From gut changes to type 2 diabetes remission after gastric bypass surgeries

Frontiers of Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 191-200

  Li, Bing ^a   Zhou, Xinrong ^b   Wu, Jiarui ^a   Zhou, Huarong ^a  

^a Chinese Academy of Sciences   (China)

^b HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

gastric bypass; gut; T2DM

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; METABOLISM; OBESITY; PROCEDURES; REMISSION; STOMACH BYPASS; METHODOLOGY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; REVIEW;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GASTRIC BYPASS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; INSULIN; OBESITY; REMISSION INDUCTION;

EID: 84894303847     PISSN: 20950217     EISSN: 20950225     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0258-2     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Huang ES, Basu A, O’Grady M, Capretta JC. Projecting the future diabetes population size and related costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(12): 2225–2229
2. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(5): 1047–10
3. Perreault L, Pan Q, Mather KJ, Watson KE, Hamman RF, Kahn SE; the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on longterm reduction in diabetes risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2012; 379(9833): 2243–2251
4. Hamman RF. Genetic and environmental determinants of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetes Metab Rev 1992; 8(4): 287–338
5. Polonsky KS, Sturis J, Bell GI. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus — a genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(12): 777–783
6. James PT, Leach R, Kalamara E, Shayeghi M. The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res 2001; 9(Suppl 4): 228S–233S
7. Brolin RE. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. JAMA 2002; 288(22): 2793–2796
8. Fisher BL, Schauer P. Medical and surgical options in the treatment of severe obesity. Am J Surg 2002; 184(6 Supplement 2): 9S–16S
9. Martins C, Strømmen M, Stavne OA, Nossum R, Mårvik R, Kulseng B. Bariatric surgery versus lifestyle interventions for morbid obesity-changes in body weight, risk factors and comorbidities at 1 year. Obes Surg 2011; 21(7): 841–849
10. Jørgensen NB, Jacobsen SH, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Naver L, Hvolris L, Clausen TR, Wulff BS, Worm D, Lindqvist Hansen D, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Acute and long-term effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 diabetes and normal glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303(1): E122–E131
11. Cohen RV, Pinheiro JC, Schiavon CA, Salles JE, Wajchenberg BL, Cummings DE. Effects of gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes and only mild obesity. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(7): 1420–1428
12. Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2012; 379(9833): 2300–2311
13. Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, Anveden Å, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Jacobson P, Lönroth H, Maglio C, Näslund I, Pirazzi C, Romeo S, Sjöholm K, Sjöström E, Wedel H, Svensson PA, Sjöström L. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(8): 695–704
14. Badman MK, Flier JS. The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars. Science 2005; 307(5717): 1909–1914
15. Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, Ramanathan R, Luketich J. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2000; 232(4): 515–529
16. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, Long SB, Morris PG, Brown BM, Barakat HA, deRamon RA, Israel G, Dolezal JM, Dohm L. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 1995; 222(3): 339–352
17. Scopinaro N, Adami GF, Marinari GM, Gianetta E, Traverso E, Friedman D, Camerini G, Baschieri G, Simonelli A. Biliopancreatic diversion. World J Surg 1998; 22(9): 936–946
18. Elder KA, Wolfe BM. Bariatric surgery: a review of procedures and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(6): 2253–2271
19. Cummings DE, Overduin J, Foster-Schubert KE. Gastric bypass for obesity: mechanisms of weight loss and diabetes resolution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(6): 2608–2615
20. Rubino F, R’bibo SL, del Genio F, Mazumdar M, McGraw TE. Metabolic surgery: the role of the gastrointestinal tract in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010; 6(2): 102–109
21. Boza C, Muñoz R, Yung E, Milone L, Gagner M. Sleeve gastrectomy with ileal transposition (SGIT) induces a significant weight loss and diabetes improvement without exclusion of the proximal intestine. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15(6): 928–934
22. Escalona A, Yáñez R, Pimentel F, Galvao M, Ramos AC, Turiel D, Boza C, Awruch D, Gersin K, Ibáñez L. Initial human experience with restrictive duodenal-jejunal bypass liner for treatment of morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010; 6(2): 126–131
23. Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 2006; 444(7121): 854–859
24. Coll AP, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. The hormonal control of food intake. Cell 2007; 129(2): 251–262
25. Lam TKT. Neuronal regulation of homeostasis by nutrient sensing. Nat Med 2010; 16(4): 392–395
26. Imeryüz N, Yeğen BÇ, Bozkurt A, Coşkun T, Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML, Ulusoy NB. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms. Am J Physiol 1997; 273(4 Pt 1): G920–G927
27. Drewe J, Gadient A, Rovati LC, Beglinger C. Role of circulating cholecystokinin in control of fat-induced inhibition of food intake in humans. Gastroenterology 1992; 102(5): 1654–1659
28. Ogawa N, Yamaguchi H, Shimbara T, Toshinai K, Kakutani M, Yonemori F, Nakazato M. The vagal afferent pathway does not play a major role in the induction of satiety by intestinal fatty acid in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 433(1): 38–42
29. Breen DM, Rasmussen BA, Kokorovic A, Wang R, Cheung GWC, Lam TKT. Jejunal nutrient sensing is required for duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery to rapidly lower glucose concentrations in uncontrolled diabetes. Nat Med 2012; 18(6): 950–955
30. Hansen EN, Tamboli RA, Isbell JM, Saliba J, Dunn JP, Marks-Shulman PA, Abumrad NN. Role of the foregut in the early improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300(5): G795–G802
31. Gaitonde S, Kohli R, Seeley R. The role of the gut hormone GLP-1 in the metabolic improvements caused by ileal transposition. J Surg Res 2012; 178(1): 33–39
32. Boza C, Gagner M, Devaud N, Escalona A, Muñoz R, Gandarillas M. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with ileal transposition (SGIT): A new surgical procedure as effective as gastric bypass for weight control in a porcine model. Surg Endosc 2008; 22(4): 1029–1034
33. Strader AD, Vahl TP, Jandacek RJ, Woods SC, D’Alessio DA, Seeley RJ. Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288(2): E447–E453
34. Mason EE. Ilial transposition and enteroglucagon/GLP-1 in obesity (and diabetic?) surgery. Obes Surg 1999; 9(3): 223–228
35. Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1): an intestinal hormone, signalling nutritional abundance, with an unusual therapeutic potential. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999; 10(6): 229–235
36. Bullock BP, Heller RS, Habener JF. Tissue distribution of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding the rat glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Endocrinology 1996; 137(7): 2968–2978
37. Patti ME, Houten SM, Bianco AC, Bernier R, Larsen PR, Holst JJ, Badman MK, Maratos-Flier E, Mun EC, Pihlajamaki J, Auwerx J, Goldfine AB. Serum bile acids are higher in humans with prior gastric bypass: potential contribution to improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17(9): 1671–1677
38. Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science 2001; 294(5548): 1866–1870
39. Thomas C, Gioiello A, Noriega L, Strehle A, Oury J, Rizzo G, Macchiarulo A, Yamamoto H, Mataki C, Pruzanski M, Pellicciari R, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K. TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 2009; 10(3): 167–177
40. Pournaras DJ, Glicksman C, Vincent RP, Kuganolipava S, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Mahon D, Bekker JHR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Walters JRF, Welbourn R, le Roux CW. The role of bile after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in promoting weight loss and improving glycaemic control. Endocrinology 2012; 153(8): 3613–3619
41. Katsuma S, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G. Bile acids promote glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through TGR5 in a murine enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329(1): 386–390
42. Mithieux G. The new functions of the gut in the control of glucose homeostasis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8(4): 445–449
43. Troy S, Soty M, Ribeiro L, Laval L, Migrenne S, Fioramonti X, Pillot B, Fauveau V, Aubert R, Viollet B, Foretz M, Leclerc J, Duchampt A, Zitoun C, Thorens B, Magnan C, Mithieux G, Andreelli F. Intestinal gluconeogenesis is a key factor for early metabolic changes after gastric bypass but not after gastric lapband in mice. Cell Metab 2008; 8(3): 201–211
44. Kashyap SR, Daud S, Kelly KR, Gastaldelli A, Win H, Brethauer S, Kirwan JP, Schauer PR. Acute effects of gastric bypass versus gastric restrictive surgery on beta-cell function and insulinotropic hormones in severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34(3): 462–471
45. Hayes MT, Foo J, Besic V, Tychinskaya Y, Stubbs RS. Is intestinal gluconeogenesis a key factor in the early changes in glucose homeostasis following gastric bypass? Obes Surg 2011; 21(6): 759–762
46. Consortium THMP. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486(7402): 207–214
47. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62(1): 361–380
48. Duncan SH, Belenguer A, Holtrop G, Johnstone AM, Flint HJ, Lobley GE. Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73(4): 1073–1078
49. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(44): 15718–15723
50. Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, Rey FE, Backhed F, Manchester JK, Hammer RE, Williams SC, Crowley J, Yanagisawa M, Gordon JI. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(43): 16767–16772
51. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006; 444(7122): 1022–1023
52. Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, Parameswaran P, Crowell MD, Wing R, Rittmann BE, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106(7): 2365–2370
53. Duncan SH, Lobley GE, Holtrop G, Ince J, Johnstone AM, Louis P, Flint HJ. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32(11): 1720–1724
54. Vijay-Kumar M, Aitken JD, Carvalho FA, Cullender TC, Mwangi S, Srinivasan S, Sitaraman SV, Knight R, Ley RE, Gewirtz AT. Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5. Science 2010; 328(5975): 228–231
55. Wei X, Yang Z, Rey FE, Ridaura VK, Davidson NO, Gordon JI, Semenkovich CF. Fatty acid synthase modulates intestinal barrier function through palmitoylation of mucin 2. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11(2): 140–152
56. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308(5728): 1635–1638
57. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Heath AC, Knight R, Gordon JI. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009; 457(7228): 480–484
58. Santacruz A, Marcos A, Wärnberg J, Martí A, Martin-Matillas M, Campoy C, Moreno LA, Veiga O, Redondo-Figuero C, Garagorri JM, Azcona C, Delgado M, García-Fuentes M, Collado MC, Sanz Y, EVASYON Study Group. Interplay between weight loss and gut microbiota composition in overweight adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17(10): 1906–1915
59. Nadal I, Santacruz A, Marcos A, Warnberg J, Garagorri JM, Moreno LA, Martin-Matillas M, Campoy C, Martí A, Moleres A, Delgado M, Veiga OL, García-Fuentes M, Redondo CG, Sanz Y. Shifts in clostridia, bacteroides and immunoglobulin-coating fecal bacteria associated with weight loss in obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33(7): 758–767
60. Wu X, Ma C, Han L, Nawaz M, Gao F, Zhang X, Yu P, Zhao C, Li L, Zhou A, Wang J, Moore JE, Millar BC, Xu J. Molecular characterisation of the faecal microbiota in patients with type II diabetes. Curr Microbiol 2010; 61(1): 69–78
61. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FWJ, Nielsen DS, Andreasen AS, Pedersen BK, Al-Soud WA, Sørensen SJ, Hansen LH, Jakobsen M. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS ONE 2010; 5(2): e9085
62. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, Liang S, Zhang W, Guan Y, Shen D, Peng Y, Zhang D, Jie Z, Wu W, Qin Y, Xue W, Li J, Han L, Lu D, Wu P, Dai Y, Sun X, Li Z, Tang A, Zhong S, Li X, Chen W, Xu R, Wang M, Feng Q, Gong M, Yu J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Hansen T, Sanchez G, Raes J, Falony G, Okuda S, Almeida M, LeChatelier E, Renault P, Pons N, Batto JM, Zhang Z, Chen H, Yang R, Zheng W, Li S, Yang H, Wang J, Ehrlich SD, Nielsen R, Pedersen O, Kristiansen K, Wang J. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 2012; 490(7418): 55–60
63. Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, Mariat D, Corthier G, Doré J, Henegar C, Rizkalla S, Clément K. Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes 2010; 59(12): 3049–3057
64. Pictet RL, Rall LB, Phelps P, Rutter WJ. The neural crest and the origin of the insulin-producing and other gastrointestinal hormoneproducing cells. Science 1976; 191(4223): 191–192
65. Fontaine J, Le Douarin NM. Analysis of endoderm formation in the avian blastoderm by the use of quail-chick chimaeras. The problem of the neurectodermal origin of the cells of the APUD series. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1977; 41(1): 209–222
66. Sander M, German MS. The β cell transcription factors and development of the pancreas. J Mol Med (Berl) 1997; 75(5): 327–340
67. Edlund H. Transcribing pancreas. Diabetes 1998; 47(12): 1817–1823
68. St-Onge L, Wehr R, Gruss P. Pancreas development and diabetes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1999; 9(3): 295–300
69. Wang S, Yan J, Anderson DA, Xu Y, Kanal MC, Cao Z, Wright CVE, Gu G. Neurog3 gene dosage regulates allocation of endocrine and exocrine cell fates in the developing mouse pancreas. Dev Biol 2010; 339(1): 26–37
70. Gradwohl G, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Guillemot F. neurogenin3 is required for the development of the four endocrine cell lineages of the pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(4): 1607–1611
71. Jensen J, Pedersen EE, Galante P, Hald J, Heller RS, Ishibashi M, Kageyama R, Guillemot F, Serup P, Madsen OD. Control of endodermal endocrine development by Hes-1. Nat Genet 2000; 24(1): 36–44
72. Schwitzgebel VM, Scheel DW, Conners JR, Kalamaras J, Lee JE, Anderson DJ, Sussel L, Johnson JD, German MS. Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas. Development 2000; 127(16): 3533–3542
73. Lee CS, Perreault N, Brestelli JE, Kaestner KH. Neurogenin 3 is essential for the proper specification of gastric enteroendocrine cells and the maintenance of gastric epithelial cell identity. Genes Dev 2002; 16(12): 1488–1497
74. Schonhoff SE, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter AB. Neurogenin 3- expressing progenitor cells in the gastrointestinal tract differentiate into both endocrine and non-endocrine cell types. Dev Biol 2004; 270(2): 443–454
75. Schonhoff SE, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter AB. Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145(6): 2639–2644
76. Gu G, Dubauskaite J, Melton DA. Direct evidence for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3 + cells are islet progenitors and are distinct from duct progenitors. Development 2002; 129(10): 2447–2457
77. Xu X, D’Hoker J, Stangé G, Bonné S, De Leu N, Xiao X, Van de Casteele M, Mellitzer G, Ling Z, Pipeleers D, Bouwens L, Scharfmann R, Gradwohl G, Heimberg H. β cells can be generated from endogenous progenitors in injured adult mouse pancreas. Cell 2008; 132(2): 197–207
78. Kitamura T, Kitamura YI, Kobayashi M, Kikuchi O, Sasaki T, Depinho RA, Accili D. Regulation of pancreatic juxtaductal endocrine cell formation by FoxO1. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29(16): 4417–4430
79. Lam EWF, Francis RE, Petkovic M. FOXO transcription factors: key regulators of cell fate. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34(5): 722–726
80. Al-Masri M, Krishnamurthy M, Li J, Fellows GF, Dong HH, Goodyer CG, Wang R. Effect of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) on beta cell development in the human fetal pancreas. Diabetologia 2010; 53(4): 699–711
81. Talchai C, Xuan S, Kitamura T, DePinho RA, Accili D. Generation of functional insulin-producing cells in the gut by Foxo1 ablation. Nat Genet 2012; 44(4): 406–412
82. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402(6762): 656–660
83. Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mondal MS, Suganuma T, Matsukura S, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology 2000; 141(11): 4255–4261
84. Schellekens H, Finger BC, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ghrelin signalling and obesity: at the interface of stress, mood and food reward. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135(3): 316–326
85. Hosoda H, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279(3): 909–913
86. Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N, Iwakura H, Yoshimoto A, Harada M, Mori K, Komatsu Y, Usui T, Shimatsu A, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Akamizu T, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(12): 4908–4911
87. Nagaya N, Kojima M, Uematsu M, Yamagishi M, Hosoda H, Oya H, Hayashi Y, Kangawa K. Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of human ghrelin in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280(5): R1483–R1487
88. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, Morris DG, McGee P, Fairclough P, Bhattacharya S, Carpenter R, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(6): 2988
89. Volante M, AllÌa E, Gugliotta P, Funaro A, Broglio F, Deghenghi R, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Papotti M. Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(3): 1300–1308
90. Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, Gottero C, Muccioli G, Papotti M, van der Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(10): 5083–5086
91. Damjanovic SS, Lalic NM, Pesko PM, Petakov MS, Jotic A, Miljic D, Lalic KS, Lukic L, Djurovic M, Djukic VB. Acute effects of ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate in gastrectomized patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(7): 2574–2581
92. Rodieux F, Giusti V, D’Alessio DA, Suter M, Tappy L. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16(2): 298–305
93. Korner J, Inabnet W, Conwell IM, Taveras C, Daud A, Olivero-Rivera L, Restuccia NL, Bessler M. Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14(9): 1553–1561
94. Morínigo R, Casamitjana R, Moizé V, Lacy AM, Delgado S, Gomis R, Vidal J. Short-term effects of gastric bypass surgery on circulating ghrelin levels. Obes Res 2004; 12(7): 1108–1116
95. Leonetti F, Silecchia G, Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Zappaterreno A, Tiberti C, Iannucci CV, Perrotta N, Bacci V, Basso MS, Basso N, Di Mario U. Different plasma ghrelin levels after laparoscopic gastric bypass and adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(9): 4227–4231
96. Lin E, Gletsu N, Fugate K, McClusky D, Gu LH, Zhu JL, Ramshaw BJ, Papanicolaou DA, Ziegler TR, Smith CD. The effects of gastric surgery on systemic ghrelin levels in the morbidly obese. Arch Surg 2004; 139(7): 780–784
97. Tritos NA, Mun E, Bertkau A, Grayson R, Maratos-Flier E, Goldfine A. Serum ghrelin levels in response to glucose load in obese subjects post-gastric bypass surgery. Obes Res 2003; 11(8): 919–924
98. le Roux CW, Welbourn R, Werling M, Osborne A, Kokkinos A, Laurenius A, Lönroth H, Fändriks L, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Olbers T. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2007; 246(5): 780–785
99. Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, Conwell IM, Daud A, Restuccia NL, Wardlaw SL. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(1): 359–365
100. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(6): 2131–2157
101. Wren AM, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and appetite control. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(6): 2116–2130
102. Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 2006; 444(7121): 854–859
103. Falkén Y, Hellström PM, Holst JJ, Näslund E. Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(7): 2227–2235
104. Kreymann B, Williams G, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 7–36: a physiological incretin in man. Lancet 1987; 330(8571): 1300–1304
105. Preitner F, Ibberson M, Franklin I, Binnert C, Pende M, Gjinovci A, Hansotia T, Drucker DJ, Wollheim C, Burcelin R, Thorens B. Gluco-incretins control insulin secretion at multiple levels as revealed in mice lacking GLP-1 and GIP receptors. J Clin Invest 2004; 113(4): 635–645
106. Perley MJ, Kipnis DM. Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic sujbjects. J Clin Invest 1967; 46(12): 1954–1962
107. Laferrère B, Heshka S, Wang K, Khan Y, McGinty J, Teixeira J, Hart AB, Olivan B. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(7): 1709–1716
108. Dirksen C, Hansen DL, Madsbad S, Hvolris LE, Naver LS, Holst JJ, Worm D. Postprandial diabetic glucose tolerance is normalized by gastric bypass feeding as opposed to gastric feeding and is associated with exaggerated GLP-1 secretion: a case report. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(2): 375–377
109. Borg CM, le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Patel AG, Aylwin SJB. Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. Br J Surg 2006; 93(2): 210–215
110. de Carvalho CP, Marin DM, de Souza AL, Pareja JC, Chaim EA, de Barros Mazon S, da Silva CA, Geloneze B, Muscelli E, Alegre SM. GLP-1 and adiponectin: effect of weight loss after dietary restriction and gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients with normal and abnormal glucose metabolism. Obes Surg 2009; 19(3): 313–320
111. Goldfine AB, Mun EC, Devine E, Bernier R, Baz-Hecht M, Jones DB, Schneider BE, Holst JJ, Patti ME. Patients with neuroglycopenia after gastric bypass surgery have exaggerated incretin and insulin secretory responses to a mixed meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(12): 4678–4685
112. Holdstock C, Zethelius B, Sundbom M, Karlsson FA, Edén Engström B. Postprandial changes in gut regulatory peptides in gastric bypass patients. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32(11): 1640–1646
113. Korner J, Bessler M, Inabnet W, Taveras C, Holst JJ. Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide-1 and blunted glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide secretion are associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not adjustable gastric banding. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007; 3(6): 597–601
114. Laferrère B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, Tran H, Egger JR, Colarusso A, Kovack B, Bawa B, Koshy N, Lee H, Yapp K, Olivan B. Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(7): 2479–2485
115. le Roux CW, Aylwin SJB, Batterham RL, Borg CM, Coyle F, Prasad V, Shurey S, Ghatei MA, Patel AG, Bloom SR. Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg 2006; 243(1): 108–114
116. Morínigo R, Moizé V, Musri M, Lacy AM, Navarro S, Marín JL, Delgado S, Casamitjana R, Vidal J. Glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, hunger, and satiety after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(5): 1735–1740
117. 2: a report of 2 cases. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007; 3(2): 195–197
118. Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology 1985; 89(5): 1070–1077
119. Kervran A, Blache P, Bataille D. Distribution of oxyntomodulin and glucagon in the gastrointestinal tract and the plasma of the rat. Endocrinology 1987; 121(2): 704–713
120. Ghatei MA, Uttenthal LO, Christofides ND, Bryant MG, Bloom SR. Molecular forms of human enteroglucagon in tissue and plasma: plasma responses to nutrient stimuli in health and in disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57(3): 488–495
121. Polak JM, Bloom S, Coulling I, Pearse AGE. Immunofluorescent localization of enteroglucagon cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the dog. Gut 1971; 12(4): 311–318
122. Laferrère B, Swerdlow N, Bawa B, Arias S, Bose M, Oliván B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, Rother KI. Rise of oxyntomodulin in response to oral glucose after gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(8): 4072–4076
123. Holst JJ. Enteroglucagon. Annu Rev Physiol 1997; 59(1): 257–271
124. Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(10): 4696–4701
125. Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, Patterson M, Ellis SM, Murphy KG, Wren AM, Frost GS, Meeran K, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes 2005; 54(8): 2390–2395
126. Dakin CL, Gunn I, Small CJ, Edwards CMB, Hay DL, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat. Endocrinology 2001; 142(10): 4244–4250
127. Parlevliet ET, Heijboer AC, Schröder-van der Elst JP, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, Pijl H, Corssmit EPM. Oxyntomodulin ameliorates glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294(1): E142–E147
128. Maida A, Lovshin JA, Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist oxyntomodulin enhances β-cell function but does not inhibit gastric emptying in mice. Endocrinology 2008; 149(11): 5670–5678
129. Kerr BD, Flatt PR, Gault VA. (D-Ser2)Oxm[mPEG-PAL]: a novel chemically modified analogue of oxyntomodulin with antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and anorexigenic actions. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80(11): 1727–1735
130. Lundberg JM, Tatemoto K, Terenius L, Hellström PM, Mutt V, Hökfelt T, Hamberger B. Localization of peptide YY (PYY) in gastrointestinal endocrine cells and effects on intestinal blood flow and motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79(14): 4471–4475
131. Böttcher G, Sjölund K, Ekblad E, Håkanson R, Schwartz TW, Sundler F. Coexistence of peptide YY and glicentin immunoreactivity in endocrine cells of the gut. Regul Pept 1984; 8(4): 261–266
132. Roth CL, Enriori PJ, Harz K, Woelfle J, Cowley MA, Reinehr T. Peptide YY is a regulator of energy homeostasis in obese children before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(12): 6386–6391
133. Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento JM, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA. Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty. Obes Surg 2002; 12(3): 324–327
134. Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, Wren AM, Brynes AE, Low MJ, Ghatei MA, Cone RD, Bloom SR. Gut hormone PYY(3–36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 2002; 418(6898): 650–654
135. Viardot A, Heilbronn LK, Herzog H, Gregersen S, Campbell LV. Abnormal postprandial PYY response in insulin sensitive nondiabetic subjects with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32(6): 943–948
136. Pittner RA, Moore CX, Bhavsar SP, Gedulin BR, Smith PA, Jodka CM, Parkes DG, Paterniti JR, Srivastava VP, Young AA. Effects of PYY[3–36] in rodent models of diabetes and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(8): 963–971
137. Boey D, Heilbronn L, Sainsbury A, Laybutt R, Kriketos A, Herzog H, Campbell LV. Low serum PYY is linked to insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Neuropeptides 2006; 40(5): 317–324
138. Berthoud HR, Shin AC, Zheng H. Obesity surgery and gut-brain communication. Physiol Behav 2011; 105(1): 106–119