Apico-basal polarity complex and cancer

Journal of Biosciences

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 145-155

  Khursheed, Mohammed ^a   Bashyam, Murali Dharan ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR DNA FINGERPRINTING AND DIAGNOSTICS   (India)

Author keywords

Apico basal polarity; cancer; cell migration; PAR complex

Indexed keywords

CARRIER PROTEINS AND BINDING PROTEINS; PROTEIN CRB; PROTEIN DPATJ; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN PALS1; PROTEIN PAR; PROTEIN PAR3; PROTEIN PAR6; PROTEIN SDT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER; CELL ORGANELLE; EUKARYOTE; SIGNALING;

BASAL CELL; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL POLARITY; CELL STRUCTURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; EPITHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; TIGHT JUNCTION;

EUKARYOTA;

CARCINOMA; CELL MOVEMENT; CELL POLARITY; EPITHELIAL CELLS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS;

EID: 84896036461     PISSN: 02505991     EISSN: 09737138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9410-z     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Adachi M, Hamazaki Y, Kobayashi Y, Itoh M, Tsukita S, Furuse M and Tsukita S 2009 Similar and distinct properties of MUPP1 and Patj, two homologous PDZ domain-containing tight-junction proteins. Mol. Cell Biol. 29 2372-2389
2. Aigner K, Dampier B, Descovich L, Mikula M, Sultan A, Schreiber M, Mikulits W, Brabletz T, et al. 2007 The transcription factor ZEB1 (deltaEF1) promotes tumour cell dedifferentiation by repressing master regulators of epithelial polarity. Oncogene 26 6979-6988 (Pubitemid 350014612)
3. Al-Saad S, Al-Shibli K, Donnem T, Persson M, Bremnes RM and Busund LT 2008 The prognostic impact of NF-kappaB p105 vimentin, E-cadherin and Par6 expression in epithelial and stromal compartment in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer 99 1476-1483
4. Alves CH, Sanz AS, Park B, Pellissier LP, Tanimoto N, Beck SC, Huber G, Murtaza M, et al. 2013 Loss of CRB2 in the mouse retina mimics human retinitis pigmentosa due to mutations in the CRB1 gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 22 35-50
5. Aranda V, Haire T, Nolan ME, Calarco JP, Rosenberg AZ, Fawcett JP, Pawson T and Muthuswamy SK 2006 Par6-aPKC uncouples ErbB2 induced disruption of polarized epithelial organization from proliferation control. Nat. Cell Biol. 8 1235-1245 (Pubitemid 44660588)
6. Aranda V, Nolan ME and Muthuswamy SK 2008 Par complex in cancer: a regulator of normal cell polarity joins the dark side. Oncogene 27 6878-6887
7. Assemat E, Bazellieres E, Pallesi-Pocachard E, Le Bivic A and Massey-Harroche D 2008 Polarity complex proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1778 614-630 (Pubitemid 351317801)
8. Bachmann A, Schneider M, Theilenberg E, Grawe F and Knust E 2001 Drosophila Stardust is a partner of Crumbs in the control of epithelial cell polarity. Nature 414 638-643 (Pubitemid 33151259)
9. Bashyam MD, Bair R, Kim YH, Wang P, Hernandez-Boussard T, Karikari CA, Tibshirani R, Maitra A and Pollack JR 2005 Array-based comparative genomic hybridization identifies localized DNA amplifications and homozygous deletions in pancreatic cancer. Neoplasia 7 556-562 (Pubitemid 40967756)
10. Benton R and St Johnston D 2003 Drosophila PAR-1 and 14-3-3 inhibit Bazooka/PAR-3 to establish complementary cortical domains in polarized cells. Cell 115 691-704 (Pubitemid 38030298)
11. Bergstralh DT, Haack T and St Johnston D 2013 Epithelial polarity and spindle orientation: intersecting pathways. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 368 20130291
12. Bhat MA, Izaddoost S, Lu Y, Cho KO, Choi KW and Bellen HJ 1999 Discs Lost, a novel multi-PDZ domain protein, establishes and maintains epithelial polarity. Cell 96 833-845 (Pubitemid 29165086)
13. Bilder D, Li M and Perrimon N 2000 Cooperative regulation of cell polarity and growth by Drosophila tumour suppressors. Science 289 113-116 (Pubitemid 30463303)
14. Bose R and Wrana JL 2006 Regulation of Par6 by extracellular signals. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 18 206-212 (Pubitemid 43375890)
15. Bulgakova NA and Knust E 2009 The Crumbs complex: from epithelial-cell polarity to retinal degeneration. J. Cell Sci. 122 2587-2596
16. Carvalho G, Poalas K, Demian C, Hatchi E, Vazquez A and Bidere N 2011 Participation of the cell polarity protein PALS1 to T-cell receptor-mediated NF-kappaB activation. PLoS One 6 e18159
17. Cavatorta AL, Fumero G, Chouhy D, Aguirre R, Nocito AL, Giri AA, Banks L and Gardiol D 2004 Differential expression of the human homologue of drosophila discs large oncosuppressor in histologic samples from human papillomavirus- associated lesions as a marker for progression to malignancy. Int. J. Cancer 111 373-380 (Pubitemid 38998817)
18. Charest PG and Firtel RA 2007 Big roles for small GTPases in the control of directed cell movement. Biochem. J. 401 377-390 (Pubitemid 46170322)
19. Chartier FJ, Hardy EJ and Laprise P 2012 Crumbs limits oxidase-dependent signalling to maintain epithelial integrity and prevent photoreceptor cell death. J. Cell Biol. 198 991-998
20. Chen X and Macara IG 2005 Par-3 controls tight junction assembly through the Rac exchange factor Tiam1. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 262-269 (Pubitemid 40331127)
21. Cunliffe HE, Jiang Y, Fornace KM, Yang F and Meltzer PS 2012 PAR6B is required for tight junction formation and activated PKCzeta localization in breast cancer. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2 478-491
22. Eder AM, Sui X, Rosen DG, Nolden LK, Cheng KW, Lahad JP, Kango-Singh M, Lu KH, et al. 2005 Atypical PKCiota contributes to poor prognosis through loss of apical-basal polarity and cyclin E overexpression in ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 12519-12524 (Pubitemid 41266391)
23. Etemad-Moghadam B, Guo S and Kemphues KJ 1995 Asymmetrically distributed PAR-3 protein contributes to cell polarity and spindle alignment in early C elegans embryos. Cell 83 743-752
24. Etienne-Manneville S 2008 Polarity proteins in migration and invasion. Oncogene 27 6970-6980
25. Etienne-Manneville S and Hall A 2001 Integrin-mediated activation of Cdc42 controls cell polarity in migrating astrocytes through PKCzeta. Cell 106 489-498 (Pubitemid 32786992)
26. Etienne-Manneville S and Hall A 2003 Cdc42 regulates GSK-3beta and adenomatous polyposis coli to control cell polarity. Nature 421 753-756 (Pubitemid 36227627)
27. Etienne-Manneville S, Manneville JB, Nicholls S, Ferenczi MA and Hall A 2005 Cdc42 and Par6-PKCzeta regulate the spatially localized association of Dlg1 and APC to control cell polarization. J. Cell Biol. 170 895-901 (Pubitemid 41306289)
28. Feng XH and Derynck R 2005 Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signalling through Smads. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 21 659-693 (Pubitemid 41740650)
29. Gardiol D, Zacchi A, Petrera F, Stanta G and Banks L 2006 Human discs large and scrib are localized at the same regions in colon mucosa and changes in their expression patterns are correlated with loss of tissue architecture during malignant progression. Int. J. Cancer 119 1285-1290 (Pubitemid 44258801)
30. Gateff E 1978 Malignant neoplasms of genetic origin in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 200 1448-1459 (Pubitemid 8386753)
31. Giepmans BN and van Ijzendoorn SC 2009 Epithelial cell-cell junctions and plasma membrane domains. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1788 820-831
32. Goldstein B, Macara IG 2007 The PAR proteins: fundamental players in animal cell polarization. Dev. Cell 13 609-622 (Pubitemid 350011991)
33. Gomes ER, Jani S and Gundersen GG 2005 Nuclear movement regulated by Cdc42 MRCK, myosin, and actin flow establishes MTOC polarization in migrating cells. Cell 121 451-463 (Pubitemid 40692304)
34. Gotta M, Abraham MC and Ahringer J 2001 CDC-42 controls early cell polarity and spindle orientation in C. elegans. Curr. Biol. 11 482-488 (Pubitemid 32328926)
35. Guarino M 2007 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour invasion. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 39 2153-2160 (Pubitemid 47484287)
36. Gunaratne A and Di Guglielmo GM 2013 Par6 is phosphorylated by aPKC to facilitate EMT. Cell Adhesion Migration 7 357-361
37. Guo S and Kemphues KJ 1996 Molecular genetics of asymmetric cleavage in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6 408-415 (Pubitemid 26280792)
38. Guo W and Giancotti FG 2004 Integrin signalling during tumour progression. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5 816-826 (Pubitemid 39336275)
39. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA 2011 Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144 646-674
40. Helfrich I, Schmitz A, Zigrino P, Michels C, Haase I, le Bivic A, Leitges M and Niessen CM 2007 Role of aPKC isoforms and their binding partners Par3 and Par6 in epidermal barrier formation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 782-791 (Pubitemid 46434649)
41. Hung TJ and Kemphues KJ 1999 PAR-6 is a conserved PDZ domain-containing protein that colocalizes with PAR-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Development 126 127-135 (Pubitemid 29045906)
42. Huttenlocher A, Horwitz AR 2011 Integrins in cell migration. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 3 a005074
43. Iden S, van Riel WE, Schafer R, Song JY, Hirose T, Ohno S and Collard JG 2012 Tumour type-dependent function of the par3 polarity protein in skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 22 389-403
44. Ivanov AI and Naydenov NG 2013 Dynamics and regulation of epithelial adherens junctions: recent discoveries and controversies. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 303 27-99
45. Izumi Y, Hirose T, Tamai Y, Hirai S, Nagashima Y, Fujimoto T, Tabuse Y, Kemphues KJ and Ohno S 1998 An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-3. J. Cell Biol. 143 95-106 (Pubitemid 28480520)
46. Joberty G, Petersen C, Gao L and Macara IG 2000 The cell-polarity protein Par6 links Par3 and atypical protein kinase C to Cdc42. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 531-539
47. Karp CM, Tan TT, Mathew R, Nelson D, Mukherjee C, Degenhardt K, Karantza-Wadsworth V and White E 2008 Role of the polarity determinant crumbs in suppressing mammalian epithelial tumour progression. Cancer Res. 68 4105-4115
48. Katoh M and Katoh M 2004 Identification and characterization of Crumbs homolog 2 gene at human chromosome 9q33.3. Int. J. Oncol. 24 743-749
49. Kemphues KJ, Priess JR, Morton DG and Cheng NS 1988 Identification of genes required for cytoplasmic localization in early C elegans embryos. Cell 52 311-320
50. Klebes A and Knust E 2000 A conserved motif in Crumbs is required for E-cadherin localisation and zonula adherens formation in Drosophila. Current biology : CB 10 76-85
51. Klezovitch O, Fernandez TE, Tapscott SJ and Vasioukhin V 2004 Loss of cell polarity causes severe brain dysplasia in Lgl1 knockout mice. Genes Dev. 18 559-571 (Pubitemid 38372812)
52. Kohjima M, Noda Y, Takeya R, Saito N, Takeuchi K and Sumimoto H 2002 PAR3beta, a novel homologue of the cell polarity protein PAR 3 localizes to tight junctions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299 641-646 (Pubitemid 36034593)
53. Kojima Y, Akimoto K, Nagashima Y, Ishiguro H, Shirai S, Chishima T, Ichikawa Y, Ishikawa T, et al. 2008 The overexpression and altered localization of the atypical protein kinase C lambda/iota in breast cancer correlates with the pathologic type of these tumours. Hum. Pathol. 39 824-831 (Pubitemid 351758943)
54. Laprise P, Viel A and Rivard N 2004 Human homolog of disc-large is required for adherens junction assembly and differentiation of human intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279 10157-10166 (Pubitemid 38372620)
55. Lemmers C, Medina E, Delgrossi MH, Michel D, Arsanto JP and Le Bivic A 2002 hINADl/PATJ, a homolog of discs lost, interacts with crumbs and localizes to tight junctions in human epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277 25408-25415 (Pubitemid 34951853)
56. Lin D, Edwards AS, Fawcett JP, Mbamalu G, Scott JD and Pawson T 2000 A mammalian PAR-3-PAR-6 complex implicated in Cdc42/Rac1 and aPKC signalling and cell polarity. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 540-547
57. Martin-Belmonte F and Perez-Moreno M 2012 Epithelial cell polarity, stem cells and cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12 23-38
58. Michel D, Arsanto JP, Massey-Harroche D, Beclin C, Wijnholds J and Le Bivic A 2005 PATJ connects and stabilizes apical and lateral components of tight junctions in human intestinal cells. J. Cell Sci. 118 4049-4057 (Pubitemid 41410286)
59. Moreno-Bueno G, Portillo F and Cano A 2008 Transcriptional regulation of cell polarity in EMT and cancer. Oncogene 27 6958-6969
60. Nakagawa S, Yano T, Nakagawa K, Takizawa S, Suzuki Y, Yasugi T, Huibregtse JM and Taketani Y 2004 Analysis of the expression and localisation of a LAP protein, human scribble, in the normal and neoplastic epithelium of uterine cervix. Br. J. Cancer 90 194-199 (Pubitemid 38174961)
61. Nauseef JT and Henry MD 2011 Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer: paradigm or puzzle? Nat. Rev. Urol. 8 428-439
62. Navarro C, Nola S, Audebert S, Santoni MJ, Arsanto JP, Ginestier C, Marchetto S, Jacquemier J, Isnardon D, Le Bivic A, Birnbaum D and Borg JP 2005 Junctional recruitment of mammalian Scribble relies on E-cadherin engagement. Oncogene 24 4330-4339 (Pubitemid 40961756)
63. Noda Y, Takeya R, Ohno S, Naito S, Ito T and Sumimoto H 2001 Human homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell polarity protein PAR6 as an adaptor that links the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 to atypical protein kinase C. Genes Cells 6 107-119 (Pubitemid 32266488)
64. Nolan ME, Aranda V, Lee S, Lakshmi B, Basu S, Allred DC and Muthuswamy SK 2008 The polarity protein Par6 induces cell proliferation and is overexpressed in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 68 8201-8209
65. Ozdamar B, Bose R, Barrios-Rodiles M, Wang HR, Zhang Y and Wrana JL 2005 Regulation of the polarity protein Par6 by TGFbeta receptors controls epithelial cell plasticity. Science 307 1603-1609 (Pubitemid 40354739)
66. Park B, Alves CH, Lundvig DM, Tanimoto N, Beck SC, Huber G, Richard F, Klooster J, et al. 2011 PALS1 is essential for retinal pigment epithelium structure and neural retina stratification. J. Neurosci. 31 17230-17241
67. Pearson HB, Perez-Mancera PA, Dow LE, Ryan A, Tennstedt P, Bogani D, Elsum I, et al. 2011 SCRIB expression is deregulated in human prostate cancer, and its deficiency in mice promotes prostate neoplasia. J. Clin. Invest. 121 4257-4267
68. Pegtel DM, Ellenbroek SI, Mertens AE, van der Kammen RA, de Rooij J and Collard JG 2007 The Par-Tiam1 complex controls persistent migration by stabilizing microtubule-dependent front-rear polarity. Curr. Biol. 17 1623-1634 (Pubitemid 47503803)
69. Regala RP, Weems C, Jamieson L, Khoor A, Edell ES, Lohse CM and Fields AP 2005 Atypical protein kinase C iota is an oncogene in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 65 8905-8911 (Pubitemid 41377380)
70. Richard M, Roepman R, Aartsen WM, van Rossum AG, den Hollander AI, Knust E, Wijnholds J and Cremers FP 2006 Towards understanding CRUMBS function in retinal dystrophies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 Spec No 2 R235-243 (Pubitemid 44446799)
71. Ridley AJ, Schwartz MA, Burridge K, Firtel RA, Ginsberg MH, Borisy G, Parsons JT and Horwitz AR 2003 Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back. Science 302 1704-1709 (Pubitemid 37505725)
72. Roh MH, Fan S, Liu CJ and Margolis B 2003 The Crumbs3-Pals1 complex participates in the establishment of polarity in mammalian epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 116 2895-2906 (Pubitemid 36926979)
73. Roh MH, Makarova O, Liu CJ, Shin K, Lee S, Laurinec S, Goyal M, Wiggins R and Margolis B 2002 The Maguk protein, Pals1 functions as an adapter, linking mammalian homologues of Crumbs and Discs Lost. J. Cell Biol. 157 161-172 (Pubitemid 34847838)
74. Rothenberg SM, Mohapatra G, Rivera MN, Winokur D, Greninger P, Nitta M, Sadow PM, Sooriyakumar G, et al. 2010 A genome-wide screen for microdeletions reveals disruption of polarity complex genes in diverse human cancers. Cancer Res. 70 2158-2164
75. Royer C and Lu X 2011 Epithelial cell polarity: a major gatekeeper against cancer? Cell Death Differ. 18 1470-1477
76. Runkle EA and Mu D 2013 Tight junction proteins: from barrier to tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett. 337 41-48
77. Sabherwal N and Papalopulu N 2012 Apicobasal polarity and cell proliferation during development. Essays Biochem. 53 95-109
78. Schimanski CC, Schmitz G, Kashyap A, Bosserhoff AK, Bataille F, Schafer SC, Lehr HA, Berger MR, Galle PR, Strand S and Strand D 2005 Reduced expression of Hugl-1 the human homologue of Drosophila tumour suppressor gene lgl, contributes to progression of colorectal cancer. Oncogene 24 3100-3109 (Pubitemid 40695079)
79. Scotti ML, Bamlet WR, Smyrk TC, Fields AP and Murray NR 2010 Protein kinase Ciota is required for pancreatic cancer cell transformed growth and tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 70 2064-2074
80. Sekine T, Miyazaki H and Endou H 2006 Molecular physiology of renal organic anion transporters. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290 F251-F261 (Pubitemid 43724979)
81. Shin K, Fogg VC and Margolis B 2006 Tight junctions and cell polarity. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22 207-235
82. Shin K, Straight S and Margolis B 2005 PATJ regulates tight junction formation and polarity in mammalian epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 168 705-711 (Pubitemid 40328155)
83. Shin K, Wang Q and Margolis B 2007 PATJ regulates directional migration of mammalian epithelial cells. EMBO reports 8 158-164 (Pubitemid 46420844)
84. St Johnston D and Ahringer J 2010 Cell polarity in eggs and epithelia: parallels and diversity. Cell 141 757-774
85. Storrs CH and Silverstein SJ 2007 PATJ, a tight junction-associated PDZ protein, is a novel degradation target of high-risk human papillomavirus E6 and the alternatively spliced isoform 18 E6. J. Virol. 81 4080-4090 (Pubitemid 46586903)
86. Straight SW, Shin K, Fogg VC, Fan S, Liu CJ, Roh M and Margolis B 2004 Loss of PALS1 expression leads to tight junction and polarity defects. Mol. Biol. Cell 15 1981-1990 (Pubitemid 38401844)
87. Tabuse Y, Izumi Y, Piano F, Kemphues KJ, Miwa J and Ohno S 1998 Atypical protein kinase C cooperates with PAR-3 to establish embryonic polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 125 3607-3614 (Pubitemid 28469961)
88. Tepass U, Theres C and Knust E 1990 crumbs encodes an EGF-like protein expressed on apical membranes of Drosophila epithelial cells and required for organization of epithelia. Cell 61 787-799
89. Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RY and Nieto MA 2009 Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell 139 871-890
90. Tsai JH, Hsieh YS, Kuo SJ, Chen ST, Yu SY, Huang CY, Chang AC, Wang YW, Tsai MT and Liu JY 2000 Alteration in the expression of protein kinase C isoforms in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 161 171-175
91. Vieira V, de la Houssaye G, Lacassagne E, Dufier JL, Jais JP, Beermann F, Menasche M and Abitbol M 2008 Differential regulation of Dlg1, Scrib, and Lgl1 expression in a transgenic mouse model of ocular cancer. Mol. Vision 14 2390-2403
92. Viloria-Petit AM, David L, Jia JY, Erdemir T, Bane AL, Pinnaduwage D, Roncari L, Narimatsu M, et al. 2009 A role for the TGFbeta-Par6 polarity pathway in breast cancer progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 14028-14033
93. Wallingford JB 2012 Planar cell polarity and the developmental control of cell behavior in vertebrate embryos. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 28 627-653
94. Wang HR, Zhang Y, Ozdamar B, Ogunjimi AA, Alexandrova E, Thomsen GH and Wrana JL 2003 Regulation of cell polarity and protrusion formation by targeting RhoA for degradation. Science 302 1775-1779 (Pubitemid 37505743)
95. Wang S, Watanabe T, Matsuzawa K, Katsumi A, Kakeno M, Matsui T, Ye F, Sato K, et al. 2012 Tiam1 interaction with the PAR complex promotes talin-mediated Rac1 activation during polarized cell migration. J. Cell Biol. 199 331-345
96. Wang X, Nie J, Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhu F, Chen W, Mao H, Luo N, Dong X and Yu X 2008 Downregulation of Par-3 expression and disruption of Par complex integrity by TGF-beta during the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in rat proximal epithelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1782 51-59
97. Watts JL, Morton DG, Bestman J and Kemphues KJ 2000 The C elegans par-4 gene encodes a putative serine-threonine kinase required for establishing embryonic asymmetry. Development 127 1467-1475 (Pubitemid 30232597)
98. Whiteman EL, Liu CJ, Fearon ER and Margolis B 2008 The transcription factor snail represses Crumbs3 expression and disrupts apico-basal polarity complexes. Oncogene 27 3875-3879 (Pubitemid 351862065)
99. Wodarz A, Hinz U, Engelbert M and Knust E 1995 Expression of crumbs confers apical character on plasma membrane domains of ectodermal epithelia of Drosophila. Cell 82 67-76
100. Wu G, Ge J, Huang X, Hua Y and Mu D 2011a Planar cell polarity signalling pathway in congenital heart diseases. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011 589414
101. Wu G, Huang X, Hua Y and Mu D 2011b Roles of planar cell polarity pathways in the development of neural [correction of neutral] tube defects. J. Biomed. Sci. 18 66
102. Xu J, Lamouille S and Derynck R 2009 TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Cell Res 19 156-172
103. Yamanaka T, Horikoshi Y, Sugiyama Y, Ishiyama C, Suzuki A, Hirose T, Iwamatsu A, Shinohara A and Ohno S 2003 Mammalian Lgl forms a protein complex with PAR-6 and aPKC independently of PAR-3 to regulate epithelial cell polarity. Curr. Biol. 13 734-743 (Pubitemid 36531020)
104. Zen K, Yasui K, Gen Y, Dohi O, Wakabayashi N, Mitsufuji S, Itoh Y, Zen Y, Nakanuma Y, Taniwaki M, Okanoue T and Yoshikawa T 2009 Defective expression of polarity protein PAR-3 gene (PARD3) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 28 2910-2918
105. Zhan L, Rosenberg A, Bergami KC, Yu M, Xuan Z, Jaffe AB, Allred C and Muthuswamy SK 2008 Deregulation of scribble promotes mammary tumorigenesis and reveals a role for cell polarity in carcinoma. Cell 135 865-878