Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: A review

Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 173-186

  Shi, Lu E ^a   Li, Zhen Hua ^a   Zheng, Wei ^a   Zhao, Yi Fan ^a   Jin, Yong Fang ^a   Tang, Zhen Xing ^a,b,c  

^a HANGZHOU NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Anqing Vocational and Technical College   (China)

^c KING FAISAL UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

antibacterial activity; antibacterial mechanism; food applications; synthesis; ZnO nanoparticles

Indexed keywords

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; HEALTH RISKS; II-VI SEMICONDUCTORS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; OXIDE MINERALS; PARTICLE SIZE; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); ZINC OXIDE;

ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISMS; BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; FOOD APPLICATIONS; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; INORGANIC METAL OXIDES; SYNTHETIC METHODS;

ZNO NANOPARTICLES;

CHITOSAN; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; METAL NANOPARTICLE; SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDE; ZINC OXIDE;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; BACILLUS SUBTILIS; BACTERIAL CELL WALL; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; CELL MEMBRANE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FOOD PACKAGING; GEL; GENE EXPRESSION; LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM; MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SAFETY; SEMICONDUCTOR; SHELF LIFE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SYNTHESIS; VAPOR; VAPOR PHASE METHOD;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; FOOD PRESERVATION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; ZINC OXIDE;

EID: 84894303052     PISSN: 19440049     EISSN: 14645122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.865147     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. AbdEIhady MM. 2012. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/zinc oxide nanoparticles for imparting antimicrobial and UV protection to cotton fabric. Int J Carbohydr Chem. 2012: 840591.
2. 2, and ZnO water suspensions. Water Res. 40:3527-3532.
3. Adisehaih P, Hall JB, McNeil SE. 2009. Nanomaterial standards for efficacy and toxicity assessment. WIREs Nanomedicine Nanobiotechnol. 2:99-112.
4. Aghababazadeh R, Mazinani B, Mirhabibi A, Tamizifar M. 2006. ZnO nanoparticles synthesised by mechanochemical processing. J Phys Conf. Ser. 26:312.
5. Ali M, Donakowski MD, Mayer C, Winerer M. 2012. Chemical vapor functionalization: a continuous production process for functionalized ZnO nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res. 14:689.
6. Anitha S, Brabu B, Thiruvadigal DJ, Gopalakrishnan C, Natarajan TS. 2012. Optical, bactericidal and water repellent properties of electrospun nano-composite membranes of cellulose acetate and ZnO. Carbohydr Polym. 87:1065-1072.
7. Ao W, Li J, Yang H, Zeng X, Ma X. 2006. Mechanochemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanocrystalline. Powder Technol. 168:148-151.
8. Appendini P, Hotchkiss JH. 1997. Immobilization of lysozyme on food contact polymers as potential antimicrobial films. Packaging Technol Sci. 10:271-279.
9. Applerot G, Perkas N, Amirian G, Girshevitz O, Gedanken A. 2009. Coating of glass with ZnO via ultrasonic irradiation and a study of its antibacterial properties. Appl Surf Sci. 256:S3-S8.
10. Armelao L, Bottaro G, Bovo L, Maccato C, Tondello E, Anselmi F, Bersani S, Caliceti P. 2011. Proteins conjugation with ZnO sol-gel nanopowders. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 60:352-358.
11. Ashtaputre SS, Deshpande A, Marathe S, Wankhede ME, Chimanpure J, Pasricha R, Urban J, Haram SK, Gosavi SW, Kulkarni SK. 2005. Synthesis and analysis of ZnO and CdSe nanoparticles. Pramana J Phys. 65:615-620.
12. Bai W, Zhang Z, Tian W, He X, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Chai Z. 2010. Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to zebrafish embryo: a physicochemical study of toxicity mechanism. J Nanopart Res. 12:1645-1654.
13. Banoee M, Seif S, Nazari ZE, Jafari-Fesharaki P, Shahverdi HR, Moballegh A, Moghaddam KM, Shahverdi AR. 2005. ZnO nanoparticles enhanced antibacterial activity of ciprofl{ligature}oxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 93:557-561.
14. Becheri A, Durr M, Nostro PL, Baglioni P. 2008. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: application to textiles as UV-absorbers. J Nanopart Res. 10:679-689.
15. Beckett WS, Chalupa DF, Paul-Brown A, Speers DM, Stewart JC, Frampton MW, Well MJ, Haung LS, Cox C, Zareba W, Oberdorster G. 2005. Comparing inhaled ultrafine versus fine zinc oxide particles in healthy adults: a human inhalation study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 171:1129-1135.
16. 2O-doped bioactive glass. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46:1940-1945.
17. Bhadra P, Mitra MK, Das GC, Dey R, Mukherjee S. 2011. Interaction of chitosan capped ZnO nanorods with Escherichia coli. Mater Sci Eng C. 31:929-937.
18. Bradley EL, Castle L, Chaudhry Q. 2011. Applications of nanomaterials in food packaging with a consideration of opportunities for developing countries. Trends Food Sci Technol. 22:604-610.
19. Brayner R, Ferrari-Iliou R, Brivois N, Djediat S, Benedetti MF, Fievet F. 2006. Toxicological impact studies based on Escherichia coli bacteria in ultrafine ZnO nanoparticles colloidal medium. Nano Letters. 6:866-870.
20. Casey P. 2006. Nanoparticle technologies and applications. In: Hannink RHJ, Hill AJ, editors. Nanostructure control of materials. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing Limited; p. 1-27.
21. Chaudhry Q, Blackburn J, Floyd P, George C, Nwaogu T, Boxall A, Aitken R. 2006. A scoping study to identify regulatory gaps for the products applications of nanotechnologies. York: Central Science Laboratory.
22. Chaudhry Q, Scotter M, Blackburn J, Ross B, Boxall A, Castle L, Aitken R, Watkins R. 2008. Applications and implications of nanotechnologies for the food sector. Food Addit Contam A. 25:241-258.
23. Chen ZG, Li F, Liu G, Tang Y, Cong H, Lu GQ, Cheng HM. 2006. Preparation of high purity ZnO nanobelts by thermal evaporation of ZnS. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 6:704-707.
24. Cioffi N, Torsi L, Ditaranto N, Tantillo G, Ghibelli L, Sabbatini L, Bleve-Zacheo T, D'Alessio M, Zambonin PG, Traversa E. 2005. Copper nanoparticle/polymer composites with antifungal and bacteriostatic properties. Chem Mater. 17:5255-5262.
25. Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. 2009. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 326:1694-1697.
26. Dejene FB, Ali AG, Swart HC, Botha RJ, Roro K, Coetsee L, Biggs MM. 2011. Optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by varying the sodium hydroxide to zinc acetate molar ratios using the sol-gel process. Cent Eur J Phys. 9:1321-1326.
27. Deng XY, Luan QX, Chen WT, Wang YL, Jiao Z. 2009. Nanosized zinc oxide particles induce neural stem cell apoptosis. Nanotechnology. 20:11510.
28. Desselberger U. 2000. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. J Infect. 40:3-15.
29. Donlan RM, Costerton JW. 2002. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 15:167-193.
30. Dutta RK, Nenavathu BP, Ganishetty MK, Reddy AVR. 2012. Studies on antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles by ROS induced lipid peroxidation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 94:143-150.
31. Dutta RK, Sharma PK, Bhargava R, Kumar N, Pandey AC. 2010. Differential susceptibility of Escherichia coli cells towards transition metal-doped and matrix-embeded ZnO nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B. 114:5594-5599.
32. Emamifar A, Kadivar M, Shahedi M, Soleimanian-Zad S. 2010. Evaluation of nanocomposite packaging containing Ag and ZnO on shelf life of fresh orange juice. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 11:742-748.
33. Emamifar A, Kadivar M, Shahedi M, Soleimanian-Zad S. 2011. Effect of nanocomposite packaging containing Ag and ZnO on inactivation of Lactobacillus plantarum in orange juice. Food Control. 22:408-413.
34. Epand RM, Epand RF. 2009. Lipid domains in bacterial membranes and the action of antimicrobial agents. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 1788:289-294.
35. Espitia PJP, Soares NFF, Coimbra JSR, Andrade NJ, Cruz RS, Medreiros EAA. 2012. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, antimicrobial activity and food packaging applications. Food Bioprocess Technol. 5:1447-1464.
36. Fang M, Chen JH, Xu XL, Yang PH, Hildebrand HF. 2006. Antibacterial activities of inorganic agents on six bacteria associated with oral infections by two susceptibility tests. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 27:513-517.
37. 2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirch-neriella subcapitata): the importance of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol. 41:8484-8490.
38. 2 nanocomposites for antimicrobial coating. J Phys Chem B. 109:8889-8898.
39. Gálvez A, Abriouel H, López RL, Omar NB. 2007. Bacteriocin-based strategies for food biopreservation. Int J Food Microbiol. 120:51-70.
40. Gilbert P, Collier PJ, Brown MR. 1990. Infl{ligature}uence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: biofilms, cell cycle, dormancy, and stringent response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 34:1865-1868.
41. Gondal MA, Dastageer MA, Khalil A, Hayat K, Yamani ZH. 2011. Nanostructured ZnO synthesis and its application for effective disinfection of Escherichia coli micro organism in water. J Nanopart Res. 13:3423-3430.
42. Gordon T, Perlstein B, Houbara O, Felner I, Banin E, Margel S. 2011. Synthesis and characterization of zinc/iron oxide composite nanoparticles and their antibacterial properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects. 374:1-8.
43. Han JH. 2005. Antimicrobial packaging systems. In: Jung HH, editor. Innovations in food packaging. London: Academic Press; p. 80-107.
44. 2 to bacteria Vibrio fisheri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere. 71:1308-1316.
45. Heng BC, Zhao X, Tan EC, Khamis N, Assodani A, Xiong S, Ruedl C, Ng KW, Loo J. 2011. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and inflammatory potential of differentially shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Arch Toxicol. 85:1517-1528.
46. Heng BC, Zhao X, Xiong S, Woei Ng K, Yin-Chiang Boey F, Say-Chye Loo J. 2010. Toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) is accentuated by oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol. 48:1762-1766.
47. Hirano S, Higo S, Tsukamota N, Kobayashi E, Suzuki KT. 1989. Pilmonary clearance and toxicity of zinc oxide instilled into the rat lung. Arch Toxicol. 63:336-342.
48. Hirota K, Sugimoto M, Kato M, Tsukagoshi K, Tanigawa T, Sugimoto H. 2010. Preparation of zinc oxide ceramics with a sustainable antibacterial activity under dark conditions. Ceram Int. 36:497-506.
49. 2 nanoparticles toward human lung epithelial cells. Sci Total Environ. 409:1219-1228.
50. Huang CC, Aronstam RS, Chen DR, Huang YW. 2010. Oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and altered gene expression in human lung epithelial cells exposed to ZnO nanoparticles. Toxicology In Vitro. 24:45-55.
51. Huang Z, Zheng X, Yan D, Yin G, Liao X, Kang Y, Yao Y, Huang D, Hao B. 2008. Toxicological effect of ZnO nanoparticles based on bacteria. Langmuir. 24:4140-4144.
52. Jalal R, Goharshadi EK, Abareshi M, Moosavi M, Yousefi A, Nancarrow P. 2010. ZnO nanofluids: green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Mater Chem Phys. 121:198-201.
53. Jia T, Wang W, Dong Y, Long F, Fu Z. 2009. Controlling growth of ZnO nanostructures via a solution route. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mat Sci Ed. 24:249-253.
54. Jiang W, Saxena A, Song B, Ward BB, Beveridge TJ, Myneni SCB. 2004. Elucidation of functional groups on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial surfaces using infrared spectroscopy. Langmuir. 20:11433-11442.
55. Jin T, Gurtler JB. 2011. Inactivation of Salmonella in liquid egg albumen by antimicrobial bottle coatings infused with allyl isothiocyanate, nisin and zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Microbiol. 110:704-712.
56. John A, Ko HU, Kim DG, Kim J. 2011. Preparation of cellulose-ZnO hybrid films by a wet chemical method and their characterization. Cellulose. 18:675-680.
57. Jones N, Ray B, Koodali RT, Manna AC. 2008. Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 279:71-76.
58. Karunakaran C, Rajeswari V, Gomathisankar P. 2010. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activities of sonochemically prepared ZnO and Ag-ZnO. J Alloys Compd. 508:587-591.
59. Karunakaran C, Rajeswari V, Gomathisankar P. 2011a. Enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of sol-gel synthesized ZnO and Ag-ZnO. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 14:133-138.
60. Karunakaran C, Rajeswari V, Gomathisankar P. 2011b. Optical, electrical, photocatalytic, and bactericidal properties of microwave synthesized nanocrystalline Ag-ZnO and ZnO. Solid State Sci. 13:923-928.
61. Khan TA, Mazid M, Ansari SA, Azam A, Naeem A. 2013. Zinc oxide nanoparticles promote the aggregation of concanavalin A. Int J Pept Res Ther. 19:135-146.
62. Kim H, Sigmund W. 2004. ZnO nanocrystals synthesized by physical deposition. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 4:275-278.
63. 2 nanoparticles preilluminated with UVA and UVB light on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 95:243-253.
64. Kulkarni SB, Patil UM, Salunkhe RR, Joshi SS, Lokhande CD. 2011. Temperature impact on morphological evolution of ZnO and its consequent effect on physico-chemical properties. J Alloys Compd. 509:3486-3492.
65. Lam HF, Chen LC, Ainsworth D, Peoples S, Amdur MO. 1988. Pulmonary function of guinea pigs exposed to freshly generated ultrafine zinc oxide with and without spike concentrations. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 49:333-341.
66. Le AT, Tam LT, Tam PD, Huy PT, Hieu NV, Kudrinskiy AA, Krityakov YA. 2010. Synthesis of oleic acid-stabilized silver nanoparticles an analysis of their antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Eng C. 30:910-916.
67. Lee J, Kang BS, Hicks B, Chancellor TF, Chu BH, Wang HT, Keselowsky BG, Ren F, Lele TP. 2008. The control of cell adhesion and viability by zinc oxide nanorods. Biomaterials. 29:3743-3749.
68. Lepot N, Van Bael MK, Van den Rul H, D'Haen J, Peeters R, Franco D, Mullens J. 2011. Influence of incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles and biaxial orientation on mechanical and oxygen barrier properties of polypropylene films for food packaging applications. J Appl Polym Sci. 120:1616-1623.
69. Li JH, Hong RY, Li MY, Li HZ, Zheng Y, Ding J. 2009. Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of polyurethane coatings. Prog Org Coat. 64:504-509.
70. Li LH, Deng JC, Deng HR, Liu ZL, Xin L. 2010. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/ZnO nanoparticle composite membranes. Carbohydr Res. 345:994-998.
71. Li Y, Leung P, Yao L, Song QW, Newton E. 2006. Antimicrobial effect of surgical masks coated with nanoparticles. J Hosp Infect. 62:58-63.
72. 3 composites formed from layered double hydroxide precursors. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 20:591-595.
73. Lipovsky A, Tzitrinovich Z, Friedmann H, Applerot G, Gedanken A, Lubart R. 2009. EPR study of visible light-induced ROS generation by nanoparticles of ZnO. J Phys Chem C. 113:15997-16001.
74. Liu B, Zeng HC. 2004. Room temperature solution synthesis of monodispersed single crystalline ZnO nanorods and derived hierarchical nanostructures. Langmuir. 20:4196-4204.
75. 2 activated with ultraviolet light. Process Biochem. 39:475-481.
76. Liu Y, He L, Mustapha A, Li H, Hu ZQ, Lin M. 2009. Antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Appl Microbiol. 107:1193-1201.
77. Lu J, Ng KM, Yang S. 2008. Efficient, one-step mechanochemical process for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res. 47:1095-1101.
78. Ma H, Bertsch PM, Glenn TC, Kabengi NJ, Williams PL. 2009. Toxicity of manufactured zinc oxide nanoparticles in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem. 28:1324-1330.
79. Ma J, Liu J, Bao Y, Zhu Z, Wang X, Zhang J. 2012. Synthesis of large-scale uniform mulberry-like ZnO particles with microwave hydrothermal method and its antibacterial property. Ceram Int. 39:2803-2810.
80. Ma-Hock L, Burkhardt S. 2008. Inhalation toxicity of nano-scale zinc oxide in comparison with pigmentary zinc oxide using short-term inhalation test protocol. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 377:354.
81. Manna AC. 2012. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. In: Cioffi N, Rai M, editors. Nano-antimicrobials: progress and prospects. Berlin: Springer Press; p. 151-180.
82. Meulenkamp EA. 1998. Synthesis and growth of ZnO nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B. 102:5566-5572.
83. Mitra S, Patra P, Chandra S, Pramanik P, Goswami A. 2012. Efficacy of highly water-dispersed fabricated nano ZnO against clinically isolated bacterial strains. Appl Nanosci. 2:231-238.
84. Mu L, Sprando RL. 2010. Application of nanotechnology in cosmetics. Pharm Res. 27:1746-1749.
85. Negi H, Agarwal T, Zaidi MGH, Goel R. 2012. Comparative antibacterial efficacy of metal oxide nanoparticles gram negative bacteria. Ann Microbiol. 62:765-772.
86. Nel A, Xia T, Madler L, Li N. 2006. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevels. Sciences. 311:622-627.
87. Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J. 2005. Nanotoxicology: an emerging disiciple evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect. 113:823-839.
88. Ohira T, Yamamoto O. 2012. Correlation between antibacterial activity and crystallite size on ceramics. Chem Eng Sci. 68:355-361.
89. Ohira T, Yamamoto O, Iida Y, Nakagawa Z. 2008. Antibacterial activity of ZnO powder with crystallographic orientation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 19:1407-1412.
90. Padmavathy N, Vijayaraghavan R. 2008. Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles - an antibacterial study. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 9:035004.
91. Polleux J, Pinna N, Antonietti M, Hess C, Wild U, Schlogl R, Niederberger M. 2005. Ligand functionality as a versatile tool to control the assembly behavior of preformed titania nanocrystals. Chem Eur J. 11:3541-3551.
92. Premanathan M, Karthikeyan K, Jeyasubramanian K, Manivannan G. 2011. Selective toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward Gram-positive bacteria and cancer cells by apoptosis through lipid peroxidation. Nanomedicine Nanotechnol Biol Med. 7:184-192.
93. Pujalté I, Passagne I, Brouillaud B, Tréguer M, Durand E, Ohayon-Courtès C, L'azou B. 2011. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by different metallic nanoparticles on human kidney cells. Part Fibre Toxicol. 8:1-16.
94. Raghupati RK, Koodali RT, Manna AC. 2011. Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Langmuir. 27:4020-4028.
95. Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A. 2009. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv. 27:76-83.
96. Reddy KM, Feris K, Bell J, Hanley C, Punnoose A. 2007. Selective toxicity of zine oxide nanoparticles to prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Appl Phys Lett. 90:213902.
97. Rekha K, Nirmala M, Nair MG, Anukaliani A. 2010. Structure, optical, photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide and manganese doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, Physica B. Phys Condens Matter. 405:3180-3185.
98. Roselli M, Finamore A, Garaguso I, Britti MS, Mengheri E. 2003. Zinc oxide protects cultured enterocytes from the damage induced by Escherichia coli. J Nutr. 133:4077-4082.
99. Russell AD. 2003. Similarities and differences in the responses of microorganisms to biocides. J Antimicrob Chemother. 52:750-763.
100. Sawai J. 2003. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activities of metallic oxide powders (ZnO, MgO and CaO) by conductimetric assay. J Microbiol Methods. 54:177-182.
101. Sawai J, Kojima H, Ishizu N, Itoh M, Igarashi H, Sawaki T, Shimizu M. 1997. Bactericidal action of magnesium oxide powder. J Inorg Biochem. 67:443.
102. Sawai J, Shoji S, Igarashi H, Hashimoto A, Kokugan T, Shimizu M, Kojima H. 1998. Hydrogen peroxide as an antibacterial factor in zinc oxide powder slurry. J Ferment Bioeng. 86:521-522.
103. Sawai J, Yoshikawa T. 2004. Quantative evalution of antifungal activity of metallic oxide powders (MgO, CaO and ZnO) by an indirect conductimetric assay. J Appl Microbiol. 96:803-809.
104. 2 headspace combined with organic acids prolongs the shelf life of fresh salmon. Int J Food Microbiol. 133:154-160.
105. Schmidt-Mende L, MacManus-Driscoll JL. 2007. ZnO-nanostructures, defects, and devices. Materials Today. 10:40-48.
106. Seil JT, Webster TJ. 2011. Reduced Staphylococcus aureus proliferation and biofilm formation on zinc oxide nanoparticle PVC composite surfaces. Acta Biomater. 7:2579-2584.
107. Sharma D, Rajput J, Kaith BS, Kaur M, Sharma S. 2010. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and study of their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Thin Solid Films. 519:1224-1229.
108. Sharma V, Anderson D, Dhawan A. 2012. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and ROS-triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human liver cells (HepG2). Apoptosis. 17:852-870.
109. Shen L, Bao N, Yanagisawa K, Domen K, Gupta A, Grimes CA. 2006. Direct synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by a solution free mechanochemical reaction. Nanotechnology. 17:5117.
110. Shi LE, Fang XJ, Zhang ZL, Zhou T, Jiang D, Wu HH, Tang ZX. 2012. Preparation of nano ZnO using sonication method and its antibacterial characteristics. Int J Food Sci Technol. 47:1866-1871.
111. Stankovic A, Dimitrijevic S, Uskokovic D. 2013. Influence of size scale and morphology on antibacterial properties of ZnO powders hydrothermally synthesized using different surface stabilizing agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 102:21-28.
112. Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ. 2002. Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir. 18:6679-6686.
113. Sun DZ, Wong M, Sun L, Li YT, Miyatake N, Sue HJ. 2007. Purification and stabilization of colloidal ZnO nanoparticles in methanol. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 43:237-243.
114. Sun J, Wang SC, Zhao D, Hun FH, Weng L, Liu H. 2011. Cytotoxicity, permeability, and inflammation of metal oxide nanoparticles in human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 27:333-342.
115. Swihart MT. 2003. Vapor-phase synthesis of nanoparticles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 8:127-133.
116. Tam KH, Djurisic AB, Chan CMN, Xi YY, Tse CW, Leung YH, Chan WK, Leung FCC, Au DWT. 2008. Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanorods prepared by a hydrothermal method. Thin Solid Films. 516:6167-6174.
117. Tang ZX, Fang XJ, Zhang ZL, Pan LX, Zhang XY, Pan QQ, Shi LE. 2012. Preparation of nano-CaO using sonication method. J Chem Soc Pak. 34:1423-1425.
118. Tang ZX, Fang XJ, Zhang ZL, Zhou T, Zhang XY, Shi LE. 2012. Nano MgO as antibacterial agent: preparation and characteristics. Braz J Chem Eng. 29:775-781.
119. Tang ZX, Shi LE. 2008. Preparation of nano-MgO using ultrasonic method and its characteristics. Eclética Química. 33:15-20.
120. Tawale JS, Dey KK, Pasricha R, Sood KN, Strivastava AK. 2010. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO tetrapods for optical and antibacterial applications. Thin Solid Films. 519:1244-1247.
121. Tokumoto MS, Briois V. 2003. Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles: structural study of the molecular precursor. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 26:547-551.
122. Tripathi P, Dubey NK. 2004. Exploitation of natural products as an alternative strategy to control postharvest fungal rotting of fruit and vegetables. Postharvest Biol Technol. 32:235-245.
123. Vicentini DS, Smania Jr A, Laranjeira MCM. 2010. Chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) films containing ZnO nanoparticles and plasticizers. Mater Sci Eng C. 30:503-508.
124. Villalobos-Hernandez JR, Muller-Goymann GG. 2006. Sun protection enhancement of titanium dioxide crystals by the use of carnauba wax nanoparticles: the synergistic interaction between organic and inorganic sunscreens at nanoscale. Int J Pharm. 322:161-170.
125. Wahab R, Mishra A, Yun SI, Hwang IH, Mussarat J, Al-Khedhairy AA, Kim YS, Shin HS. 2012. Fabrication, growth mechanism and antibacterial activity of ZnO micro-spheres prepared via solution process. Biomass Bioenergy. 39:227-236.
126. Wahab R, Mishra A, Yun SI, Kim YS, Shin HS. 2010. Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared via non-hydrolytic solution route. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 87:1917-1925.
127. Wang B, Feng WY, Wang M, Wang TC, Gu YG, Zhu MT, Ouyang H, Shi JW, Zhang F, Zhao YL, et al. 2008. Acute toxicological impact of nano- and submicro-scaled zinc oxide powder on healthy adult mice. J Nanopart Res. 10:263-276.
128. Wang GP, Shi XB, Wang DX. 2002. Preparation of nanometer-sized zinc oxide by solid state reaction at room temperature. Chin J Synth Chem. 25:32-35.
129. Wang X, Yang F, Yang W, Yang X. 2007. A study on the antibacterial acitivity of one-dimensional ZnO nanowire arrays: Effects of the orientation and plane surface. Chem Commun. 43:4419-4421.
130. Wang ZL. 2004. Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. J Phys Condens Matter. 16:R829.
131. 2 photocatalyst in aqueous media: towards solar-assisted water disinfection system. Environ Sci Technol. 28:934-938.
132. Wesselkamper SC, Chen LC, Gordon T. 2001. Development of pulmonary tolerance in mice exposed to zinc oxide fumes. Toxicol Sci. 60:144-151.
133. Wesselkamper SC, Chen LC, Gordon T. 2005. Quantitative trait analysis of the development of pulmonary tolerance to inhaled zinc oxide in mice. Respir Res. 6:73.
134. Xia T, Kovochich M, Liong M, Adler LM, Gilbert B, Shi H, Yeh JI, Zink JI, Nel AE. 2008. Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties. ACS Nano. 2:2121-2134.
135. Xie Y, He Y, Irwin PL, Jin T, Shi X. 2011. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles on Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77:2325-2331.
136. Xu F, Zhang P, Navrotsky A, Yuan ZT, Ren TZ, Halasa M, Su BL. 2007. Hierarchically assembled porous ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis, surface energy, and photocatalytic activity. Chem Mater. 19:5680-5686.
137. Yamamoto O. 2001. Infl{ligature}uence of particle size on the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide. Int J Inorg Mater. 3:643-646.
138. Yamamoto O, Komatsu M, Sawai J, Nakagawa Z. 2004. Effect of lattice constant of zinc oxide on antibacterial characteristics. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 15:847-851.
139. Yamamoto O, Sawai J, Sasamoto T. 2000. Change in antibacterial characteristic with doping of ZnO in MgO-ZnO solid solution. Int J Inorg Mater. 2:451-454.
140. Yang H, Liu C, Yang D, Zhang H, Xi Z. 2009. Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: The role of particle size, shape and composition. J Toxicol Sci. 34:119-122.
141. Zhang JB, Xu M, Zhou XY. 2005. Synthesis of nanometer ZnO by solid phase method. Inorg Chem Ind. 37:18-20.
142. Zhang L, Ding Y, Povey M, York D. 2008. ZnO nanofluids - a potential antibacterial agent. Prog Nat Sci. 18:939-944.
143. Zhang L, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Povey M, York D. 2007. Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids). J Nanopart Res. 9:479-489.
144. Zhang YK, Liu JB, Ying BH, Chen DG, Xiao ZB, Chen S. 2000. Preparation of nanocrystalline zinc oxide by solid state reaction at room temperature. Fine Chem. 17:343-344.
145. Zhou D, Keller AA. 2010. Role of morphology in the aggregation kinetics of ZnO nanoparticles. Water Res. 44:2948-2956.
146. Zhu X, Zhu L, Duan Z, Qi R, Li Y, Lang Y. 2008. Comparative toxicity of several metal oxide nanoparticle aqueous suspensions to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early developmental stage. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 43:278-284.
147. Zhu XS, Zhu L, Chen YS, Tian SY. 2009. Acute toxicities of six manufactured nanomaterial suspension to Daphnia magna. J Nanopart Res. 11:67-75.
148. Zvyagin AV, Zhao X, Gierden A, Sanchez W, Ross JA, Roberts MS. 2008. Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Opt. 13:064031.