The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline vapor

Science

Volumn 276, Issue 5309, 1997, Pages 96-99

  Odum, J R ^a   Jungkamp, T P W ^a   Griffin, R J ^b   Flagan, R C ^b   Seinfeld, J H ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b California Institute of Technology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GASOLINE;

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; OXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER;

AEROSOL FORMATION; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; FUEL; HYDROCARBON; ORGANIC AEROSOL;

EID: 0030620559     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5309.96     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. J. Schwartz, D. W. Dockery, L. M. Neas, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46, 927 (1996); D. S. Shprentz, Breath Taking: Premature Mortality Due to Particulate Air Pollution in 239 American Cities (National Resources Defense Council, New York, 1996); C. A. Pope III, D. V. Bates, M. E. Raizenne, Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 472 (1995).
2. J. Schwartz, D. W. Dockery, L. M. Neas, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46, 927 (1996); D. S. Shprentz, Breath Taking: Premature Mortality Due to Particulate Air Pollution in 239 American Cities (National Resources Defense Council, New York, 1996); C. A. Pope III, D. V. Bates, M. E. Raizenne, Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 472 (1995).
3. J. Schwartz, D. W. Dockery, L. M. Neas, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46, 927 (1996); D. S. Shprentz, Breath Taking: Premature Mortality Due to Particulate Air Pollution in 239 American Cities (National Resources Defense Council, New York, 1996); C. A. Pope III, D. V. Bates, M. E. Raizenne, Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 472 (1995).
4. 2.5 (that is, particles of diameter less than 2.5 μm), is the respirable fraction of atmospheric particulate matter.
5. B. J. Turpin and J. J. Huntzicker, Atmos. Environ. A 25, 207 (1991); _, S. M. Larson, G. R. Cass, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1788 (1991).
6. B. J. Turpin and J. J. Huntzicker, Atmos. Environ. A 25, 207 (1991); _, S. M. Larson, G. R. Cass, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1788 (1991).
7. D. Grosjean, Atmos. Environ. A 26, 953 (1992); _and J. H. Seinfeld, Atmos. Environ. 23, 1733 (1989).
8. D. Grosjean, Atmos. Environ. A 26, 953 (1992); _and J. H. Seinfeld, Atmos. Environ. 23, 1733 (1989).
9. F. M. Bowman and J. H. Seinfeld, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 21, 387 (1995); A. Russell et al., Science 269, 491 (1995); J. G. Calvert, J. B. Heywood, R. F. Sawyer, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid. 261, 37 (1993); S. K. Hoekman, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1206 (1992).
10. F. M. Bowman and J. H. Seinfeld, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 21, 387 (1995); A. Russell et al., Science 269, 491 (1995); J. G. Calvert, J. B. Heywood, R. F. Sawyer, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid. 261, 37 (1993); S. K. Hoekman, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1206 (1992).
11. F. M. Bowman and J. H. Seinfeld, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 21, 387 (1995); A. Russell et al., Science 269, 491 (1995); J. G. Calvert, J. B. Heywood, R. F. Sawyer, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid. 261, 37 (1993); S. K. Hoekman, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1206 (1992).
12. F. M. Bowman and J. H. Seinfeld, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 21, 387 (1995); A. Russell et al., Science 269, 491 (1995); J. G. Calvert, J. B. Heywood, R. F. Sawyer, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid. 261, 37 (1993); S. K. Hoekman, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1206 (1992).
13. S. N. Pandis et al., Atmos. Environ. A 25, 997 (1991).
14. S. C. Wang et al., ibid. 26, 403 (1992).
15. S. Hatakeyama, K. Izumi, T. Fukuyama, H. Akimoto, N. Washida, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 947 (1991); K Izumi and T. Fukuyama, Atmos. Environ. A 24, 1433 (1990) ; J. E. Stern, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1224 (1987); M. W. Gery, D. L. Fox, H. E. Jeffries, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 17, 931 (1985); J. A. Leone, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid., p. 177; D. Grosjean, in Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977), chap. 3.
16. S. Hatakeyama, K. Izumi, T. Fukuyama, H. Akimoto, N. Washida, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 947 (1991); K Izumi and T. Fukuyama, Atmos. Environ. A 24, 1433 (1990) ; J. E. Stern, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1224 (1987); M. W. Gery, D. L. Fox, H. E. Jeffries, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 17, 931 (1985); J. A. Leone, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid., p. 177; D. Grosjean, in Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977), chap. 3.
17. S. Hatakeyama, K. Izumi, T. Fukuyama, H. Akimoto, N. Washida, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 947 (1991); K Izumi and T. Fukuyama, Atmos. Environ. A 24, 1433 (1990) ; J. E. Stern, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1224 (1987); M. W. Gery, D. L. Fox, H. E. Jeffries, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 17, 931 (1985); J. A. Leone, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid., p. 177; D. Grosjean, in Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977), chap. 3.
18. S. Hatakeyama, K. Izumi, T. Fukuyama, H. Akimoto, N. Washida, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 947 (1991); K Izumi and T. Fukuyama, Atmos. Environ. A 24, 1433 (1990) ; J. E. Stern, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1224 (1987); M. W. Gery, D. L. Fox, H. E. Jeffries, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 17, 931 (1985); J. A. Leone, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid., p. 177; D. Grosjean, in Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977), chap. 3.
19. S. Hatakeyama, K. Izumi, T. Fukuyama, H. Akimoto, N. Washida, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 947 (1991); K Izumi and T. Fukuyama, Atmos. Environ. A 24, 1433 (1990) ; J. E. Stern, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1224 (1987); M. W. Gery, D. L. Fox, H. E. Jeffries, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 17, 931 (1985); J. A. Leone, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid., p. 177; D. Grosjean, in Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977), chap. 3.
20. S. Hatakeyama, K. Izumi, T. Fukuyama, H. Akimoto, N. Washida, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 947 (1991); K Izumi and T. Fukuyama, Atmos. Environ. A 24, 1433 (1990) ; J. E. Stern, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1224 (1987); M. W. Gery, D. L. Fox, H. E. Jeffries, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 17, 931 (1985); J. A. Leone, R. C. Flagan, D. Grosjean, J. H. Seinfeld, ibid., p. 177; D. Grosjean, in Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977), chap. 3.
21. R. A. Harley, M. P. Hannigan, G. R. Cass, Atmos. Environ. A 26, 2395 (1992).
22. J. R. Odum et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2580 (1996).
23. 2 was always set at 2.
24. -3.
25. J. F. Pankow, Atmos. Environ. A 28, 185 (1994).
26. o is the concentration of the absorbing organic aerosol.
27. 3, from reformulated gasoline, various other alternative fuels, and developments in automotive technology. V. R. Burns et al., SAE Tech. Pap. 912320 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1991); A. M. Hochhauser et al., SAE Tech. Pap. 912322 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1991).
28. 3, from reformulated gasoline, various other alternative fuels, and developments in automotive technology. V. R. Burns et al., SAE Tech. Pap. 912320 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1991); A. M. Hochhauser et al., SAE Tech. Pap. 912322 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1991).
29. R. H. Paul and M. J. McNally, SAETech. Pap. 902098 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1991); W. O. Siegl et al., SAE Tech. Pap. 930142 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1993).
30. R. H. Paul and M. J. McNally, SAETech. Pap. 902098 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1991); W. O. Siegl et al., SAE Tech. Pap. 930142 (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren, PA, 1993).
31. o,p) as used in (22). The quality of the fit for the overall OH rate constant estimates for aromatics was improved to 30% maximum error, compared to 110% using the parameters in (22).
32. o/Δaromatic = Y.
33. 90 AQIRP Phase I fuel used in this study, was speciated in AQIRP (23). Much of the remaining 17% of the mass of this fuel is most likely heavy aromatic species that contribute to the SOA formed from the oxidation of this fuel. Because this 17% was not speciated, Δaromatic for this fuel is most likely underestimated, explaining why this fuel does not fall within the envelope as all other fuels specified by curves 1 and 2 (Fig. 2).
34. R. Atkinson, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monogr. 2 (1994).
35. NIST Chemical Kinetics Database ver. 6.01; W. G. Mallard, F. Westley, J. T. Herron, R. F. Hampson, NIST Standard Reference Data, Gaithersburg, MD (1994).
36. E. S. C. Kwok and R. Atkinson, Atmos. Environ. A 29, 1685 (1995).
37. 90).
38. We would like to acknowledge support by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Center on Airborne Organics, the National Science Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Coordinating Research Council, and the Chevron Corporation. We would also like to thank S. Kent Hoekman for his helpful comments.