Are plants used for skin care in South Africa fully explored?

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 153, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 61-84

  Lall, Namrita ^a   Kishore, Navneet ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory; Anti tyrosinase; Antioxidants; Ethnomedicinal plants; Herbal skin care

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; DERMATOLOGICAL AGENT; PLANT EXTRACT; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR;

AMARYLLIDACEAE; ANACARDIACEAE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOCYNACEAE; AQUIFOLIACEAE; ARACEAE; ASPARAGACEAE; ASTERACEAE; BIGNONIACEAE; CANELLACEAE; COMBRETACEAE; DRYOPTERIDACEAE; EUPHORBIACEAE; FABACEAE; GERANIACEAE; HUMAN; HYACINTHACEAE; HYPERICACEAE; IRIDACEAE; LAMIACEAE; MALVACEAE; MEDICINAL PLANT; MELIACEAE; NONHUMAN; OLACACEAE; OLEACEAE; PEDALIACEAE; PROTEACEAE; REVIEW; RHAMNACEAE; ROSACEAE; RUBIACEAE; SAPOTACEAE; SCROPHULARIACEAE; SKIN CARE; SOLANACEAE; SOUTH AFRICA; VALERIANACEAE; VERBENACEAE; VISCACEAE; WOUND CARE; ZINGIBERACEAE; AFRICAN MEDICINE; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES; SKIN DISEASES;

ALOE; ARTEMISIA AFRA; CALODENDRUM CAPENSE; GREYIA; HARPEPHYLLUM CAFFRUM; HYAENANCHE GLOBOSA; LEUCOSIDEA SERICEA; SCLEROCARYA BIRREA; SIDEROXYLON INERME; XIMENIA AMERICANA;

ANIMALS; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; HUMANS; MEDICINE, AFRICAN TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; SKIN CARE; SKIN DISEASES; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 84897114922     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.021     Document Type: Review

References (261)

1. A.M. Abbasi, M.A. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, S. Jahan, and S. Sultana Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province Pak. J. Ethnopharmacol. 128 2010 322 335
2. S.I. Abdelwahab, L.E.A. Hassan, H.M. Sirat, S.M.A. Yagi, W.S. Koko, S. Mohan, M.M.E. Taha, S. Ahmad, C.S. Chuen, P. Narrima, M.M. Rais, and A.H.A. Hadi Anti-inflammatory activities of cucurbitacin E isolated from Citrullus lanatus: role of reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition Fitoterapia 82 2011 1190 1197
3. B.M. Abegaz, M. Bezabih, T. Msuta, R. Brun, D. Menche, J. Muhlbacher, and G. Bringmann Gaboroquinones A and B and 4β-O-Demethylknipholone-4β-O- α-D-glucopyranoside, phenylanthraquinones from the roots of Bulbine frutescens J. Nat. Prod. 65 2002 1117 1121
4. P.M. Abreu, V.S. Rosa, E.M. Araujo, A.B. Canda, O. Kayser, K.-U. Bindseil, K. Siems, and A. Seemann Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial evaluation of Detarium microcarpum bark extracts Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett. 8 1998 107 109
5. T. Aburjai, and F.M. Natsheh Plants used in cosmetics Phytother. Res. 17 2003 987 1000
6. A.A. Adedapo, F.O. Jimoh, A.J. Afolayan, and P.J. Masika Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the stems of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 8 2008 54
7. A.A. Adedapo, F.O. Jimoh, S. Koduru, P.J. Masika, and A.J. Afolayan Evaluation of the medicinal potential of the methanol extracts of the leaves and stems of Halleria lucida Bioresour. Technol. 99 2008 4158 4163
8. A.A. Adedapo, and S.O. Ofuegbe Anti-Inflammatory and analgesic activities of soft drink leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in some laboratory animals Br. Biotechnol. J. 3 2013 183 196
9. E.A. Adewusi, and V. Steenkamp In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from southern Africa Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2011 829 835.
10. A. Adhikari, H.P. Devkota, A. Takano, K. Masuda, T. Nakane, P. Basnet, and N. Skalko-Basnet Screening of Nepalese crude drugs traditionally used to treat hyperpigmentation: in vitro tyrosinase inhibition Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30 2008 353 360
11. A.S. Ahmed, E.E. Elgorashi, N. Moodley, L.J. McGaw, V. Naidoo, and J.N. Eloff The antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of different fractions of four South African Bauhinia species used traditionally to treat diarrhoea J. Ethnopharmacol. 143 2012 826 839
12. M. Al-Fatimi, M. Wurster, G. Schroder, and U. Lindequist Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants from Yemen J. Ethnopharmacol. 111 2007 657 666
13. G.M. Ali, S. Yasumoto, and M. Seki-Katsuta Assessment of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers Electron. J. Biotechnol. 10 2007 12 23
14. A.A. Aliero, F.O. Jimoh, and A.J. Afolayan Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Sansevieria hyacinthoides Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 3 2008 103 110
15. A.M.R. Alvarez, and M.L.G. Rodriguez Lipids in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations Grasasy Aceites 51 2000 74 96
16. S.O. Amoo, A.O. Aremu, M. Moyo, and J. Van Staden Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory properties of long-term stored medicinal plants BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12 2012 87
17. K.R. Anilkumar, A. Pal, F. Khanum, and A.S. Bawa Nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), seeds - an overview Agric. Conspec. Sci. 75 2010 159 168
18. T. Anitha Medicinal plants used in skin protection Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 5 2012 35 38
19. A.O. Aremu, O.A. Fawole, J.C. Chukwujekwu, M.E. Light, J.F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden In vitro antimicrobial, anthelmintic and cyclooxygenase-inhibitory activities and phytochemical analysis of Leucosidea sericea J. Ethnopharmacol. 131 2010 22 27
20. H.J. Arnold, and M. Gulumian Pharmacopoeia of traditional medicine in Venda J. Ethnopharmacol. 12 1984 35 74
21. A.N. Assimopoulou, Z. Sinakos, and V.P. Papageorgiou Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents Phytother. Res. 19 2005 997 1000
22. O.J. Babajide, W.T. Mabusela, I.R. Green, F. Ameer, F. Weitz, and E.I. Iwuoha Phytochemical screening and biological activity studies of five South African indigenous medicinal plants J. Med. Plants Res. 2 2010 1924 1932
23. K. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Ghosh Preparation and characterization of papain-modified sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) protein isolates J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 2002 6854 6857
24. D. Beer, E. Joubert, C.J. Malherbe, and D.J. Brand Use of countercurrent chromatography during isolation of 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-β-glucoside, a major antioxidant of Athrixia phylicoides J. Chromatogr. A 1218 2011 6179 6186
25. O. Benavente-Garcia, J. Castillo, J. Lorente, A. Ortuno, and J.A.D. Rio Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L. leaves Food Chem. 68 2000 457 462
26. A. Bianco, R. Scalzo, and M.L. Scarpati Isolation of cornoside from Olea europaea and its transformation in to halleridone Phytochemistry 32 1993 455 457
27. L. Botes, F.H. Westhuizen, and D.T. Loots Phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of two Aloe greatheadii var. davyana extracts Molecules 13 2008 2169 2180
28. T. Breiter, C. Laue, G. Kressel, S. Groll, U.H. Engelhardt, and A. Hahn Bioavailability and antioxidant potential of rooibos flavonoids in humans following the consumption of different rooibos formulations Food Chem. 128 2011 338 347
29. Brendler, T., Phillips, D., 2011. Unpublished list of African cosmetic plants. Brien S., Lewith G.T. and Mc Gregor G., Devils claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary MedicineJ. Altern. Complement. Med. 12, 2006, 981-993
30. M. Burits, K. Asres, and F. Bucar The antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Artemisia afra, Artemisia abyssinica and Juniperus procera Phytother. Res. 15 2001 103 108
31. E.D. Caluwe, K. Halamova, and P.V. Damme Adansonia digitata L - a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology Afr. Focus 23 2010 11 51
32. S. Cavar, and M. Maksimovic Antioxidant activity of essential oils and aqueous extract of Pelargonium graveolens LHer Food Control 23 2012 263 267
33. P.M. Chaudhari, P.V. Kawade, and S.M. Funne Cosmeceuticals - a review Int. J. Pharm. Technol. 3 2011 774 798
34. W. Chen, B.-E. Wyk, I. Vermaak, and A.M. Viljoen Cape aloes - a review of the phytochemistry, pharmacology and commercialisation of Aloe ferox Phytochem. Lett. 5 2012 1 12
35. C.L. Cheng, and M.W.L. Koo Effects of Cassia auriculata on ethanol induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats Life Sci. 67 2000 2647 2653
36. K.C. Chinsembu, M. Hedimbi, and W.C. Mukaru Putative medicinal properties of plants from the Kavango region, Namibia J. Med. Plants Res. 5 2011 6787 6797
37. E. Chivandi, B.C. Davidson, and K.H. Erlwanger A comparison of the lipid and fatty acid profiles from the kernels of the fruit (nuts) of Ximenia caffra and Ricinodendron rautanenii from Zimbabwe Ind. Crops Prod. 27 2008 29 32
38. C. Clarkson, V.J. Maharaj, N.R. Crouch, O.M. Grace, P. Pillay, M.G. Matsabisa, N. Bhagwandin, P.J. Smith, and P.I. Folb In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa J. Ethnopharmacol. 92 2004 177 191
39. L.E. Codd The genus Ballota Flora of S. Afr. 28 1985 48 50
40. B.M. Corrigan, B.-E. Van Wyk, C.J. Geldenhuys, and J.M. Jardine Ethnobotanical plant uses in the KwaNibela Peninsula, St Lucia, South Africa S. Afr. J. Bot. 77 2011 346 359
41. H. De Wet, S. Nciki, and S.F. van Vuuren Medicinal plants used for the treatment of various skin disorders by a rural community in northern Maputaland S. Afr. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9 2013 51
42. D. Diallo, B.S. Paulsen, T.H.A. Liljeback, and T.E. Michaelsen The malian medicinal plant Trichilia emetic: studies on polysaccharides with complement fixing ability J. Ethnopharmacol. 84 2003 279 287
43. N.K. Dubey, R. Kumar, and P. Tripathi Global promotion of herbal medicine: Indias opportunity Curr. Sci. 86 2004 37 41
44. G. Duncan Grow Agapanthus A Guide to the Species, Cultivation and Propagation of the Genus Agapanthus 1998 National Botanical Institute, Trident Press Cape Town.
45. H. Dureja, D. Kaushik, M. Gupta, V. Kumar, and V. Lather Cosmeceuticals: an emerging concept Indian J. Pharmacol. 37 2005 155 159
46. A.C. Dweck A Data Base: Article for Cosmetics and Toiletries Magazine Ethnobotanical Plants from Africa Part Two, Research Director 2011 Peter Black Medicare Ltd. White Horse Business Park, Aintree Avenue, Wiltshire, UK BA14 0XB.
47. A. Dyson Discovering Indigenous Healing Plants of the Herb and Fragrance Gardens at Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden 1998 NBI Cape Town.
48. M.A. Ebrahimzadeh, S.M. Nabavi, and S.F. Nabavi Antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of Mentha longifolia Pharmacologyonline 2 2010 464 471
49. I.M. Eldeen, E.E. Elgorashi, and J. van Staden Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and mutagenic effects of extracts obtained from some trees used in South African traditional medicine J. Ethnopharmacol. 102 2005 457 464
50. J.N. Eloff Antibacterial activity of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea (A. rich) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro) (Anacardiaceae) bark and leaves J. Ethnopharmacol. 76 2001 305 308
51. P. Erasto, Z.H. Mbwambo, R.S.O. Nondo, N. Lall, and A. Lubschagne Antimycobacterial, antioxidant activity and toxicity of extracts from the roots of Rauvolfia vomitoria and R. caffra Spatula DD 1 2011 73 80
52. H. Farhan, H. Rammal, A. Hijazi, H. Hamad, A. Daher, M. Reda, and B. Badran In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from crude Malva parviflora L. grown in Lebanon Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 5 2012 234 238
53. O.A. Fawole, S.O. Amoo, A.R. Ndhlala, M.E. Light, J.F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of medicinal plants used for pain-related ailments in South Africa J. Ethnopharmacol. 127 2010 235 241
54. O.A. Fawole, A.R. Ndhlala, S.O. Amoo, J.F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden Anti-inflammatory and phytochemical properties of twelve medicinal plants used for treating gastro-intestinal ailments in South Africa J. Ethnopharmacol. 123 2009 237 243
55. L. Fernandes, C.E.J. van Rensburg, A.A. Hoosen, and V. Steenkamp In vitro activity of medicinal plants of the Venda region, South Africa, against Trichomonas vaginalis S. Afr. J. Epidemiol. Infect. 23 2008 26 28
56. F.W. Fox, and Y.M.E. Norwood Food From the Veld, Edible Wild Plants of Southern Africa 1982 Delta Books Johannesburg.
57. Y. Frum In vitro 5-Lipoxygenase and Anti-Oxidant Activities of South African Medicinal Plants Commonly Used Topically for Skin Diseases 2006 MSc. Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg.
58. Y. Frum, A.M. Viljoen, and F.R. Van Heerden Verbascoside and luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from Halleria lucida L. exhibit antagonistic anti-oxidant properties in vitro S. Afr. J. Bot. 73 2007 583 587
59. O.A. Gabriel, and A. Olubunmi Comprehensive scientific demystification of Kigelia africana: a review Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 3 2009 158 164
60. M. George, L. Joseph, and Ramaswamy. Anti-Allerigic, anti-pruritic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Centella asiatica extracts Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 6 2009 554 559
61. M.I. Georgiev, K. Alipieva, and I.E. Orhan Cholinesterases inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Harpagophytum procumbens from in vitro systems Phytother. Res. 26 2012 313 316
62. N. Gericke, B. Van Oudtshoorn, and B. Van Wyk Medicinal Plants of South Africa 1997 Briza Pretoria.
63. M.P. Germano, V.D. DAngelo, T. Biasini, R. Sanogo, R. De Pasquale, and S. Catania Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and bioavailability of free and bound phenolic acids from Trichilia emetica Vahl. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105 2006 368 373
64. G. Germishuizen, and N.L. Meyer Plants of Southern Africa: An Annotated Checklist. Strelitzia 14 2003 National Botanical Institute Pretoria.
65. J. Gerstner A preliminary checklist of Zulu names of plants with short notes Bantu Stud. 12 1938 215 236
66. J. Gerstner A preliminary checklist of Zulu names of plants with short notes? Bantu Stud. 15 1941 277 383
67. D.A. Glaser Anti-Aging products and cosmeceuticals Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 12 2004 363 372
68. P. Goldblatt, and J. Manning Cape Plants, A Conspectus of the Cape Flora of South Africa Strelitzia 9 2000 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria & Missouri Botanical Garden Missouri.
69. A. Goudoum, L.S.N. Tinkeu, M.B. Ngassoum, and C.M. Mbofung Antioxidant activities of essential oils of Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and Plectranthus glandulosus (Labiateae), plants used against stored grain insects in North Cameroon Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 3 2009 567 577
70. L.T. Grassi, A. Malheiros, C. Meyre-Silva, Z.S. Buss, E.D. Monguilhott, T.S. Frode, K.A.B.S. daSilva, and M.M. Souza From popular use to pharmacological validation: a study of the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and healing effects of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract J. Ethnopharmacol. 145 2013 127 138
71. D.S. Grierson, and A.J. Afolayan An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of wounds in the Eastern Cape, South Africa J. Ethnopharmacol. 67 1999 327 332
72. J. Gruenwald Anti-Aging nutraceuticals Food Sci. Technol. 20 2006 50 51
73. C. Gupta, S. Goyal, and S. Gupta Cosmeceuticals: beauty behind plants J. Pharm. Res. 4 2011 56 57
74. R.M. Halder, M.D. Richards, and G.M. Richards Topical agents used in the management of hyperpigmentation Skin Ther. Lett. 9 2004 1 3
75. H.S. Hassan, A.A. Ahmadu, and A.S. Hassan Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Asparagus africanus root extract Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 5 2008 27 31
76. H.S. Hassan, M.I. Sule, A.M. Musa, K.Y. Musa, M.S. Abubakar, and A.S. Hassan Anti-inflammatory activity of crude saponin extracts from five Nigerian medicinal plants Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 9 2012 250 255
77. L.E.A. Hassan, H.M. Sirat, S.M.A. Yagi, W.S. Koko, and S.I. Abdelwahab In vitro Antimicrobial activities of chloroformic, hexane and ethanolic extracts of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (Wild melon) J. Med. Plants Res. 5 2011 1338 1344
78. Hein, A.J., Wicker, C.M., Palmer, C.F., 2009. Natural Butters Reconstituted by Transesterification with Glycerine and Its Use in Cosmetic Applications. Patent US 2009/0285876 A1.
79. C. Houghton New Natural Oils and Their Properties 1999 Anglia Oils Ltd. Bulk Speciality Division, Norfolk.
80. A.B. Hsouna, and N. Hamdi Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and organic extracts from pelargonium graveolens growing in Tunisia Hsouna Hamdi Lipids Health Dis. 11 2013 167 173
81. Hsu, D.-Z., Chu, P.-Y., Li, M.-Y., 2012. Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) extracts and their anti-inflammatory effect. ACS Symposium Series. doi: 10.1021/bk-2012-1093.ch019.
82. Q. Hu, J. Xu, S. Chen, and F. Yang Antioxidant activity of extracts of black sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 2004 943 947
83. A. Hutchings Zulu Medicinal Plants 1996 University of Natal Press Pietermaritzburg.
84. A. Hutchings, A.H. Scott, G. Lewis, and A.B. Cunningham Zulu Medicinal Plants 1996 University of Natal Press Pietermaritzburg.
85. B. Ibtissem, C. Abdelly, and S. Sfar Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and Carpobrotus edulis extracts Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2 2012 359 365
86. M.M. Iwu African Ethnomedicine Second ed. 1986 SNAAP Press Enugu, Nigeria 173.
87. S.J. Jackson, P.J. Houghton, S. Retsas, and A. Photiou In vitro cytotoxicity of Norviburtinal and Isopinnatal from Kigelia pinnata against cancer cell lines Planta Med. 66 2000 758 761
88. W.P.U. Jackson Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant genera 1990 U.C.T. Printing Dept. Cape Town.
89. W.B.G. Jacobsen The Ferns and Fern Allies of Southern Africa 1983 Butterworths South Africa (284, 446, 448, 449).
90. A. Jain, S. Dubey, A. Gupta, P. Kannojia, and V. Tomar Potential of herbs as cosmeceuticals Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 1 2010 71 77
91. R.L. Jarret, and I.J. Levy Oil and fatty acid contents in seed of Citrullus lanatus schrad J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 2012 5199 5204
92. P. Joffe The Gardeners Guide to South African Plants 1993 Table Mountain Publishers Cape Town
93. P. Joffe Creative Gardening with Indigenous Plants 2003 Briza Publications Pretoria.
94. E.T. Jothi, P.D. Nithya, N.V. Lakshmi, V.G. Chand, and P.S. Babu In vitro anti inflammatory activity of Tecomaria Capensis (Thunb) leaves of different extracts Curr. Pharma Res. 2 2012 524 526
95. E. Joubert, W.C.A. Gelderblom, A. Louw, and D. de Beer South African herbal teas: Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia spp. and Athrixia phylicoides - a review J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 2008 376 412
96. H.R. Juliani, A.R. Koroch, J.E. Simon, and C. Wamulwange Mungongo cold pressed oil (Schinziophyton rautanenii): a new natural product with potential cosmetic applications Acta Hortic. 756 2007 407 412
97. Juma, B.F., Majinda, R.R.T., August 9-12 2005. Three new compounds from Erythrina lysistemon and their antimicrobial, radical scavenging activities and their brine shrimp lethality. In: 11th NAPRECA Symposium Book of Proceedings, Antananarivo. Madagascar, pp. 97-109.
98. G.P.P. Kamatou, I. Vermaak, and A.M. Viljoen An updated review of Adansonia digitata: a commercially important African tree S. Afr. J. Bot. 77 2011 908 919
99. G.P.P. Kamatou, A.M. Viljoen, A.B. Gono-Bwalya, R.L. van Zyl, S.F. van Vuuren, A.C.U. Lourens, K.H.C. Baser, B. Demirci, K.L. Lindsey, J. van Staden, and P. Steenkamp The in vitro pharmacological activities and a chemical investigation of three South African Salvia species J. Ethnopharmacol. 102 2005 382 390
100. L. Kambizi, B.M. Goosen, M.B. Taylor, and A.J. Afolayan Anti-viral effects of aqueous extracts of Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture S. Afr. J. Sci. 103 2007 359 360
101. L.D. Kapoor Hand Book of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, Herbal Reference Library Edition 2001 CRC Press New York.
102. D.R. Katerere, and J.N. Eloff Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), a reputed anti-HIV/AIDS phytomedicine Phytother. Res. 19 2005 779 781
103. S.K. Katiyar Silymarin and skin cancer prevention: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects (Reiev) Int. J. Oncol. 26 2005 139 176
104. G. Kaur, Z. Jabbar, M. Athar, and M.S. Alam Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidant activity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in mice Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 2006 984 993
105. S. Kazuno, M. Yanagida, N. Shindo, and K. Murayama Mass spectrometric identification and quantification of glycosyl flavonoids, including dihydrochalcones with neutral loss scan mode Anal. Biochem. 347 2005 182 192
106. J.E. Kelmanson, A.K. Jager, and J. van Staden Zulu medicinal plants with antibacterial activity J. Ethnopharmacol. 69 2000 241 246
107. D.A. Kiken, and D.E. Cohen Contact dermatitis to botanical extracts Am. J. Contact Dermat. 13 2002 148 152
108. H.P. Kim, K.H. Son, H.W. Chang, and S.S. Kang Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms J. Pharmacol. Sci. 96 2004 229 245
109. K.R. Kirtikar, and B.D. Basu 2nd ed. Indian Medicinal Plants II 1975 Periodical Experts New Delhi
110. B.M. Komane, E.I. Olivier, and A.M. Viljoen Trichilia emetica (Meliaceae) - a review of traditional uses, biological activities and phytochemistry Phytochem. Lett. 4 2011 1 9
111. M. Kuglerova, H. Tesarova, J.T. Grade, K. Halamova, O. Wanyana-Maganyi, P.V. Damme, and L. Kokoska Antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of Ugandan medicinal barks Afr.n J. Biotechnol. 10 2011 3628 3632
112. B. Kumar, M. Govindarajan, and R. Pusphagandan Ethanopharmacological approaches to wound healing - exploring medicinal plants of India J. Ethanopharmacol. 114 2007 103 113
113. P.S. Kumar, S. Sucheta, V.S. Deepa, P. Selvamani, and S. Latha Antioxidant activity in some selected Indian medicinal plants Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7 2008 1826 1828
114. H.M. Kumaraswamy, V. Krishna, K. Shankar murthy, A.B. Rahiman, K.L. Mankani, K.M. Mahadevan, B.G. Harish, and R.H. Naika Wound healing activity of embelin isolated from the ethanol extract of leaves of Embelia ribes Burm J. Ethnopharmacol. 109 2007 529 534
115. T.E. Kwape, and P. Chaturvedi Antiooxidant activities of leaf extracts of Ziziphus mucronata. I. J. Food Agric. Vet. Sci. 2 2012 62 69
116. G. Laghetti, and K. Hammer The Corsican citron melon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai subsp. lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.] a traditional and neglected crop Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 54 2007 913 916
117. A. Lamien-Meda, C.E. Lamien, M.M.Y. Compaore, R.N.T. Meda, M. Kiendrebeogo, B. Zeba, J.F. Millogo, and O.G. Nacoulma Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fourteen wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso Molecules 13 2008 581 594
118. C. Lans Comparison of plants used for skin and stomach problems in Trinidad and Tobago with Asian ethnomedicine J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 3 2007 3
119. O.A. Leistner Seed Plants of Southern Africa: Families and Genera, Strelitzia 10 2000 National Botanical Institute Pretoria.
120. A.M. Lohdip, and T.T. Tyonande Analysis of Asparagus africanus (LAM) for some hair growth-stimulating elements ChemClass J. 2 2005 93 94
121. D.T. Loots, F.H. Westhuizen, and L. Botes Aloe ferox leaf gel phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and possible health benefits J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 2007 6891 6896
122. C.A.M. Louw, T.J.C. Regnier, and L. Korsten Medicinal bulbous plants of South Africa and their traditional relevance in the control of infectious diseases J. Ethnopharmacol. 82 2002 147 154
123. O.O. Lucky, U.O. John, I.E. Kate, O.O. Peter, and O.E. Jude Quantitative determination, metal analysis and antiulcer evaluation of methanol seeds extract of Citrullus lanatus Thunb (Cucurbitaceae) in rats Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2012 S804 S808.
124. U. Mabona, A. Viljoen, E. Shikanga, A. Marston, and S. Van Vuuren Antimicrobial activity of southern African medicinal plants with dermatological relevance: from an ethnopharmcological screening approach, to combination studies and the isolation of a bioactive compound J. Ethnopharmacol. 148 2013 45 55
125. V.A. Maikai, P.I. Kobo, and B.V.O. Maikai Antioxidant properties of Ximenia americana Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9 2010 7744 7746
126. V.A. Maikai, A.J. Nok, C.B.I. Alawa, and A.O. Adaudi The effect of Ximenia americana in mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense Int. J. Biosci. 2 2007 48 52
127. N.P. Makunga, L.E. Philander, and M. Smith Current perspectives on an emerging formal natural products sector in South Africa J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 2008 365 375
128. V. Maphosa, P.J. Masika, and B. Moyo Investigation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Elephantorrhiza elephantine (Burch.) Skeels root extract in male rats Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 2009 7068 7072
129. M.B. Mapunya, A.A. Hussein, B. Rodriguez, and N. Lall Tyrosinase activity of Greyia flanaganii (Bolus) constituents Phytomedicine 18 2011 1006 1012
130. M.B. Mapunya, R.V. Nikolova, and N. Lall Melanogenesis and antityrosinase activity of selected South African plants Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 2012 P6 (Article ID 374017).
131. A.A. Mariod, B. Matthaus, Y.M.A. Idris, and S.I. Abdelwahab Fatty acids, tocopherols, phenolics and the antimicrobial effect of Sclerocarya birrea kernels with different harvesting dates J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 87 2010 377 384
132. J. Marnewick, E. Joubert, S. Joseph, S. Swanevelder, P. Swart, and W. Gelderblom Inhibition of tumour promotion in mouse skin by extracts of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), unique South African herbal teas Cancer Lett. 224 2005 193 202
133. J.L. Marnewick, F. Rautenbach, I. Venter, H. Neethling, D.M. Blackhurst, P. Wolmarans, and M. Macharia Effects of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) on oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in adults at risk for cardiovascular disease J. Ethnopharmacol. 133 2011 46 52
134. A. Maroyi Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov.: a multi-use ethnomedicinal plant species J. Med. Plants Res. 7 2013 53 60
135. A. Martins, A. Vasas, M. Viveiros, J. Molnar, J. Hohmann, and L. Amaral Antibacterial properties of compounds isolated from Carpobrotus edulis Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 37 2011 438 444
136. L.J. McGaw, V. Steenkamp, and J.N. Eloff Evaluation of Athrixia bush tea for cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, caffeine content and presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids J. Ethnopharmacol. 110 2007 16 22
137. D.L. McKay, and J.B. Blumberg A review of the bioactivity of South African herbal teas: Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) Phytother. Res. 21 2007 1 16
138. M.G. Miguel Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: a short review Molecules 15 2010 9252 9287
139. M. Mochizuki, and N. Hasegawa Anti-inflammatory effect of extract of Terminalia sericea roots in an experimental model of colitis J. Health Sci. 53 2007 329 331
140. I.E. Mohamed, B.E. El-Nur, M.I. Choudhary, and S.N. Khan Bioactive natural products from two Sudanese medicinal plants Diospyros mespiliformis and Croton zambesicus Rec. Nat. Prod. 3 2009 198 203
141. T.A. Mokoka, L.J. McGaw, and J.N. Eloff Antifungal efficacy of ten selected South African plant species against Cryptococcus neoformans Pharm. Biol. 48 2010 397 404
142. S. Momtaz, N. Lall, and A. Basson Inhibitory activities of mushroom tyrosine and DOPA oxidation by plant extracts S. Afr. J. Bot. 74 2008 577 582
143. S. Momtaz, B.M. Mapunya, P.J. Houghton, C. Edgerly, A. Hussein, S. Naidoo, and N. Lall Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 2008 507 512
144. S. Momtaz, N. Lall, A. Hussein, S.N. Ostad, and M. Abdollahi Investigation of the possible biological activities of a poisonous South African plant; Hyaenanche globosa (Euphorbiaceae) Pharm. Mag. 6 2010 34 41
145. A. Moolla, and A.M. Viljoen 'Buchu' - Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata (Rutaceae): A review J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 2008 413 419
146. G. More, N. Lall, A. Hussein, and T.E. Tshikalange Antimicrobial constituents of Artemisia afra Jacq. exWilld. against periodontal pathogens Evid. - Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012 7 (Article ID 252758).
147. I. Mourtzinos, F. Salta, K. Yannakopoulou, A. Chiou, and V.T. Karathanos Encapsulation of olive leaf extract in β-cyclodextrin J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 2007 8088 8094
148. M. Moyo, A.R. Ndhlala, J.F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden Phenolic composition, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Sclerocarya birrea and Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) extracts Food Chem. 123 2010 69 76
149. V.P. Mozherenkov, and L.F. Shubina Treatment of chronic conjunctivitis with Calendula Med. Sestra 35 1976 33 34
150. S. Mukul, K. Surabhi, and N. Atul Cosmeceutical for the skin: an overview Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 4 2011 1 6
151. B.P. Muley, S.S. Khadabadi, and N.B. Banarase Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): a Review Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 8 2009 455 465
152. K.M. Nadkarni Indian Materia Medica 2 1976 Popular Prakashan Publications. Ltd. Bombay
153. M. Nakano, H. Nakashima, and Y. Itoh Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of oligosaccharides from Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) extracts in vitro Leukemia 11 1997 128 130
154. B.G. Ndawonde, A.M. Zobolo, E.T. Dlamini, and S.J. Siebert A survey of plants sold by traders at Zululand muthi markets, with a view to selecting popular plant species for propagation in communal gardens Afr. J. Range Forage Sci. 42 2007 103 107
155. J.G. Ndukui, H. Muwonge, and L.F. Sembajwe Aphrodisiac potential and phytochemical profile of Ekebergia capensis (Cape ash) in male albino rats Spatula DD 2 2012 237 243
156. Y.P. Neo, A. Ariffin, C.P. Tan, and Y.A. Tan Determination of oil palm fruit phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities using spectrophotometric methods Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 43 2008 1832 1837
157. H.D. Neuwinger African Traditional Medicine, A Dictionary of Plant Use and Applications 2000 Medpharm Scientific Publishers Stuttgart.
158. M.A. Ngwenya, A. Koopman, and R. Williams Zulu Botanical Knowledge: An Introduction 2003 National Botanical Institute Durban.
159. E.W. Njenga, and A.M. Viljoen In vitro 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and anti-oxidant activity of Eriocephalus L. (Asteraceae) species S. Afr. Journal of Botany 72 2006 637 641
160. E.W. Njenga, S.F. Vuuren, and A.M. Viljoen Antimicrobial activity of Eriocephalus L species S. Afr. J. Bot. 71 2005 81 87
161. C. Njume, A.J. Afolayan, E. Green, and R.N. Ndip Volatile compounds in the stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) possess antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 38 2011 319 324
162. N. Nkobole, P.J. Houghton, A. Hussein, and N. Lall Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC constituents Nat. Prod. Commun. 6 2011 3
163. M. Nkomo, B.N. Nkeh-Chungag, L. Kambizi, E.J. Ndebia, and J.E. Iputo Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Gunnera perpensa (Gunneraceae) Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 4 2010 263 269
164. D.S. Ogunleye, and S.F. Ibitoye Studies of antimicrobial activity and chemical constituents of Ximenia americana Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2 2003 239 241
165. J.A.O. Ojewole Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycemic effects of Sutherlandia frutescens R. BR. (variety Incana E. MEY.) [Fabaceae] shoot aqueous extract Method Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 26 2004 409 416
166. J.A.O. Ojewole, T. Mawoza, W.D.H. Chiwororo, and P.M.O. Owira Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst. ['Marula'] (Anacardiaceae): a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology and its ethnomedicinal uses Phytother. Res. 24 2010 633 639
167. J.E. Okokon, A.E. Udoh, U.E. Andrew, and L.U. Amazu Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities of Clausena anisata Mol. Clin. Pharmacol. 3 2012 47 54
168. E.I. Okoye, A.O. Onyekwelli, F.O. Ohwoavworhua, and O.O. Kunle Comparative study of some mechanical and release properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with cashew tree gum, povidone and gelatin as binders Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 2009 3970 3973
169. M. Oktay, I. Gulcin, and O.I. Kufrevioglu Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts Lebensm. Wiss. U-Technol. 36 2003 263 271
170. O.A. Olabissi, O. Moussa, O. Moustapha, Z.F. Edgard, K. Eleonore, L. Marius, and G.I. Pierre Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous ethanol extract of root bark of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 5 2011 806 811
171. M.T. Olalye, and J.B.T. Rocha Commonly used tropical medicinal plants exhibit distinct in vitro antioxidant activities against hepatotoxins in rat liver Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 58 2007 433 438
172. D.K. Olivier, E.A. Shikanga, S. Combrinck, R.W.M. Krause, T. Regnier, and T.P. Dlamini Phenylethanoid glycosides from Lippia javanica S. Afr. J. Bot. 76 2010 58 63
173. G.K. Oloyede, P.A. Onocha, J. Soyinka, O. Oguntokun, and E. Thonda Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of four Nigerian medicinal plants Ann. Biol. Res. 1 2010 114 120
174. B.E. Omoruyi, G. Bradley, and A.J. Afolayan Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Carpobrotus edulis (L.) bolus leaf used for the management of common infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Eastern Cape Province BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12 2012 215
175. K.C. Palgrave E.J. Moll, Trees of Southern Africa 2002 Struik Publishers Cape Town.
176. E. Palmer, and N. Pitman Trees of Southern Africa 1972 A.A. Balkema Cape Town.
177. S. Pandey, N. Meshya, and D. Viral Herbs play an important role in the field of cosmetics Int. J. PharmTech Res. 2 2010 632 639
178. T.N. Parameswaran, A. Kalra, V.K. Mehta, and K. Radhakrishnan Chemical control of tip burn and blight of scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides under South Indian hill conditions J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci. 22 2000 666 668
179. N. Pather, A.M. Viljoen, and B. Kramer A biochemical comparison of the in vivo effects of Bulbine frutescens and Bulbine natalensis on cutaneous wound healing J. Ethnopharmacol. 133 2011 364 370
180. G.A. Pesewu, R.R. Cutler, and D.P. Humber Antibacterial activity of plants used in traditional medicines of Ghana with particular reference to MRSA J. Ethnopharmacol. 116 2008 102 111
181. L.A. Philander An ethnobotany of Western Cape Rasta bush medicine J. Ethnopharmacol. 138 2011 578 594
182. D. Philip, P.K. Kaleena, and K. Valivittan In vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of Sansevieria roxburghiana Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 3 2011 71 73
183. D. Philip, P.K. Kaleena, and K. Valivittan Antioxidant potential of Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. and Schult. F. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 5 2012 166 169
184. P. Picerno, G. Autore, S. Marzocco, M. Meloni, R. Sanogo, and R.P. Aquino Anti-inflammatory activity of verbinoside from Kigelia africana and evaluation of cutaneous irritation in cell cultures and reconstituted human epidermis J. Nat. Prod. 68 2005 1610 1614
185. C.C.N. Pillay, A.K. Jager, D.A. Mulholland, and J. van Staden Cyclooxygenase inhibiting and anti-bacterial activities of South African Erythrina species J. Ethnopharmacol. 74 2001 231 237
186. F. Pittella, R.C. Dutra, D.D. Junior, M.T.P. Lopes, and N.R. Barbosa Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Centella asiatica (L) Urb. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10 2009 3713 3721
187. E. Pooley The Complete Guide to Trees of Natal 1993 Natal Flora Publication Trust Zululand and Transkei 240 245.
188. E. Pooley A Field Guide to Wild Flowers of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Region 1998 Natal Flora Publications Trust Durban.
189. E. Powell Devils claw, protective measures to ensure the sustainable use of Harpagophytum procumbens, one of South Africas most valuable medicinal plants Veld Flora 87 4 2001 157
190. J.P. Preetha, and K. Karthika Cosmeceuticals - an evolution Int. J. Chem. Technology Res. 1 2009 1217 1223
191. Pretorius, C., 2010. Antioxidant Properties of Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. M.Sc. dissertation in Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University.
192. J. Pujol Nature Africa: The Herbalist handbook 1990 Jean Pujol Natural Healers Foundation Durban.
193. M. Rahman, S. Hossain, A. Rahaman, N. Fatima, T. Nahar, B. Uddin, and M.A. Basunia Antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban: Impact of extraction solvent polarity J. Pharm. Phytochem. 1 2013 27 32
194. D. Raimondo, L. Von Staden, W. Foden, J.E. Victor, N.A. Helm, R.C. Turner, D.A. Kamundi, and P.A. Manyama Red List of South African plants, Strelitzia 25 2009 South African National Biodiversity Institute Pretoria.
195. Ramoroka, R., Mapunya, T.G., 2006. Personal Communication.
196. B.R. Rao, P.N. Kaul, K.V. Syamasundar, and S. Ramesh Water soluble fractions of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species) essential oil Bioresour. Technol. 84 2002 243 246
197. C.V.K. Reddy, D. Sreeramulu, and M. Raghunath Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry fruits commonly consumed in India Food Res. Int. 43 2010 285 288
198. E. Retief, and P.P.J. Herman Plants of the Northern Provinces of South Africa: Keys and Diagnostic Characters. Strelitzia 6 1997 National Botanical Institute Pretoria.
199. A. Ribeiro, M.M. Romeiras, J. Tavares, and M.T. Faria Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 6 2010 33
200. M. Roberts Indigenous Healing Plants 1990 Southern Book Publishers Halfway House, South Afirca.
201. T. Rupesh, J. Nitika, P. Raghvendra, and S. Sardul Practices in wound healing studies of plants Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2011 (Article ID 438056).
202. H. Safayhi, T. Mack, J. Sabieraj, M.I. Anazodo, L.R. Subramanian, and H.P. Ammon Mechanism of anti-inflammatory actions of curcumine and boswellic acids J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261 1992 1143 1146
203. N.K. Saini, and M. Singhal Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic Tecomaria capensis leaves extract Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2 2012 870 874
204. M. Sandasi, G.P.P. Kamatou, and A.M. Viljoen Chemotaxonomic evidence suggests that Eriocephalus tenuifolius is the source of Cape chamomile oil and not Eriocephalus punctulatus Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 39 2011 328 338
205. Y. Saral, B. Uyar, A. Ayar, and M. Nazirogly Protective effects of topical alpha-tocopherol acetate on UVB irradiation in guinea pigs: importance of free radicals Physiol. Res. 51 2002 285 290
206. J. Saraswathi, K. Venkatesh, N. Baburao, M.H. Hilal, and A.R. Rani Phytopharmacological importance of Pelargonium species J. Med. Plants Res. 5 2011 2587 2598
207. R. Sariri, R. Sabbaghzadeh, and F. Poumohamad In-vitro antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity of methanol extracts from Crocus sativus flowers Pharmacologyonline 3 2011 1 11
208. S. Sasidharan, R. Nilawatyi, R. Xavier, L.Y. Latha, and R. Amala Wound healing potential of Elaeis guineensis leaves in an infected albino rat model Molecules 15 2010 3186 3199
209. S. Sasidharan, R. Nilawatyi, R. Xavier, L.Y. Latha, and R. Amala Wound healing potential of Elaeis guineensis Jacq leaves in an infected albino rat model Molecules 15 2012 3186 3199
210. K. Savikin, S. Dobric, V. Tadic, and G. Zdunic Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of Hypericum perforatum L., H. barbatum Jacq., H. hirsutum L., H. richeri Vill. and H. androsaemum L. in rats Phytother. Res. 21 2007 176 180
211. S.S. Sawhney, M.A. Mir, and S. Kumar Phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of Bauhinia variegata (bark) J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 3 2011 645 650
212. E. Schmidt, M. Lotter, and W. McCleland Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park 2002 Jacana Johannesburg.
213. V. Selvarani, and J.B. Hudson Multiple inflammatory and antiviral activities in Adansonia digitata (Baobab) leaves, fruits and seeds J. Med. Plants Res. 3 2009 576 582
214. R. Sharma, N. Kishore, A. Hussein, and N. Lall The potential of Leucosidea sericea against Propionibacterium acnes Phytochem. Lett. 7 2014 124 129
215. P. Shivanand, M. Nilam, and D. Viral Herbs play an important role in the field of cosmetics Int. J. PharmTech Res. 2 2010 632 639
216. B.A. Silva, F. Ferreres, J.O. Malva, and A.C.P. Dias Phytochemical and antioxidant characterization of Hypericum perforatum alcoholic extracts Food Chem. 90 2005 157 167
217. M.B.C. Simelane, O.A. Lawal, T.G. Djarova, and A.R. Opoku In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Gunnera perpensa L. (Gunneraceae) from South Africa J. Med. Plants Res. 4 2010 2181 2188
218. D. Simpson Buchu-South Africas Amazing Herbal Remedy Scott. Med. J. 43 1998 189 191
219. G. Singh, P.K. Sharma, R. Dudhe, and S. Singh Biological activities of Withania somnifera Ann. Biol. Res. 1 2010 56 63
220. R.P. Singh, and R. Agarwal Cosmeceuticals and silibinin Clin. Dermatol. 27 2009 479 484
221. P. Siramon, and Y. Ohtani Anti-oxidative and antiradical activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf oils from Thailand J. Wood Sci. 53 2007 498 504
222. A. Smith A Contribution to the South African Material Medica Third ed. 1895 Lovedale South Africa.
223. C.A. Smith Common Names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35 1966 Department of Agricultural Technical Services Pretoria.
224. A.R. Srividya, and G.S. Sumithra Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic property of Melianthus major leaves J. Glob. Pharma Technol. 2 2010 94 97
225. V. Steenkamp, E. Mathivha, M.C. Gouws, and C.E.J. van Rensburg Studies on antibacterial, antioxidant and fibroblast growth stimulation of wound healing remedies from South Africa J. Ethnopharmacol. 95 2004 353 357
226. E.M.A. Steyn, P.J. Robbertse, and A.E. Van Wyk Floral development in Greyia flanaganii with notes on inflorescence initiation and sympodial branching S. Afr. J. Bot. 53 1987 194 201
227. R.A. Street, and G. Prinsloo Commercially important medicinal plants of South Africa: a review J. Chem. 2013 2013 1 16
228. N.I. Tahir, K. Shaari, F. Abas, G.K.A. Parveez, Z. Ishak, and U.S. Ramli Characterization of apigenin and luteolin derivatives from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf using LC-ESI-MS/MS J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 2012 11201 11210
229. X. Tong, H. Zhang, and B.N. Timmermann Chlorinated withanolides from Withania somnifera Phytochem. Lett. 4 2011 411 414
230. J.J. Van der Lugt, R.A. Schultz, N. Fourie, L.J. Hon, P. Jordaan, and L. Labuschagne Galenia africana L. poisoning in sheep and goats: hepatic and cardiac changes J. Vet. Res. 59 1992 323 333
231. J.J.A. Van der Walt Pelargoniums of Southern Africa 1977 Purnell Cape Town
232. J.J.A. Van der Walt, and P.J. Vorster Pelargoniums of Southern Africa 3 1988 National Botanical Gardens Cape Town
233. G. Van Rooyen, and H. Steyn Cederberg, Clanwilliam and Bieudow Valley. South African Wild Flower Guide 10 1999 Botanical Society of South Africa Cape Town.
234. B. Van Wyk, and S. Malan Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Witwatersrand and Pretoria Region 1988 Struik Cape Town.
235. B. Van Wyk, and G. Smith Guide to the Aloes of South Africa 1996 Briza Publications Pretoria.
236. B. Van Wyk, and P. Van Wyk Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa 1997 Struik Cape Town.
237. B. Van Wyk, P. Van Wyk, and B.E. Van Wyk Photo Guide to Trees of Southern Africa 2011 Briza South Africa.
238. B.E. Van Wyk A review of Khoi-San and Cape Dutch medical ethnobotany J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 2008 331 341
239. B.-E. Van Wyk, H. De Wet, and F.R. Van Heerden An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in South-Eastern Karoo, South Africa S. Afr. J. Bot. 74 2008 696 704
240. B.E. Van Wyk, and N. Gericke Peoples Plants. A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa 2000 Briza Pretoria, South Africa 218 219.
241. B.E. Van Wyk, B. van Oudtshoom, and N. Gericke Medicinal Plants of South Africa 2nd ed. 2000 Briza Publication Pretoria 146.
242. B.E. Van Wyk, B. Van Oudtshoorn, and N. Gericke Medicinal Plants of South Africa 1997 Briza Publications Pretoria, South Africa.
243. B.E. Van Wyk, B. Van Oudtshoorn, and N. Gericke Medicinal Plants of South Africa Second ed. 2009 Briza Publications Pretoria.
244. B.-E. Van Wyk, and A. Viljoen Special issue on Economic Botany S. Afr. J. Bot. 77 2011 809 1012
245. Y.S. Velioglu, G. Mazza, L. Gao, and B.D. Oomah Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 1998 4113 4117
246. I. Vermaak, G.P.P. Kamatou, B. Komane-Mofokeng, A.M. Viljoen, and K. Beckett African seed oils of commercial importance - cosmetic applications S. Afr. J. Bot. 77 2011 920 933
247. E.M. Von Koenen Medicinal Poisonous and Edible Plants in Namibia 1996 Klaus Hess Windhoek and Gottingen.
248. A.A. Warra Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) seed oil methods of extraction and its prospects in cosmetic industry: a review Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci. 4 2012 164 168
249. J.M. Watt The uses and actions of Xysmalobium undulatum R.Br S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. I. 1935
250. J.M. Watt, and B.M.G. Breyer The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed. 1962 Livingstone London.
251. L. Welford, M.E.A. Jara, and N. Gericke HerbalGram 79 Includes Articles on The Painted Desert: Tree of Life: The Use of Marula Oil in Southern Africa 79 2008 American Botanical Council HerbalGram 32 41
252. H. Wet, F.R. van Heerden, and B.E. van Wyk Alkaloidal variation in Cissampelos Capensis (Menispermaceae) Molecules 16 2011 3001 3009
253. H.D. Wet, V.N. Nzama, and S.F. Van Vuuren Medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections by lay people in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa S. Afr. J. Bot. 78 2012 12 20
254. WHO, 2012. ?http:/www.who.int/violence-injury-prevention/other-injury/ burns/en/? Violence and Injury Prevention.
255. A. Yagi, and S. Takeo Anti-inflammatory constituents, aloesin and aloemannan in Aloe species and effects of tanshinon VI in Salvia miltiorrhiza on heart Yakugaku Zasshi 123 2003 517 532
256. J. Yamakoshi, F. Otsuka, A. Sano, S. Tokutake, M. Saito, M. Kikuchi, and Y. Kubota Lightening effect on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin by oral administration of a proanthocyanidin rich extract from grape seeds Pigment Cell Res. 16 2003 629 638
257. M. Yativ, I. Harary, and S. Wolf Sucrose accumulation in watermelon fruits: genetic variation and biochemical analysis J. Plant Physiol. 167 2010 589 596
258. B.T.S. Yff, K.L. Lindsey, M.B. Taylor, D.G. Erasmus, and A.K. Jager The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia prunelloides and the isolation of the antibacterial compound palmitic acid J. Ethnopharmacol. 79 2002 101 107
259. M.K. Zainol, A. Abd-Hamid, S. Yusof, and R. Muse Antioxidative activity and total phenolic compounds of leaf, root and petiole of four accessions of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Food Chem. 81 2003 575 581
260. H. Zhang, H. Miao, L. Wang, L. Qu, H. Liu, Q. Wang, and M. Yue Genome sequencing of the important oilseed crop Sesamum indicum L Genome Biol. 14 2013 401 409
261. N. Zimba, S. Wren, and A. Stucki Three major tree nut oils of southern central Africa: their uses and future as commercial base oils Int. J. Aromather. 15 2005 177 182