Fractal parameters of individual soot particles determined using electron tomography: Implications for optical properties

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 112, Issue 14, 2007, Pages

  Adachi, Kouji ^a,b   Chung, Serena H ^c,d   Friedrich, Heiner ^a,b,e   Buseck, Peter R ^a,b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d Washington State University   (United States)

^e UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS; DUST; MORPHOLOGY; SOOT;

AEROSOL; FRACTAL ANALYSIS; OPTICAL PROPERTY; POINT SOURCE POLLUTION; RADIATIVE FORCING; SOOT; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

ASIA; EURASIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34548719899     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008296     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Abel, S. J., J. M. Haywood, E. J. Highwood, J. Li, and P. R. Buseck (2003), Evolution of biomass burning aerosol properties from an agricultural fire in southern Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1783, doi:10.1029/2003GL017342.
2. Bond, T. C., and R. W. Bergstrom (2006), Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 27-67.
3. Bond, T. C., D. G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, S. M. Nelson, J.-H. Woo, and Z. Klimont (2004), A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.
4. Brasil, A. M., T. L. Farias, M. G. Carvalho, and U. O. Koylu (2001), Numerical characterization of the morphology of aggregated particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 489-508.
5. Buseck, P. R., R. E. Dunin-Borkowski, B. Devouard, R. B. Frankel, M. R. McCartney, P. A. Midgley, M. Pósfai, and M. Weyland (2001), Magnetite morphology and life on Mars, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 13,490-13,495.
6. Bushell, G. C., Y. D. Yan, D. Woodfield, J. Raper, and R. Amal (2002), On techniques for the measurement of the mass fractal dimension of aggregates, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 95, 1-50.
7. Cai, J., N. Lu, and C. M. Sorensen (1993), Comparison of size and morphology of soot aggregates as determined by light scattering and electron microscope analysis, Langmuir, 9, 2861-2867.
8. Chameides, W. L., and M. Bergin (2002), Soot takes center stage, Science, 297, 2214-2215.
9. Chung, S. H., and J. H. Seinfeld (2005), Climate response of direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic black carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005441.
10. Coelho, D., S. Bekki, J. F. Thovert, and P. M. Adler (2000), Uptake on fractal particles: 1. Theoretical framework, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3905-3916.
11. Draxler, R. R., and G. D. Rolph (2003), HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model access via NOAA ARL READY Website, Air Resour. Lab., Natl. Oceanic. and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md. (Available at http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html.)
12. Fernandes, M. B., J. O. Skjemstad, B. B. Johnson, J. D. Wells, and B. Brooks (2003), Characterization of carbonaceous combustion residues. 1. Morphological, elemental and spectroscopic features, Chemosphere, 51, 785-795.
13. Frank, J. (1992), Electron Tomography: Three-Dimensional Imaging with the Transmission Electron Microscope, Springer, New York.
14. Friedrich, H., M. R. McCartney, and P. R. Buseck (2005), Comparison of intensity distributions in tomograms from BF TEM, ADF STEM, HAADF STEM, and calculated tilt series, Ultramicroscopy, 106, 18-27.
15. Fuchs, N. A., and A. G. Sutugin (1971), High dispersed aerosols, in Topics in Current Aerosol Research (Part 2), edited by G. M. Hidy and J. R. Brock, pp. 1-200, Elsevier, New York.
16. Fuller, K. A. (1995), Scattering and absorption cross sections of compounded spheres. II. Calculations for external aggregates, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci., 12, 881-892.
17. Ghzaoui, E., M. Lindheimer, A. Lindheimer, S. Lagerge, and S. Partyka (2004), Surface characterization of diesel engine soot inferred from physico-chemical methods, Colloids Surf. A, 233, 79-86.
18. Gwaze, P., O. Schmid, H. J. Annegarn, M. O. Andreae, J. Huth, and G. Helas (2006), Comparison of three methods of fractal analysis applied to soot aggregates from wood combustion, J. Aerosol Sci., 37, 820-838.
19. Hess, M., P. Koepke, and I. Schult (1998), Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package of OPAC, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831-844.
20. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., 881 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
21. Iskander, M. F., H. Y. Chen, and J. E. Penner (1991), Resonance optical absorption by fractal agglomerates of smoke aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 25, 2563-2569.
22. Jacobson, M. Z. (2001), Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695-697.
23. Jonker, M. T. O., and A. A. Koelmans (2002), Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls to soot and soot-like materials in the aqueous environment: Mechanistic considerations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3725-3734.
24. Katrinak, K. A., P. Rez, P. R. Perkes, and P. R. Buseck (1993), Fractal geometry of carbonaceous aggregates from an urban aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 539-547.
25. Köylü, U. O., G. M. Faeth, T. L. Farias, and M. G. Carvalho (1995), Fractal and projected structure properties of soot aggregates, Combust. Flame, 100, 621-633.
26. Lee, C., and T. A. Kramer (2004), Prediction of three-dimensional fractal dimensions using the two-dimensional properties of fractal aggregates, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 112, 49-57.
27. Mackowski, D. W. (1995), Electrostatics analysis of radiative absorption by sphere clusters in the Rayleigh limit: Application to soot particles, Appl. Opt., 34, 3535-3545.
28. Mackowski, D. W., and M. I. Mishchenko (1996), Calculation of the T matrix and the scattering matrix for ensembles of spheres, J, Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci., 13, 2266-2278.
29. Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982), The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W. H. Freeman, New York.
30. Maricq, M. M., and N. Xu (2004), The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust, J. Aerosol. Sci., 35, 1251-1274.
31. McIntosh, R., D. Nicastro, and D. Mastronarde (2005), New views of cells in 3D: An introduction to electron tomography, Trends Cell Biol., 15, 43-51.
32. Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo (2002), Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250-2253.
33. Michelsen, H. A., A. V. Tivanski, M. K. Gilles, L. H. van Poppel, M. A. Dansson, and P. R. Buseck (2007), Particle formation from pulsed laser irradiation of soot aggregates studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope, Appl. Opt., 46, 959-977.
34. Midgley, P. A., and M. Weyland (2003), 3D electron microscopy in the physical sciences: The development of Z-contrast and EFTEM tomography, Ultramicroscopy, 96, 413-431.
35. Nelson, J. A., R. J. Crookes, and S. Simons (1990), On obtaining the fractal dimension of a 3D cluster from its projection on a plane - Application to smoke agglomerates, J. Phys. D., 23, 465-468.
36. Oh, C., and C. M. Sorensen (1997a), The effect of overlap between monomers on the determination of fractal cluster morphology, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 193, 17-25.
37. Oh, C., and C. M. Sorensen (1997b), Light scattering study of fractal cluster aggregation near the free molecular regime, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 937-957.
38. Park, K., F. Cao, D. B. Kittelson, and P. H. McMurry (2003), Relationship between particle mass and mobility for diesel exhaust particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 577-583.
39. Park, K., D. B. Kittelson, and P. H. McMurry (2004), Structural properties of diesel exhaust particles measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Relationships to particle mass and mobility. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 881-889.
40. Perret, J. S., S. O. Prasher, and A. R. Kacimov (2003), Mass fractal dimension of soil macropores using computed tomography: From the box-counting to the cube-counting algorithm, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 54, 569-579.
41. Roberts, D. L., and A. Jones (2004), Climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol from fossil fuel combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004676.
42. Rogak, S. N., and R. C. Flagan (1992), Characterization of the structure of agglomerate particles, Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 9, 19-27.
43. Rogak, S. N., R. C. Flagan, and H. V. Nguyen (1993), The mobility and structure of aerosol agglomerates, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 18, 25-47.
44. Samson, R. J., G. W. Mulholland, and J. W. Gentry (1987), Structural analysis of soot agglomerates, Langmuir, 3, 272-281.
45. Schmidt-Ott, A. (1998), In situ measurement of the fractal dimensionality of ultrafine aerosol particles, Appl. Phys. Lett., 52(12), 954-956.
46. Skillas, G., S. Künzel, H. Burtscher, U. Baltensperger, and K. Siegmann (1998), High fractal-like dimension of diesel soot agglomerates, J. Aerosol Sci., 29, 411-419.
47. Slowik, J. G., K. Stainken, P. Davidovits, L. R. Willimas, J. T. Jayne, C. E. Kolb, D. R. Worsnop, Y. Rudich, P. F. DeCarlo, and J. L. Jimenez (2004), Particle morphology and density characterization by combined mobility and aerodynamic diameter measurements. Part 2: Applications to combustion-generated soot aerosols as a function of fuel equivalent ratio, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 1206-1226.
48. Sorensen, C. M. (2001), Light scattering by fractal aggregates: A review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 658-687.
49. Sorensen, C. M., and G. D. Feke (1996), The morphology of macroscopic soot, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25, 328-337.
50. Sorensen, C. M., and G. C. Roberts (1997), The prefactor of fractal aggregates, J. Colloid Interface Sci, 186, 447-452.
51. Spinsby, J., H. Friedrich, and P. R. Buseck (2007), Volume and surface-area measurements using tomography, with an example from the Brenham pallasite meteorite, Comput. Geosci., in press.
52. Streets, D. G., S. Gupta, S. T. Waldhoff, M. Q. Wang, T. C. Bond, and B. Yiyun (2001), Black carbon emissions in China, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4281-4296.
53. Van Gulijk, C., J. C. M. Marijnissen, M. Makkee, J. A. Moulijn, and A. Schmidt-Ott (2004), Measuring diesel soot with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an electrical low-pressure impactor: Performance assessment with a model for fractal-like agglomerates, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 633-655.
54. van Poppel, L. H., H. Friedrich, J. Spinsby, S. H. Chung, J. H. Seinfeld, and P. R. Buseck (2005), Electron tomography of nanoparticle clusters: Implications for atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcing of soot, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24811, doi:10.1029 /2005GL024461.
55. Vormoor, O. (2001), Grayscale projection of finite size fractal clusters, Eur. Phys. J. E, 5, 551-556.
56. Wang, C. (2004), A modeling study on the climate impact of black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03106, doi:10.1029/2003JD004084.
57. Wentzel, M., H. Gorzawski, K. H. Naumann, H. Saathoff, and S. Weinbruch (2003), Transmission electron microscopical and aerosol dynamical characterization of soot aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1347-1370.
58. Weyland, M., and P. A. Midgley (2004), Electron tomography, Mater. Today, 7, 32-40.
59. Xiong, C., and S. K. Friedlander (2001), Morphological properties of atmospheric aerosol aggregates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 11,851-11,856.
60. Ziese, U., K. P. de Jong, and A. J. Koster (2004), Electron tomography: A tool for 3D structural probing of heterogeneous catalysts at the nanometer scale, Appl. Catalysis, A, 260, 71-74.