and B. N. Holben, The impact of aerosols on solar ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog, Science, 278, 827-830, 1997.
23. Dong, Z., X. Wang, and, L. Liu, Wind erosion in semiarid China: An overview, J. Soil Water Conserv., 55, 439-444, 2000.
24. Duce, R. A., Sources, distributions, and fluxes of mineral aerosols and their relationship to climate, in Dahlem Workshop on Aerosol Forcing of Climate, edited by R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, pp. 43-72, John Wiley, New York, 1995.
25. Duce, R. A., et al., The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 193-259, 1991.
26. Dulhunty, J. A., Holocene sedimentary environments in Lake Eyre, south Australia, J. Geol. Soc. Aust., 29, 437-442, 1982.
27. El-Sayed, M. I., Tidal flat rocks and sediments along the eastern coast of the United Arab Emirates, Carb. Evaporites, 14, 106-120, 1999.
28. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica CD 2000 Deluxe Edition 1994-2000, Chicago, III., 2000.
29. Ervin, R. T., and J. A. Lee, Impact of conservation practices on airborne dust in the southern High Plains of Texas, J. Soil Water Conserv., 49, 430-437, 1994.
30. Eugster, H. P., and G. Maglione, Brines and evaporites of the Lake Chad basin, Africa, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 43, 973-981, 1979.
31. Evans, G., C. G. S. C. Kendall, and P. Skipwith, Origin of the coastal flats, the sabkha, of the Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf, Nature, 202, 759-761, 1964.
32. Falkowski, P. G., R. T. Barber, and V. Smetacek, Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production, Science, 281, 200-206, 1998.
33. Ferrer, J. A., F. X. Pereyra, and D. Villegas, Landforms and soils in the Traful River Valley, Neuquen Province, Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent., 54, 270-280, 1999.
34. Fung, I., S. Meyn, I. Tegen, S. C. Doney, J. John, and J. K. B. Bishop, Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 281-296, 2000.
35. Gao, Y., Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanre, D. Kolber, and P. G. Falkowski, Seasonal distributions of aeolian iron fluxes to the global ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 29-32, 2001.
36. Gaudichet, A., M. De Angelis, S. Joussaume, J. R. Petit, Y. W. Korotkevitch, and V. N. Petrov, Comments on the origin of dust in East Antarctica for present and ice age conditions, J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 129-142, 1992.
37. Gill, T. E., Eolian sediments generated by anthropogenic disturbances of playas: Human impacts on the geomorphic system and geomorphic impacts on the human system, Geomorphology, 17, 207-228, 1996.
38. Gill, T. E., D. L. Westphal, G. Stephens, and R. E. Peterson, Integrated assessment of regional dust transport from west Texas and New Mexico, spring 1999, paper presented at 11th Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Long Beach, Calif., 2000.
39. Gillette, D. A., Production of dust that may be carried great distances, in Desert Dust: Origin, Characteristics, and Effect on Man, edited by T. L. Pewe, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 86, 11-26, 1981.
40. Gillette, D. A., A qualitative geophysical explanation for "hot spot" dust emitting source regions, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 72, 67-77, 1999.
41. Gillette, D. A., J. Adams, D. Muhs, and R. Kihl, Threshold friction velocities and rupture moduli for crusted desert soils for the input of soil particles into the air, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9003-9015, 1982.
42. Gillette, D. A., E. Hardebeck, and J. Parker, Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Owens Lake, 2, Role of roughness change, particle limitation, change of threshold friction velocity, and the Owen effect, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,989-25,998, 1997.
43. Gillette, D. A., B. Marticorena, and G. Bergametti, Change in the aerodynamic roughness height by saltating grains: Experimental assessment, test of theory, and operational parameterization, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6203-6210, 1998.
44. Gillette, D. A., T. C. Niemeyer, and P. J. Helm, Supply-limited horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted, unvegetated saline playa, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18,085-18,098, 2001.
45. Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S.-J. Lin. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20,255-20,274, 2001.
46. Golitsyn, G., and D. A. Gillette, Introduction: A joint Soviet-American experiment for the study of Asian desert dust and its impact on local meteorological conditions and climate, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 27, 2467-2470, 1993.
47. Goudie, A. S., Dust storms in space and time, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 7, 502-530, 1983.
48. Goudie, A. S., Climate, past and present, in The Physical Geography of Africa, edited by W. M. Adams, A. S. Goudie, and A. R. Orme, pp. 44-59, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
49. Goudie, A. S., and N. J. Middleton, The changing frequency of dust storms through time, Clim. Change, 20, 197-225, 1992.
50. Goudie, A. S., and G. L. Wells, The nature, distribution, and formation of pans in arid areas, Earth Sci. Rev., 38, 1-69, 1995.
51. Grayson, D. K., The Desert's Past: A Natural History of the Great Basin, 356 pp., Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D. C., 1993.
52. Greeley, R., P. Christensen, and R. Carrasco, Shuttle radar images of wind streaks in the Altiplano, Bolivia, Geology, 17, 665-668, 1989.
53. Grunert, J., R. Baumhauer, and J. Volkel, Lacustrine sediments and Holocene climates in the southern Sahara: The example of paleolakes in the Grand Erg of Bilma (Zoo Baba and Dibella, eastern Niger), J. Afr. Earth Sci., 12, 133-146, 1991.
54. Guelle, W., Y. J. Balkanski, M. Schulz, B. Marticorena, G. Bergametti, C. Moulin, R. Arimoto, and K. D. Perry, Modeling the atmospheric distribution of mineral aerosol: Comparison with ground measurements and satellite observations for yearly and synoptic timescales over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1997-2012, 2000.
55. Guerzoni, S., and R. Chester (Eds), The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean, 389 pp., Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1996.
56. Hao, W. M., and M-H. Liu, Spatial and temporal distribution of tropical biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 495-503, 1994.
57. Harrison, S. P., K. E. Kohfeld, C. Roelandt, and T. Claquin, The role of dust in climate changes today, at the Last Glacial Maximum and in the future, Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 43-80, 2001.
58. Hawley, J. W., B. J. Hibbs, J. F. Kennedy, B. J. Creel, M. D. Remmenga, M. Johnson, M. M. Lee, and P. Dinterman, Trans-international boundary aquifers in southwestern New Mexico, Rep. X-996350-01-03, N. M. Water Resour. Res. Inst., Las Cruces, 2000.
59. Haywood, J., and O. Boucher, Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513-543, 2000.
60. Heintzenberg, J., D. C. Covert, and R. Van Dingenen, Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: A compilation and review, Tellus, Ser. B, 52, 1104-1122, 2000.
61. Herman, J. R., and E. A. Celarier, Earth surface reflectivity climatology at 340-380 nm from TOMS data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,003-28,012, 1997.
62. Herman, J. R., P. K. Bhartia, O. Torres, C. Hsu, C. Seftor, and E. Celarier, Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus-7/TOMS data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,911-16,922, 1997.
63. Hermann, L., K. Stahr, and R. Jahn, The importance of source region identification and their properties for soil derived dust: The case of Harmattan dust sources for eastern West Africa, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 72, 141-150, 1999.
64. Hildebrand's Travel Map, United Arab Emirates, Oman, scale 1:1,500,000, Karto+Grafik, Frankfurt, Germany, 1996.
65. Hsu, N. C., J. R. Herman, P. K. Bhartia, C. J. Seftor, O. Torres, A. M. Thompson, J. F. Gleason, T. F. Eck, and B. N. Holben, Detection of biomass burning smoke from TOMS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 745-748, 1996.
66. Hsu, N. C., J. R. Herman, O. Torres, B. N. Holben, D. Tanre, T. F. Eck, A. Smirnov, B. Chatenet, and F. Lavenu, Comparisons of the TOMS aerosol index with Sun-photometer aerosol optical thickness: Results and applications, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6269-6280, 1999.
67. Husar, R. B., J. M. Prospero, and L. L. Stowe, Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16, 889-16,909, 1997.
68. Husar, R. B., J. D. Husar, and L. Martin, Distribution of continental surface aerosols extinction based on visual range data, Atmos. Environ., 34, 5067-5078, 2000.
69. Husar, R. B., et al., Asian dust events of April 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18,317-18,330, 2001.
70. Iglesias, A. N., Wind erosion, desertification and productivity crisis in the livestock economy of Patagonia: The case of the province of Santa Cruz, Estud, Geograf., 53, 4470-4479, 1992.
71. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., 881 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001.
72. Iriondo, M., Patagonian dust in Antarctica, Quat, Int., 68, 83-86, 2000.
73. Kalu, A. E., The African dust plume: Its characteristics and propagation across West African in winter, in Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, and Deposition, SCOPE 14, edited by C. Morales, pp. 95-118, John Wiley, New York, 1979.
74. Knight, A. W., G. H. McTainsh, and R. W. Simpson, Sediment loads in an Australian dust storm: Implications for present and past dust processes, Catena, 24, 195-213, 1995.
75. Kohfeld, K. E., and S. P. Harrison, DIRTMAP: The geological record of dust, Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 81-114, 2001.
76. Lancaster, N., Geomorphology of Desert Dunes, 279 pp., Routledge, New York, 1995.
77. Lancaster, N., Desert environments, in The Physical Geography of Africa, edited by W. M. Adams, A. S. Goudie, and A. R. Orme, pp. 211-237, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
78. Levin, Z., E. Ganor, and V. Gladstein, The effects of desert particles coated with sulfate on rain formation in the eastern Mediterranean, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 1511-1523, 1996.
79. Levine, R. M., Mineral Industry of U.S.S.R., Miner. Yearbk., 3, 789-790, 1988.
80. Lev-Yadun, S., A. Gopher, and S. Abbo, The cradle of agriculture, Science, 288, 1602-1603, 2000.
81. Li, X., H. Maring, D. Savoie, K. Voss, and J. M. Prospero, Dominance of mineral dust in aerosol light scattering in the North Atlantic trade winds, Nature, 380, 416-419, 1996.
82. Littmann, T., Dust storm frequency in Asia: Climatic control and variability, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 393-412, 1991.
83. Liu, M., D. L. Westphal, T. R. Holt, and Q. Xu, Numerical simulation of a low-level jet over the complex terrain in southern Iran, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1309-1327, 2000.
84. Macmillan, Planet Earth McMillan World Atlas, Macmillan, New York, 1997.
85. Maenhaut, W., I. Salma, J. Cafmeyer, H. J. Annegarn, and M. O. Andrae, Regional atmospheric aerosol composition and sources in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa, and impact of biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,631-23,650, 1996.
86. Mahowald, N., K. Kohfeld, M. Hansson, Y. Balkanski, S. P. Harrison, I. C. Prentice, M. Schulz, and H. Rodhe, Dust sources and deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15,895-15,916, 1999.
87. Marticorena, B., G. Bergametti, D. Gillette, and J. Belknap, Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,277-23,288, 1997a.
88. Marticorena, B., G. Bergametti, B. Aumont, Y. Callot, C. N'Doumé, and M. Legrand, Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle, 2, Simulation of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4387-4404, 1997b.
89. Mayewski, P. A., et al., Climate change during the last glaciation in Antarctica, Science, 272, 1636-1638, 1996.
90. Mbourou, G. N., J. J. Bertrand, and S. E. Nicholson, The diurnal and seasonal cycles of wind-borne dust over Africa north of the equator, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36,868-882, 1997.
91. McTainsh, G. H., and A. W. Lynch, Quantitative estimates of the effect of climate change on dust storm activity in Australia during the Last Glacial Maximum, Geomorphology, 17, 263-271, 1996.
92. McTainsh, G. H., and J. R. Pitblado, Dust storms and related phenomena measured from meteorological records in Australia, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 12, 415-424, 1987.
93. McTainsh, G. H., and P. H. Walker, Nature and distribution of Harmattan dust, Z. Geomorph., 26, 417-435, 1982.
94. Measures, C. I., and S. Vink, On the use of dissolved aluminum in surface waters to estimate dust deposition to the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 317-328, 2000.
95. Michaels, A. F., D. Olson, J. L. Sarmineto, J. W. Ammerman, K. Fanning, R. Jahnke, A. H. Knap, F. Lipschultz, and J. M. Prospero, Inputs, losses and transformations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pelagic North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeochemistry, 35, 181-226, 1996.
96. Middleton, N. J., Dust storms in Australia: Frequency, distribution and seasonality, Search, 15, 46-47, 1984.
97. Middleton, N. J., Dust storms in the Middle East, J. Arid Environ., 10, 83-96, 1986a.
98. Middleton, N. J., A geography of dust storms in south-west Asia, J. Climatol., 6, 183-196, 1986b.
99. Middleton, N. J., Desertification and wind erosion in the western Sahel: The example of Mauritania, Sch. Geogr. Res. Pap. 40, 26 pp., Oxford Univ., Oxford, UK, 1987.
100. Middleton, N. J., Climatic controls on the frequency, magnitude and distribution of dust storms: Examples from India/ Pakistan, Mauritania and Mongolia, in Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, edited by M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein, pp. 97-132, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989.
101. Middleton, N. J., Dust storms in the Mongolian People's Republic, J. Arid Environ., 20, 287-297, 1991.
102. Middleton, N. J., and A. S. Goudie, Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories, Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 26, 165-181, 2001.
103. Middleton, N. J., and D. S. G. Thomas (Eds.), World Atlas of Desertification, 66, pp., Edward Arnold, London, 1992.
104. Middleton, N. J., A. S. Goudie, and G. L. Wells, The frequency and source areas of dust storms, in Aeolian Geomorphology, edited by W. G. Nickling, pp. 237-259, Allen and Unwin, New York, 1986.
105. Miller, R. L., and I. Tegen, Climate response to soil dust aerosols, J. Clim., 11, 3247-3267, 1998.
106. Mortimore, M., Roots in the African Dust: Sustaining the Sub-Saharan Drylands, 219 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1998.
107. Moulin, C., C. E. Lambert, F. Dulac, and U. Dayan, Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic Oscillation, Nature, 387, 691-694, 1997.
108. Moulin, C., et al., Satellite climatology of African dust transport in the Mediterranean atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,137-13,143, 1998.
109. Mukai, H., Y. Ambe, K. Shibata, T. Muku, K. Takeshita, T. Fukuma, J. Takahashi, and S. Mizota, Long-term variation of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol of the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 24, 1379-1390, 1990.
110. Nicholson, S., Land surface processes and Sahel climate, Rev. Geophys, 38, 117-139, 2000.
111. Nicholson, S. E., C. J. Tucker, and M. B. Ba, Desertification, drought and surface vegetation: An example from the West African Sahel, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 815-829, 1998.
112. Nicholson, S. E., B. Some, and B. Kone, A note on recent rainfall conditions in West Africa, including the rainy season of the 1997 ENSO year, J. Clim., 13, 2628-2640, 2000.
113. Nickling, W. G., G. H. McTainsh, and J. F. Leys, Dust emissions from the Channel Country of western Queensland, Australia, Z. Geomorphol. Supp., 116, 1-17, 1999.
114. Pachur, H. J., Lake Ptolemy in western Nubia as an indicator of paleoclimate, Petermanns Geogr. Mittel., 141, 227-250, 1997.
115. Perry, K. D., T. A. Cahill, R. A. Eldred, D. D. Dutcher, and T. E. Gill, Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11,225-11,238, 1997.
116. Pinty, B., M. M. Verstraete, and N. Gobron, Do man-made fires affect Earth's surface reflectance at continental scales?, Eos Trans. AGU, 81, 381, 388-389, 2000.
117. Prospero, J. M., Aeolian transport to the World Ocean, in The Sea, vol. 7, The Oceanic Lithosphere, edited by C. Emiliani, pp. 801-974, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981.
118. Prospero, J. M., Records of past climates in deep sea sediments, Nature, 315, 279-280, 1985.
119. Prospero, J. M., The atmospheric transport of particles to the ocean, in Particle Flux in the Ocean, edited by V. Ittekkott, S. Honjo, and P. J. Depetris, SCOPE Rep. 57, pp. 19-52, John Wiley, New York, 1996a.
120. Prospero, J. M., Saharan dust transport over the North Atlantic ocean and Mediterranean: An overview, in The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean, edited by S. Guerzoni and R. Chester, pp. 133-151, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1996b.
121. Prospero, J. M., Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15,917-15,927, 1999.
122. Prospero, J. M., and R. T. Nees, Impact of the North African drought and El Niño on mineral dust in the Barbados trade winds, Nature, 320, 735-738, 1986.
123. Prospero, J. M., R. A. Glaccum, and R. T. Nees, Atmospheric transport of soil dust from Africa to South America, Nature, 289, 570-572, 1981.
124. Prospero, J. M., M. Uematsu, and D. L. Savoie, Mineral aerosol transport to the Pacific Ocean, in Chemical Oceanography, vol. 10, edited by J. P. Riley, R. Chester and R. A. Duce, pp. 188-218, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1989.
125. Pye, K., Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits, 334 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
126. Pye, K., Processes of fine particle formation, dust source regions, and climatic changes, in Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, edited by M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein, pp. 3-30, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989.
127. Quarmby, N. A., J. R. G. Townshend, A. C. Millington, K. White, and A. J. Reading, Monitoring sediment transport systems in a semiarid area using Thematic Mapper data, Remote Sens. Environ., 28, 305-315, 1989.
128. Ramsperger, B., L. Herrmann, and K. Stahr, Dust characteristics and source-sink relations in eastern West Africa (SW-Niger and Benin) and South America (Argentinian Pampas), Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk., 161, 357-363, 1998a.
129. Ramsperger, B., N. Peinemann, and K. Stahr, Deposition rates and characteristics of aeolian dust in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions of the Argentinian Pampa, J. Arid Environ., 39, 467-476, 1998b.
130. Rand McNally, The Great Geographical Atlas, Skokie, I11., 1991.
131. Rand McNally, New Millennium World Atlas Deluxe [CDROM], Skokie, III., 1998.
132. Rea, D. K., The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: The geologic history of wind, Rev. Geophys., 32, 159-195, 1994.
133. Reader, M. C., I. Fung, and N. McFarlane, The mineral dust aerosol cycle during the Last Glacial Maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9381-9398, 1999.
134. Rebillard, P., and J. L. Ballais, Surficial deposits of two Algerian playas as seen on SIR-A, Seasat and Landsat coregistered data (Chotts Merouan and Melrhir, Sahara), Z. Geomorphol., 28, 483-498, 1984.
135. Reheis, M., Dust Deposition downwind of Owens (dry) Lake, 1991-1994: preliminary findings, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25, 999-26,008, 1997.
136. Reheis, M. C., and R. Kihl, Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984-1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8893-8918, 1995.
137. Reheis, M. C., J. C. Goodmacher, J. W. Harden, L. D. McFadden, T. K. Rockwell, R. R. Shroba, J. M. Sowers, and E. M. Taylor, Quaternary soils and dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1003-1022, 1995.
138. Ringrose, S., The geomorphological context of calcrete deposition in the Dalmore Downs area, Northern Territory, Australia, J. Arid, Environ., 33, 291-307, 1996.
139. Rognon, P., G. Coude-Gaussen, G. Bergametti, and L. Gomes, Relationships between the characteristics of soils, the wind energy and dust near the ground, in the western sandsea (N.W. Sahara), in Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, edited by M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein, pp. 167-184, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989.
140. Rosen, M. R., The importance of groundwater in playas: A review of playa classifications and the sedimentology and hydrology of playas, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 289, 1-18, 1994.
141. Satchell, J. E., M. D. Mountford, and W. M. Brown, A land classification of the United Arab Emirates, J. Arid Environ., 4, 275-285, 1981.
142. Satheesh, S. K., V. Ramanathan, X. Li-Jones, J. M. Lobert, I. A. Podgorny, J. M. Prospero, B. N. Holben, and N. G. Loeb, A model for the natural and anthropogenic aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean derived from Indian Ocean Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 27,421-27,440, 1999.
143. Savoie, D. L., J. M. Prospero, and R. T. Nees, Nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate, and mineral aerosol over the northwestern Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 933-942, 1987.
144. Schmidt, R. H., Jr., and R. A. Marston, Los Medanos de Samalayuca, Chihuahua, Mexico, N. M. J. Sci, 21 (2), 21-27, 1981.
145. Schroeder, J. H., Eolian dust in the coastal desert of Sudan: Aggregates cemented by evaporates, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 3, 371-380, 1985.
146. Schulz, M., Y. J. Balkanski, W. Guelle, and F. Dulac, Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite-derived optical thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,579-10,592, 1998.
147. Servant, M., and S. Servant, Les formations lacustres et les diatomées du Quaternaire recent du fond de la cuvette tehadienne, Rev. Geogr. Phys. Geol. Dyn., 13(2), 6-76, 1970.
148. Shao, Y., and L. M. Leslie, Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 30,091-30,106, 1997.
149. Sokolik, I. N., and O. B. Toon, Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9423-9444, 1999.
150. Sokolik, I. N., D. M. Winker, G. Bergametti, D. A. Gillette, G. Carmichael, Y. Kaufman, L. Gomes, L. Schuetz, and J. E. Penner, Introduction to special section: Outstanding problems in quantifying the radiative impacts of mineral dust, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18,015-18,028, 2001.
151. Stone, R., Coming to grips with the Aral Sea's grim legacy, Science, 284, 30-33, 1999.
152. Strain, P., and F. Engle (Eds.), Looking at Earth, 304 pp., Turner, Atlanta, Ga., 1996.
153. Swap, R., M. Garstang, S. Greco, R. Talbot, and P. Kallberg, Sahara dust in the Amazon basin, Tellus, Ser. B, 44, 133-149, 1992.
154. Tegen, I., and I. Fung, Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,707-18,726, 1995.
155. Tegen, I., and R. Miller, A general circulation model study of the inter-annual variability of soil dusts aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25,975-25,995, 1998.
156. Tegen, I., A. A. Lacis, and I. Fung, The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils, Nature, 380, 419-422, 1996.
157. Tegen, I., P. Hollrig, M. Chin, I. Fung, D. Jacob, and J. Penner, Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,895-23,916, 1997.
158. Thomas, D. S. G., and N. J. Middleton (Eds.), Desertification: Exploding the Myth, 194 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1994.
159. Thomas, J. V., S. N. Rajaguru, A. K. Singhvi, A. Kar, A. J. Kailath, and N. Juyal, Late Pleistocene-Holocene history of aeolian accumulation in the Thar Desert, India, Z. Geomorphol. Supp., 116, 181-194, 1999.
160. Tindale, N. W., and P. P. Pease, Aerosols over the Arabian Sea: Atmospheric transport pathways and concentrations of dust and sea salt, Deep Sea Res., 46, 1577-1595, 1999.
161. Torres, O., P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman, Z. Ahmad, and J. Gleason, Deriviation of aerosol properties from a satellite measurements of backscattered ultraviolet radiation: Theoretical basis, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17,099-17,110, 1998.
162. Torres, O., P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman, A Sinyuk, P. Ginoux, and B. Holben, A long-term record of aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 398-413, 2002.
163. Tripathi, J. K., and V. Rajmani, Geochemistry of the loessic sediments on Delhi Ridge, eastern Thar Desert, Rajasthan: Implications for exogenic processes, Chem. Geol., 155, 265-278, 1999.
164. Uematsu, M., Distribution and characterization of Asian aerosols over the western North Pacific region, Global Environ. Res., 2, 39-45, 1998.
165. Varushchenko, A. N., S. A. Lukyanova, G. D. Solovieva, A. N. Kosarev, and A. V. Kurayev, Evolution of the Gulf of Kara-Bogaz-Gol in the past century, in Dynamic Earth Environments: Remote Sensing Observations from Shuttle- Mir Missions, edited by K. P. Lulla and L. V. Dessinov, pp. 201-210, John Wiley, New York, 2000.
166. Volkel, J., and J. Grunert, To the problem of dune formation and dune weathering during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the southern Sahara and Sahel, Z. Geomorphol., 34, 1-17, 1990.
167. Wurzler, S., T. G. Reisin, and Z. Levin, Modification of mineral dust particles by cloud processing and subsequent effects on drop size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4501-4512, 2000.
168. Xuan, J., G. Liu, and K. Du, Dust emission inventory in northern China, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4565-4570, 2000.
169. Yaalon, D. H., Saharan dust and desert loess: Effect on surrounding soils, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 6, 569-571, 1987.
170. Yung, Y. L., T. Lee, C.-H. Wang, and Y.-T. Shieh, Dust: A diagnostic of the hydrologic cycle during the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 271, 962-963, 1996.
171. Zhang, X. Y, R. Arimoto, Z. An, and S. Zhi, Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,041-28,047, 1997.