Current nanotechnological strategies for effective delivery of bioactive drug molecules in the treatment of tuberculosis

Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 49-88

  Kaur, Mandeep ^a   Garg, Tarun ^a   Rath, Goutam ^a   Goyal, Amit K ^a  

^a ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

Author keywords

Colloidal drug delivery systems; Dendrimer; Liposomes; Microparticles; Niosomes; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; COLLOIDAL DRUG CARRIER; CYCLODEXTRIN; DENDRIMER; DRUG CARRIER; IMMUNOSTIMULATING AGENT; ISCOM; ISCOMATRIX; LIPOSOME; MICROPARTICLE; NANOPARTICLE; NIOSOME; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CARRIER BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; COMPLEX CONJUGATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; DRY POWDER; HUMAN; MICROEMULSION; NANOEMULSION; NANOSUSPENSION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; REVIEW; SPECIALIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; SUPRAMOLECULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; TUBERCULOSIS; VESICULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84897643892     PISSN: 07434863     EISSN: 2162660X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2014008285     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Frothingham R, Stout JE, Hamilton CD. Current issues in global tuberculosis control. Int J Infect Dis. 2005; 9 (6): 297-311.
2. Bloom BR, Murray CJ. Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer. Science. 1992; 257 (5073): 1055-64.
3. Griffith HW. Complete guide to symptoms, illness and surgery. New York: Penguin; 2006.
4. Hashimoto DM. Pathology research. Pharmacol Clin Dent Hygiene. 2012; 9: 1-37.
5. Schluger NW, Rom WN. The host immune response to tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1998; 157 (3): 679-91.
6. Knechel NA. Tuberculosis: pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis. Crit Care Nurse. 2009; 29 (2): 34-43.
7. Ahmad S. Pathogenesis, immunology, and diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011; 2011: 814943.
8. Blumberg H, Burman W, Chaisson R, Daley C, Etkind S, Friedman L, Fujiwara P, Grzemska M, Hopewell PC, Iseman MD, Jasmer RM, Koppaka V, Menzies RI, O'Brien RJ, Reves RR, Reichman LB, Simone PM, Starke JR, Vernon AA; American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Society. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167 (4): 603-62.
9. Shegokar R, Al Shaal L, Mitri K. Present status of nanoparticle research for treatment of tuberculosis. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011; 14 (1): 100-16.
10. Sensi P. History of the development of rifampin. Rev Infect Dis. 1983; 5 (Supp 3): S402-S6.
11. Wade MM, Zhang Y. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Biosci. 2004; 9: 975-94.
12. Kochi A, Vareldzis B, Styblo K. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and its control. Res Microbiol. 1993; 144 (2): 104-10.
13. Zhang Y, Wade MM, Scorpio A, Zhang H, Sun Z. Mode of action of pyrazinamide: disruption of Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane transport and energetics by pyrazinoic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003; 52 (5): 790-5.
14. Mikusová K, Slayden RA, Besra GS, Brennan PJ. Biogenesis of the mycobacterial cell wall and the site of action of ethambutol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995; 39 (11): 2484-9.
15. Drlica K, Malik M. Fluoroquinolones: action and resistance. Curr Top Med Chem. 2003; 3 (3): 249-82.
16. Allen B, Mitchison D, Chan Y, Yew W, Allan W, Girling D. Amikacin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1983; 64 (2): 111-8.
17. Caceres NE, Harris NB, Wellehan JF, Feng Z, Kapur V, Barletta RG. Overexpression of the D-alanine racemase gene confers resistance to D-cycloserine in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol. 1997; 179 (16): 5046-55.
18. Morlock GP, Metchock B, Sikes D, Crawford JT, Cooksey RC. ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47 (12): 3799-805.
19. Zhang Y, Yew W. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2009; 13 (11): 1320-30.
20. Sensi P, Grassi GG. Antimycobacterial agents. Burger's medicinal chemistry, Drug Discovery Dev. 2003. p. 1905-2000.
21. Sharma S, Mohan A. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res. 2004; 120 (4): 354-76.
22. Sosnik A, Carcaboso ÁM, Glisoni RJ, Moretton MA, Chiappetta DA. New old challenges in tuberculosis: potentially effective nanotechnologies in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010; 62 (4): 547-59.
23. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX, King B, Nunn M, Matney GB. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drug resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. New Engl J Med. 1994; 330 (17): 1179-84.
24. Gomez JE, McKinney JD. M. tuberculosis persistence, latency, and drug tolerance. Tuberculosis. 2004; 84 (1): 29-44.
25. Albino JA, Reichman LB. The treatment of tuberculosis. Respiration. 1998; 65 (4): 237-55.
26. Laurenzi M, Ginsberg A, Spigelman M. Challenges associated with current and future TB treatment. Infect Disorders-Drug Targets (formerly Curr Drug Targets-Infect Disorders). 2007; 7 (2): 105-19.
27. Gupta S, Kumar P, Gupta MK, Vyas SP. Colloidal carriers: a rising tool for therapy of tuberculosis. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2012; 29 (4): 299-353.
28. Marcato PD, Durán N. New aspects of nanopharmaceutical delivery systems. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2008; 8 (5): 2216-29.
29. Allison A, Gregoriadis G. Liposomes as immunological adjuvants. Nature. 1974; 252: 252.
30. Alpar H, Bowen J, Brown M. Effectiveness of liposomes as adjuvants of orally and nasally administered tetanus toxoid. Int J Pharm. 1992; 88 (1): 335-44.
31. Poyner E, Alpar H, Almeida A, Gamble M, Brown M. A comparative study on the pulmonary delivery of tobramycin encapsulated into liposomes and PLA microspheres following intravenous and endotracheal delivery. J Control Release. 1995; 35 (1): 41-8.
32. McAllister S, Alpar H, Teitelbaum Z, Bennett D. Do interactions with phospholipids contribute to the prolonged retention of polypeptides within the lung? Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1996; 19 (1): 89-110.
33. McAllister S, Alpar H, Brown M. Antimicrobial properties of liposomal polymyxin B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999; 43 (2): 203-10.
34. Gonzalez-Rothi RJ, Schreier H. Pulmonary delivery of liposome-encapsulated drugs in asthma therapy. Clin Immunother. 1995; 4 (5): 331-7.
35. Schreier H, Gonzalez-Rothi RJ, Stecenko AA. Pulmonary delivery of liposomes. J Control Release. 1993; 24 (1): 209-23.
36. Schreier H, Sawyer SM. Liposomal DNA vectors for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Current applications, limitations, and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1996; 19 (1): 73-87.
37. Sharma A, Sharma US. Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. Int J Pharm. 1997; 154 (2): 123-40.
38. Pandey R, Sharma S, Khuller G. Lung specific stealth liposomes as antitubercular drug carriers in guinea pigs. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004; 42 (6): 562-6.
39. Gilbert BE. Liposomal aerosols in the management of pulmonary infections. J Aerosol Med. 1996; 9 (1): 111-22.
40. Perrett S, Golding M, Williams WP. A simple method for the preparation of liposomes for pharmaceutical applications: characterization of the liposomes. J Pharm Pharm. 1991; 43 (3): 154-61.
41. Allen TM. Liposomal drug formulations. Drugs. 1998; 56 (5): 747-56.
42. Niven RW, Speer M, Schreier H. Nebulization of liposomes. II. The effects of size and modeling of solute release profiles. Pharm Res. 1991; 8 (2): 217-21.
43. Taylor K, Newton J. Liposomes for controlled delivery of drugs to the lung. Thorax. 1992; 47 (4): 257-9.
44. Salem II, Flasher DL, Düzgüneş N. Liposome-encapsulated antibiotics. Methods Enzymol. 2005; 391: 261-91.
45. Chen H, Torchilin V, Langer R. Polymerized liposomes as potential oral vaccine carriers: stability and bioavailability. J Control Release. 1996; 42 (3): 263-72.
46. Čeh B, Winterhalter M, Frederik PM, Vallner JJ, Lasic DD. Stealth® liposomes: from theory to product. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1997; 24 (2): 165-77.
47. Yanez AM, Wallace M, Ho R, Shen D, Yaksh TL. Touch-evoked agitation produced by spinally administered phospholipid emulsion and liposomes in rats: structure-activity relation. Anesthesiology. 1995; 82 (5): 1189-98.
48. Smistad G, Jacobsen J, Sande SA. Multivariate toxicity screening of liposomal formulations on a human buccal cell line. Int J Pharm. 2007; 330 (1): 14-22.
49. Filion MC, Phillips NC. Toxicity and immunomodulatory activity of liposomal vectors formulated with cationic lipids toward immune effector cells. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembranes. 1997; 1329 (2): 345-56.
50. Falk R, Randolph TW, Meyer JD, Kelly RM, Manning MC. Controlled release of ionic compounds from poly (l-lactide) microspheres produced by precipitation with a compressed antisolvent. J Control Release. 1997; 44 (1): 77-85.
51. Edwards DA, Langer RS, Vanbever R, Mintzes J, Wang J, Chen D. Preparation of novel particles for inhalation. Google Patents No US6652837 B1; 2003.
52. Vyas S, Kannan M, Jain S, Mishra V, Singh P. Design of liposomal aerosols for improved delivery of rifampicin to alveolar macrophages. Int J Pharm. 2004; 269 (1): 37-49.
53. Thomas D, Myers M, Wichert B, Schreier H, Gonzalez-Rothi R. Acute effects of liposome aerosol inhalation on pulmonary function in healthy human volunteers. Chest J. 1991; 99 (5): 1268-70.
54. Justo OR, Moraes ÂM. Incorporation of antibiotics in liposomes designed for tuberculosis therapy by inhalation. Drug Deliv. 2003; 10 (3): 201-7.
55. Pandey R, Sharma S, Khuller G. Nebulization of liposome encapsulated antitubercular drugs in guinea pigs. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004; 24 (1): 93-4.
56. Zhou F, Neutra M. Antigen delivery to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues using liposomes as a carrier. Biosci Rep. 2002; 22: 355-69.
57. Kailasam S, Daneluzzi D, Gangadharam P. Maintenance of therapeutically active levels of isoniazid for prolonged periods in rabbits after a single implant of biodegradable polymer. Tubercle Lung Dis. 1994; 75 (5): 361-5.
58. Langer RS, Chen H. Targeted polymerized liposomes for improved drug delivery. Google Patents No US6004534 A; 1999.
59. Okada J, Cohen S, Langer RS. Oral delivery of vaccines using polymerized liposomes. Google Patents No US5762904 A; 1998.
60. Gizurarson S, Heron I. Pharmaceutical preparation for topical administration of antigens and/or vaccines to mammals via a mucosal membrane. Google Patents No US5942237 A; 1999.
61. Garg T, Singh O, Arora S, Murthy R. Scaffold: a novel carrier for cell and drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Sys. 2012; 29 (1): 1-63.
62. Deol P, Khuller G. Lung specific stealth liposomes: stability, biodistribution and toxicity of liposomal antitubercular drugs in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997; 1334 (2): 161-72.
63. Garg T, Singh S, Goyal AK. Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels: an excellent carrier for drug and cell delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2013; 30 (5): 369-409.
64. Deol P, Khuller G, Joshi K. Therapeutic efficacies of isoniazid and rifampin encapsulated in lungspecific stealth liposomes against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induced in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997; 41 (6): 1211-4.
65. Parnami N, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Development and characterization of nanocarriers for topical treatment of psoriasis by using combination therapy [published online ahead of print October 1, 2013]. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. doi: 10. 3109/21691401. 2013. 837474.
66. Sahin NO. Niosomes as nanocarrier systems. Nanomaterials and nanosystems for biomedical applications. New York: Springer; 2007. p. 67-81.
67. Jain C, Vyas S. Preparation and characterization of niosomes containing rifampicin for lung targeting. J Microencapsul. 1995; 12 (4): 401-7.
68. Mullaicharam A, Murthy R. Lung accumulation of niosome-entrapped rifampicin following intravenous and intratracheal administration in the rat. STP Pharma Sci. 2004; 14 (2): 99-104.
69. Bummer PM. Physical chemical considerations of lipid-based oral drug delivery-solid lipid nanoparticles. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2004; 21 (1): 1-20.
70. Dingler A, Gohla S. Production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): scaling up feasibilities. J Microencapsul. 2002; 19 (1): 11-6.
71. Müller RH, Maaβen S, Weyhers H, Specht F, Lucks JS. Cytotoxicity of magnetite-loaded polylactide, polylactide/glycolide particles and solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 1996; 138 (1): 85-94.
72. Videira MA, Botelho M, Santos AC, Gouveia LF, Pedroso de Lima J, Almeida AJ. Lymphatic uptake of pulmonary delivered radiolabelled solid lipid nanoparticles. J Drug Target. 2002; 10 (8): 607-13.
73. Pandey R, Khuller G. Solid lipid particle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system against experimental tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2005; 85 (4): 227-34.
74. Allen TM, Cullis PR. Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science. 2004; 303 (5665): 1818-22.
75. du Toit LC, Pillay V, Choonara YE, Iyuke SE. Formulation and evaluation of a salted-out isoniazidloaded nanosystem. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008; 9 (1): 174-81.
76. Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci. 2007; 32 (8): 762-98.
77. Jain RA. The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices. Biomaterials. 2000; 21 (23): 2475-90.
78. Pandey R, Khuller G. Nanotechnology based drug delivery system (s) for the management of tuberculosis. Indian J Exp Biol. 2006; 44 (5): 357.
79. Basu MK, Lala S. Nanoparticulate drug delivery to the reticuloendothelial system and to associated disorders. Nanoparticulates as drug carriers. London: Imperial College Press; 2006. p. 463-80.
80. Chono S, Tanino T, Seki T, Morimoto K. Influence of particle size on drug delivery to rat alveolar macrophages following pulmonary administration of ciprofloxacin incorporated into liposomes. J Drug Target. 2006; 14 (8): 557-66.
81. Pinto-Alphandary H, Andremont A, Couvreur P. Targeted delivery of antibiotics using liposomes and nanoparticles: res and applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000; 13 (3): 155-68.
82. Prior S, Gamazo C, Irache J, Merkle H, Gander B. Gentamicin encapsulation in PLA/PLGA microspheres in view of treating Brucella infections. Int J Pharm. 2000; 196 (1): 115-25.
83. Jacobs C, Müller RH. Production and characterization of a budesonide nanosuspension for pulmonary administration. Pharm Res. 2002; 19 (2): 189-94.
84. Rawat M, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S. Nanocarriers: promising vehicle for bioactive drugs. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006; 29 (9): 1790-8.
85. Kumar M. Nano and microparticles as controlled drug delivery devices. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2000; 3 (2): 234-58.
86. Bala I, Hariharan S, Kumar MR. PLGA nanoparticles in drug delivery: the state of the art. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2004; 21 (5): 387-422.
87. Lamprecht A, Ubrich N, Hombreiro Perez M, Lehr C-M, Hoffman M, Maincent P. Biodegradable monodispersed nanoparticles prepared by pressure homogenization-emulsification. Int J Pharm. 1999; 184 (1): 97-105.
88. Florence AT. Issues in oral nanoparticle drug carrier uptake and targeting. J Drug Target. 2004; 12 (2): 65-70.
89. Florence AT, Hussain N. Transcytosis of nanoparticle and dendrimer delivery systems: evolving vistas. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001; 50: S69-S89.
90. Swai H, Semete B, Kalombo L, Chelule P. Potential of treating tuberculosis with a polymeric nanodrug delivery system. J Control Release. 2008; 132 (3): e48.
91. Pavot V, Rochereau N, Genin C, Verrier B, Paul S. New insights in mucosal vaccine development. Vaccine. 2012; 30 (2): 142-54.
92. Samstein RM, Perica K, Balderrama F, Look M, Fahmy TM. The use of deoxycholic acid to enhance the oral bioavailability of biodegradable nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2008; 29 (6): 703-8.
93. Pandey R, Sharma A, Zahoor A, Sharma S, Khuller G, Prasad B. Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003; 52 (6): 981-6.
94. Gabor F, Bogner E, Weissenboeck A, Wirth M. The lectin-cell interaction and its implications to intestinal lectin-mediated drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004; 56 (4): 459-80.
95. Sharma A, Sharma S, Khuller G. Lectin-functionalized poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles as oral/aerosolized antitubercular drug carriers for treatment of tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004; 54 (4): 761-6.
96. Hodges G, Carr E, Hazzard R, Carr K. Uptake and translocation of microparticles in small intestine. Dig Dis Sci. 1995; 40 (5): 967-75.
97. Anisimova Y, Gelperina S, Peloquin C, Heifets L. Nanoparticles as antituberculosis drugs carriers: effect on activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Nanopart Res. 2000; 2 (2): 165-71.
98. Semete B, Booysen L, Lemmer Y, Kalombo L, Katata L, Verschoor J. In vivo evaluation of the biodistribution and safety of PLGA nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine. 2010; 6 (5): 662-71.
99. Condos R, Schluger NW. Cytokine-based approaches to the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. BioDrugs. 1999; 11 (3): 165-73.
100. Pandey R, Khuller G. Antitubercular inhaled therapy: opportunities, progress and challenges. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005; 55 (4): 430-5.
101. Gref R, Domb A, Quellec P, Blunk T, Müller R, Verbavatz J. The controlled intravenous delivery of drugs using PEG-coated sterically stabilized nanospheres. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1995; 16 (2): 215-33.
102. Abu-Dahab R, Schäfer UF, Lehr C-M. Lectin-functionalized liposomes for pulmonary drug delivery: effect of nebulization on stability and bioadhesion. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001; 14 (1): 37-46.
103. Zahoor A, Sharma S, Khuller G. Inhalable alginate nanoparticles as antitubercular drug carriers against experimental tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005; 26 (4): 298-303.
104. Ahmad Z, Pandey R, Sharma S, Khuller GK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of antitubercular drugs encapsulated in alginate nanoparticles at two doses. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006; 27 (5): 409-16.
105. Pandey R, Khuller G. Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004; 54 (1): 266-8.
106. Kisich K, Gelperina S, Higgins M, Wilson S, Shipulo E, Oganesyan E. Encapsulation of moxifloxacin within poly (butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles enhances efficacy against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Pharm. 2007; 345 (1): 154-62.
107. Reddy ST, van der Vlies AJ, Simeoni E, Angeli V, Randolph GJ, O'Neil CP. Exploiting lymphatic transport and complement activation in nanoparticle vaccines. Nat Biotechnol. 2007; 25 (10): 1159-64.
108. Song H, Ko K, Oh L, Lee B. Fabrication of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial mechanisms. Eur Cells Mater. 2006; 11 (Suppl 1): 58.
109. Lipp MW, Batycky RP, Caponetti G. Formulation for spray-drying large porous particles. Google Patents No US7807200 B2; 2004.
110. Steckel H, Brandes HG. A novel spray-drying technique to produce low density particles for pulmonary delivery. Int J Pharm. 2004; 278 (1): 187-95.
111. Pires A, Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcão A. Intranasal drug delivery: how, why and what for? J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009; 12 (3): 288-311.
112. Suarez S, O'Hara P, Kazantseva M, Newcomer CE, Hopfer R, McMurray DN. Airways delivery of rifampicin microparticles for the treatment of tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001; 48 (3): 431-4.
113. Bain D, Munday D, Smith A. Modulation of rifampicin release from spray-dried microspheres using combinations of poly-(DL-lactide). J Microencapsul. 1999; 16 (3): 369-85.
114. Garcia-Contreras L, Fiegel J, Telko M, Elbert K, Hawi A, Thomas M. Inhaled large porous particles of capreomycin for treatment of tuberculosis in a guinea pig model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007; 51 (8): 2830-6.
115. Fiegel J, Garcia-Contreras L, Thomas M, VerBerkmoes J, Elbert K, Hickey A. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a dry powder for inhalation of capreomycin. Pharm Res. 2008; 25 (4): 805-11.
116. Tsapis N, Bennett D, O'Driscoll K, Shea K, Lipp M, Fu K. Direct lung delivery of paraaminosalicylic acid by aerosol particles. Tuberculosis. 2003; 83 (6): 379-85.
117. Gaur PK, Mishra S, Gupta VB, Rathod MS, Purohit S, Savla BA. Targeted drug delivery of Rifampicin to the lungs: formulation, characterization, and stability studies of preformed aerosolized liposome and in situ formed aerosolized liposome. Drug Dev Indust Pharm. 2010; 36 (6): 638-46.
118. Dutt M, Khuller G. Chemotherapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in mice with a combination of isoniazid and rifampicin entrapped in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001; 47 (6): 829-35.
119. Zhou H, Zhang Y, Biggs DL, Manning MC, Randolph TW, Christians U. Microparticle-based lung delivery of INH decreases INH metabolism and targets alveolar macrophages. J Control Release. 2005; 107 (2): 288-99.
120. O'Hara P, Hickey AJ. Respirable PLGA microspheres containing rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculosis: manufacture and characterization. Pharm Res. 2000; 17 (8): 955-61.
121. Barrow EL, Winchester GA, Staas JK, Quenelle DC, Barrow WW. Use of microsphere technology for targeted delivery of rifampin to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 42 (10): 2682-9.
122. Sharma S, Khuller G. Chemotherapeutic potential of orally administered poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles containing isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide against experimental tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47 (9): 3005-7.
123. Tomalia DA. Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry. Prog Polym Sci. 2005; 30 (3): 294-324.
124. Svenson S, Tomalia DA. Dendrimers in biomedical applications-reflections on the field Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005; 57 (15): 2106-29.
125. Florence AT. Dendrimers: a versatile targeting platform. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005; 57 (15): 2104-5.
126. Bawarski WE, Chidlowsky E, Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Emerging nanopharmaceuticals. Nanomedicine. 2008; 4 (4): 273-82.
127. Duncan R, Izzo L. Dendrimer biocompatibility and toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005; 57 (15): 2215-37.
128. Giovagnoli S, Blasi P, Vescovi C, Fardella G, Chiappini I, Perioli L. Unilamellar vesicles as potential capreomycin sulfate carriers: preparation and physicochemical characterization. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2003; 4 (4): 549-60.
129. Kumar PV, Asthana A, Dutta T, Jain NK. Intracellular macrophage uptake of rifampicin loaded mannosylated dendrimers. J Drug Target. 2006; 14 (8): 546-56.
130. Vijayaraj Kumar P, Agashe H, Dutta T, Jain NK. PEGylated dendritic architecture for development of a prolonged drug delivery system for an antitubercular drug. Curr Drug Deliv. 2007; 4 (1): 11-9.
131. Boudier A, Aubert-Pouëssel A, Gérardin C, Devoisselle J-M, Bégu S. pH-sensitive double-hydrophilic block copolymer micelles for biological applications. Int J Pharm. 2009; 379 (2): 212-7.
132. Jones M-C, Leroux J-C. Polymeric micelles-a new generation of colloidal drug carriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1999; 48 (2): 101-11.
133. Nishiyama N, Bae Y, Miyata K, Fukushima S, Kataoka K. Smart polymeric micelles for gene and drug delivery. Drug Discov Today. 2005; 2 (1): 21-6.
134. Croy S, Kwon G. Polymeric micelles for drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des. 2006; 12 (36): 4669-84.
135. Chiappetta DA, Sosnik A. Poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide) block copolymer micelles as drug delivery agents: improved hydrosolubility, stability and bioavailability of drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007; 66 (3): 303-17.
136. Moretton M, Glisoni R, Chiappetta D, Sosnik A. Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic poly/epsilon-caprolactone)-poly (ethyleneglycol) block copolymers. Rosario, Argentina: Am Soc Biomaterials, Tissue Eng Artificial Organs (SLABO); 2009.
137. Jiang Z, Hao J, You Y, Gu Q, Cao W, Deng X. Biodegradable thermogelling hydrogel of P (CL-GL)-PEG-P (CL-GL) triblock copolymer: degradation and drug release behavior. J Pharm Sci. 2009; 98 (8): 2603-10.
138. Wu Y, Li M, Gao H. Polymeric micelle composed of PLA and chitosan as a drug carrier. J Polym Res. 2009; 16 (1): 11-8.
139. Jin Y, Chen S, Xin R, Zhou Y. Monolayers of the lipid derivatives of isoniazid at the air/water interface and the formation of self-assembled nanostructures in water. Colloids Surf B. 2008; 64 (2): 229-35.
140. Constantinides PP, Chaubal MV, Shorr R. Advances in lipid nanodispersions for parenteral drug delivery and targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008; 60 (6): 757-67.
141. Seki J, Sonoke S, Saheki A, Fukui H, Sasaki H, Mayumi T. A nanometer lipid emulsion, lipid nanosphere (LNS®), as a parenteral drug carrier for passive drug targeting. Int J Pharm. 2004; 273 (1): 75-83.
142. Singh KK, Vingkar SK. Formulation, antimalarial activity and biodistribution of oral lipid nanoemulsion of primaquine. Int J Pharm. 2008; 347 (1): 136-43.
143. Shafiq S, Shakeel F, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK, Ali M. Development and bioavailability assessment of ramipril nanoemulsion formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007; 66 (2): 227-43.
144. Mehta S, Kaur G, Bhasin K. Incorporation of antitubercular drug isoniazid in pharmaceutically accepted microemulsion: effect on microstructure and physical parameters. Pharm Res. 2008; 25 (1): 227-36.
145. Ahmed M, Ramadan W, Rambhu D, Shakeel F. Potential of nanoemulsions for intravenous delivery of rifampicin. Die Pharmazie. 2008; 63 (11): 806-11.
146. Liversidge GG, Cundy KC. Particle size reduction for improvement of oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs: I. Absolute oral bioavailability of nanocrystalline danazol in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm. 1995; 125 (1): 91-7.
147. Shegokar R, Müller RH. Nanocrystals: industrially feasible multifunctional formulation technology for poorly soluble actives. Int J Pharm. 2010; 399 (1): 129-39.
148. Rabinow BE. Nanosuspensions in drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004; 3 (9): 785-96.
149. Chow AH, Tong HH, Chattopadhyay P, Shekunov BY. Particle engineering for pulmonary drug delivery. Pharm Res. 2007; 24 (3): 411-37.
150. Shekunov BY, Chattopadhyay P, Seitzinger J, Huff R. Nanoparticles of poorly water-soluble drugs prepared by supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. Pharm Res. 2006; 23 (1): 196-204.
151. Reverchon E, De Marco I, Della Porta G. Rifampicin microparticles production by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. Int J Pharm. 2002; 243 (1): 83-91.
152. Peters K, Leitzke S, Diederichs J, Borner K, Hahn H, Müller R. Preparation of a clofazimine nanosuspension for intravenous use and evaluation of its therapeutic efficacy in murine Mycobacterium avium infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000; 45 (1): 77-83.
153. Narang AS, Delmarre D, Gao D. Stable drug encapsulation in micelles and microemulsions. Int J Pharm. 2007; 345 (1): 9-25.
154. Pouton CW. Lipid formulations for oral administration of drugs: non-emulsifying, self-emulsifying and 'self-microemulsifying'drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000; 11: S93-S8.
155. Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Glass BD, Wisch MH, Alany RG. Prediction of a stable microemulsion formulation for the oral delivery of a combination of antitubercular drugs using ANN methodology. Pharm Res. 2003; 20 (11): 1760-5.
156. Mehta S, Kaur G, Bhasin K. Analysis of Tween based microemulsion in the presence of TB drug rifampicin. Colloids Surf B. 2007; 60 (1): 95-104.
157. Mehta S, Kaur G, Bhasin K. Tween-embedded microemulsions-physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis for antitubercular drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010; 11 (1): 143-53.
158. Canadian Pharmacists Association. Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing, 1980.
159. Labiris NR, Dolovich MB. Pulmonary drug delivery. Part II: the role of inhalant delivery devices and drug formulations in therapeutic effectiveness of aerosolized medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003; 56 (6): 600-12.
160. Shekunov BY, Chattopadhyay P, Tong HH, Chow AH. Particle size analysis in pharmaceutics: principles, methods and applications. Pharm Res. 2007; 24 (2): 203-27.
161. Wolff R. Safety of inhaled proteins for therapeutic use. J Aerosol Med. 1998; 11 (4): 197-219.
162. Patton JS. Mechanisms of macromolecule absorption by the lungs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1996; 19 (1): 3-36.
163. Odziomek M, Sosnowski TR, Gradoń L. Conception, preparation and properties of functional carrier particles for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2012; 433 (1): 51-9.
164. Sung JC, Garcia-Contreras L, VerBerkmoes JL, Peloquin CA, Elbert KJ, Hickey AJ. Dry powder nitroimidazopyran antibiotic PA-824 aerosol for inhalation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009; 53 (4): 1338-43.
165. Sawatdee S, Worakul N, Srichana T. Preparation of isoniazid as dry powder formulations for inhalation by physical mixing and spray drying. Malays J Pharm Sci. 2006; 4 (1): 43-63.
166. Garcia-Contreras L, Sung JC, Muttil P, Padilla D, Telko M, VerBerkmoes JL. Dry powder PA-824 aerosols for treatment of tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010; 54 (4): 1436-42.
167. Brewster ME, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical solubilizers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007; 59 (7): 645-66.
168. Loftsson T, Duchene D. Cyclodextrins and their pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm. 2007; 329 (1): 1-11.
169. Rao BP, Suresh S, Narendra C. Physicochemical characterization of β-cyclodextrin and hydroxyl ethyl β-cyclodextrin complexes of rifampicin. Ars Pharm. 2006; 47: 37-59.
170. Kersten G. Aspects of ISCOMs. Analytical, pharmaceutical and adjuvant properties. Doctoral thesis. University of Utrecht, New York. 1990.
171. Morein B, Sundquist B, Höglund S, Dalsgaard K, Osterhaus A. Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature. 1984; 308 (5958): 457-60.
172. Özel M, HGimel{hebrew}lund S, Gelderblom HR, Morein B. Quaternary structure of the immunostimulating complex (iscom). J Ultrastruct Mol Struct Res. 1989; 102 (3): 240-8.
173. Lovgren K, Morein B. The requirement of lipids for the formation of immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs). Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1988; 10 (2): 161-72.
174. Sanders MT, Brown LE, Deliyannis G, Pearse MJ. ISCOMTM-based vaccines: The second decade. Immunol Cell Biol. 2005; 83 (2): 119-28.
175. Skene CD, Sutton P. Saponin-adjuvanted particulate vaccines for clinical use. Methods. 2006; 40 (1): 53-9.
176. Sjölander A, Drane D, Maraskovsky E, Scheerlinck J-P, Suhrbier A, Tennent J. Immune responses to ISCOM® formulations in animal and primate models. Vaccine. 2001; 19 (17): 2661-5.
177. Morein B, Hu K-F, Abusugra I. Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004; 56 (10): 1367-82.
178. Vladimirsky M, Ladigina G. Antibacterial activity of liposome-entrapped streptomycin in mice infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 1981; 36 (8-9): 375-7.
179. Klemens S, Cynamon M, Swenson C, Ginsberg R. Liposome-encapsulated-gentamicin therapy of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34 (6): 967-70.
180. Labana S, Pandey R, Sharma S, Khuller G. Chemotherapeutic activity against murine tuberculosis of once weekly administered drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin) encapsulated in liposomes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002; 20 (4): 301-4.
181. El-Ridy M, Mostafa D, Shehab A, Nasr E, Abd El-Alim S. Biological evaluation of pyrazinamide liposomes for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Pharm. 2007; 330 (1): 82-8.
182. Gaspar M, Cruz A, Penha A, Reymao J, Sousa A, Eleuterio C. Rifabutin encapsulated in liposomes exhibits increased therapeutic activity in a model of disseminated tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008; 31 (1): 37-45.
183. Ricci M, Giovagnoli S, Blasi P, Schoubben A, Perioli L, Rossi C. Development of liposomal capreomycin sulfate formulations: effects of formulation variables on peptide encapsulation. Int J Pharm. 2006; 311 (1): 172-81.
184. Chono S, Tanino T, Seki T, Morimoto K. Efficient drug targeting to rat alveolar macrophages by pulmonary administration of ciprofloxacin incorporated into mannosylated liposomes for treatment of respiratory intracellular parasitic infections. J Control Release. 2008; 127 (1): 50-8.
185. Patomchaiviwat V, Paeratakul O, Kulvanich P. Formation of inhalable rifampicin-poly (l-lactide) microparticles by supercritical antisolvent process. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008; 9 (4): 1119-29.
186. Sharma R, Saxena D, Dwivedi A, Misra A. Inhalable Microparticles containing drug combinations to target alveolar macrophages for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Pharm Res. 2001; 18 (10): 1405-10.
187. Dutt M, Khuller G. Sustained release of isoniazid from a single injectable dose of poly (DL-lactideco-glycolide) microparticles as a therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001; 17 (2): 115-22.
188. Chen L, Xie Z, Hu J, Chen X, Jing X. Enantiomeric PLA-PEG block copolymers and their stereocomplex micelles used as rifampin delivery. J Nanopart Res. 2007; 9 (5): 777-85.
189. Silva M, Lara A, Leite C, Ferreira E. Potential tuberculostatic agents: micelle-forming copolymer poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (aspartic acid) prodrug with isoniazid. Arch Pharm. 2001; 334 (6): 189-93.
190. Silva M, Ricelli NL, El Seoud O, Valentim CS, Ferreira AG, Sato DN. Potential tuberculostatic agent: micelle-forming pyrazinamide prodrug. Arch Pharm. 2006; 339 (6): 283-90.
191. Silva M, Ferreira EI, Leite C, Sato DN. Preparation of polymeric micelles for use as carriers of tuberculostatic drugs. Trop J Pharm Res. 2007; 6 (4): 815-24.
192. Gangadharam P, Geeta N, Hsu Y, Wise D. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis in mice using single implants of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999; 3 (6): 515-20.