메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4 DEC, Issue , 2013, Pages

Immunomodulatory properties of cacao extracts - potential consequences for medical applications

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory; Cacao; Cocoa; Immunology; Neurobiochemistry; Tryptophan metabolism

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; CACAO EXTRACT; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; INTERLEUKIN 2; KYNURENINE; NEOPTERIN; PLANT EXTRACT; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84891670149     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16639812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00154     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 84869212634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The kynurenine pathway in brain tumor pathogenesis
    • doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0549
    • Adams, S., Braidy, N., Bessede, A., Brew, B. J., Grant, R., Teo, C., et al. (2012). The kynurenine pathway in brain tumor pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 72, 5649-5657. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0549.
    • (2012) Cancer Res. , vol.72 , pp. 5649-5657
    • Adams, S.1    Braidy, N.2    Bessede, A.3    Brew, B.J.4    Grant, R.5    Teo, C.6
  • 2
    • 4544342570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within
    • doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.003
    • Aggarwal, B. B. (2004). Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within. Cancer Cell 6, 203-208. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.003.
    • (2004) Cancer Cell , vol.6 , pp. 203-208
    • Aggarwal, B.B.1
  • 3
    • 84856729444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of natural antioxidants in neurodegenerative disease
    • doi: 10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000028
    • Albarracin, S. L., Stab, B., Casas, Z., Sutachan, J. J., Samudio, I., Gonzalez, J., et al. (2012). Effects of natural antioxidants in neurodegenerative disease. Nutr. Neurosci. 15, 1-9 doi: 10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000028.
    • (2012) Nutr. Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 1-9
    • Albarracin, S.L.1    Stab, B.2    Casas, Z.3    Sutachan, J.J.4    Samudio, I.5    Gonzalez, J.6
  • 4
    • 0026653881 scopus 로고
    • Neopterin release from human endothelial cells is triggered by interferon-gamma
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06486.x
    • Andert, S. E., Griesmacher, A., Zuckermann, A., and Müller, M. M. (1992). Neopterin release from human endothelial cells is triggered by interferon-gamma. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 88, 555-558. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06486.x.
    • (1992) Clin. Exp. Immunol. , vol.88 , pp. 555-558
    • Andert, S.E.1    Griesmacher, A.2    Zuckermann, A.3    Müller, M.M.4
  • 5
    • 0842321777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of reactive oxygen species in Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of NF-kappa B
    • Asehnoune, K., Strassheim, D., Mitra, S., Kim, J. Y., and Abraham, E. (2004). Involvement of reactive oxygen species in Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of NF-kappa B. J. Immunol. 172, 2522-2529.
    • (2004) J. Immunol. , vol.172 , pp. 2522-2529
    • Asehnoune, K.1    Strassheim, D.2    Mitra, S.3    Kim, J.Y.4    Abraham, E.5
  • 6
    • 0028942201 scopus 로고
    • The role of the lymphocyte in an immune response
    • doi: 10.3109/08820139509062775
    • Balakrishnan, K., and Adams, L. E. (1995). The role of the lymphocyte in an immune response. Immunol. Invest. 24, 233-244. doi: 10.3109/08820139509062775.
    • (1995) Immunol. Invest. , vol.24 , pp. 233-244
    • Balakrishnan, K.1    Adams, L.E.2
  • 7
    • 0141762549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for the in vitro determination of an individual disposition towards TH1-or TH2-reactivity by the application of appropriate stimulatory antigens
    • doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02265
    • Barth, H., Berg, P. A., and Klein, R. (2003). Methods for the in vitro determination of an individual disposition towards TH1-or TH2-reactivity by the application of appropriate stimulatory antigens. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 134, 78-85. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02265.
    • (2003) Clin. Exp. Immunol. , vol.134 , pp. 78-85
    • Barth, H.1    Berg, P.A.2    Klein, R.3
  • 8
    • 49749141061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats
    • doi: 10.1017/S0007114507886375
    • Bisson, J. F., Nejdi, A., Rozan, P., Hidalgo, S., Lalonde, R., Messaoudi, M., et al. (2008). Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats. Br. J. Nutr. 100, 94-101. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507886375.
    • (2008) Br. J. Nutr. , vol.100 , pp. 94-101
    • Bisson, J.F.1    Nejdi, A.2    Rozan, P.3    Hidalgo, S.4    Lalonde, R.5    Messaoudi, M.6
  • 9
    • 0036736796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in allergic respiratory diseases
    • doi: 10.1067/mai.2002.126780
    • Bowler, R. P., and Crapo, J. D. (2002). Oxidative stress in allergic respiratory diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 110, 349-356. doi: 10.1067/mai.2002.126780.
    • (2002) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.110 , pp. 349-356
    • Bowler, R.P.1    Crapo, J.D.2
  • 10
    • 0031721802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x
    • Bravo, L. (1998). Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr. Rev. 56, 317-33 doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x.
    • (1998) Nutr. Rev. , vol.56 , pp. 317-33
    • Bravo, L.1
  • 11
    • 28444432412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a future for antioxidants in atherogenesis?
    • doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200500094
    • Brigelius-Flohé, R., Kluth, D., and Banning, A. (2005). Is there a future for antioxidants in atherogenesis? Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 49, 1083-1089. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200500094.
    • (2005) Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , vol.49 , pp. 1083-1089
    • Brigelius-Flohé, R.1    Kluth, D.2    Banning, A.3
  • 12
    • 0142250797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism, relationship to depression and paroxetine treatment
    • doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00173-2
    • Capuron, L., Neurauter, G., Musselman, D. L., Lawson, D. H., Nemeroff, C. B., Fuchs, D., et al. (2003). Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism, relationship to depression and paroxetine treatment. Mol. Psychiatry 9, 906-914. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00173-2.
    • (2003) Mol. Psychiatry , vol.9 , pp. 906-914
    • Capuron, L.1    Neurauter, G.2    Musselman, D.L.3    Lawson, D.H.4    Nemeroff, C.B.5    Fuchs, D.6
  • 13
    • 0035985472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy
    • doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000995
    • Capuron, L., Ravaud, A., Neveu, P. J., Miller, A. H., Maes, M., and Dantzer, R. (2002). Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy. Mol. Psychiatry 5, 468-473. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000995.
    • (2002) Mol. Psychiatry , vol.5 , pp. 468-473
    • Capuron, L.1    Ravaud, A.2    Neveu, P.J.3    Miller, A.H.4    Maes, M.5    Dantzer, R.6
  • 14
    • 79959740393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly persons is associated with altered tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism: role in neuropsychiatric symptoms
    • doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.006
    • Capuron, L., Schroecksnadel, S., Féart, C., Aubert, A., Higueret, D., Barberger-Gateau, P., et al. (2011). Chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly persons is associated with altered tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism: role in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Biol. Psychiatry 70, 175-82 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.006.
    • (2011) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.70 , pp. 175-82
    • Capuron, L.1    Schroecksnadel, S.2    Féart, C.3    Aubert, A.4    Higueret, D.5    Barberger-Gateau, P.6
  • 15
    • 33748746325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neopterin induces pro-atherothrombotic phenotype in human coronary endothelial cells
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02125.x
    • Cirillo, P., Pacileo, M., DE Rosa, S., Calabrò, P., Gargiulo, A., Angri, V., et al. (2006). Neopterin induces pro-atherothrombotic phenotype in human coronary endothelial cells. J. Thromb. Haemost. 4, 2248-2255 doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02125.x.
    • (2006) J. Thromb. Haemost. , vol.4 , pp. 2248-2255
    • Cirillo, P.1    Pacileo, M.2    De Rosa, S.3    Calabrò, P.4    Gargiulo, A.5    Angri, V.6
  • 16
    • 64549100788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa and cardiovascular health
    • doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827022
    • Corti, R., Flammer, A. J., Hollenberg, N. K., and Lüscher, T. F. (2009). Cocoa and cardiovascular health. Circulation 119, 1433-1441. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827022.
    • (2009) Circulation , vol.119 , pp. 1433-1441
    • Corti, R.1    Flammer, A.J.2    Hollenberg, N.K.3    Lüscher, T.F.4
  • 17
    • 33845955692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior
    • doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.006
    • Dantzer, R., and Kelley, K. W. (2007). Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav. Immun. 21, 153-160. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.006.
    • (2007) Brain Behav. Immun. , vol.21 , pp. 153-160
    • Dantzer, R.1    Kelley, K.W.2
  • 18
    • 0032424283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential pharmacology of newer antidepressants
    • DeVane, C. L. (1998). Differential pharmacology of newer antidepressants. J. Clin. Psychiatry 20, 85-93.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 85-93
    • DeVane, C.L.1
  • 19
    • 2942516022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults
    • doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719361
    • Engler, M. B., Engler, M. M., Chen, C. Y., Malloy, M. J., Browne, A., Chiu, E. Y., et al. (2004). Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23, 197-204. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719361.
    • (2004) J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , vol.23 , pp. 197-204
    • Engler, M.B.1    Engler, M.M.2    Chen, C.Y.3    Malloy, M.J.4    Browne, A.5    Chiu, E.Y.6
  • 20
    • 1442274617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans
    • doi: 10.1097/00004872-200312000-00016
    • Fisher, N. D., Hughes, M., Gerhard-Herman, M., and Hollenberg, N. K. (2003). Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. J. Hypertens. 21, 2281-2286. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200312000-00016.
    • (2003) J. Hypertens. , vol.21 , pp. 2281-2286
    • Fisher, N.D.1    Hughes, M.2    Gerhard-Herman, M.3    Hollenberg, N.K.4
  • 22
    • 0024994054 scopus 로고
    • Decreased serum tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with increased serum neopterin and with neurologic/psychiatric symptoms
    • Fuchs, D., Möller, A. A., Reibnegger, G., Stöckle, E., Werner, E. R., and Wachter, H. (1990). Decreased serum tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with increased serum neopterin and with neurologic/psychiatric symptoms. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3, 873-876.
    • (1990) J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. , vol.3 , pp. 873-876
    • Fuchs, D.1    Möller, A.A.2    Reibnegger, G.3    Stöckle, E.4    Werner, E.R.5    Wachter, H.6
  • 23
    • 0027066967 scopus 로고
    • The role of neopterin as a monitor of cellular immune activation in transplantation, inflammatory, infectious, and malignant diseases
    • doi: 10.3109/10408369209114604
    • Fuchs, D., Weiss, G., Reibnegger, G., and Wachter, H. (1992). The role of neopterin as a monitor of cellular immune activation in transplantation, inflammatory, infectious, and malignant diseases. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 29, 307-341. doi: 10.3109/10408369209114604.
    • (1992) Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 307-341
    • Fuchs, D.1    Weiss, G.2    Reibnegger, G.3    Wachter, H.4
  • 24
    • 71649089359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa, chocolate, and cardiovascular disease
    • doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181b76787
    • Galleano, M., Oteiza, P. I., and Fraga, C. G. (2009). Cocoa, chocolate, and cardiovascular disease. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 54, 483-490. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181b76787.
    • (2009) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.54 , pp. 483-490
    • Galleano, M.1    Oteiza, P.I.2    Fraga, C.G.3
  • 25
    • 33846347644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders
    • doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.002
    • Gershon, M. D., and Tack, J. (2007). The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology 132, 397-414. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.002.
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.132 , pp. 397-414
    • Gershon, M.D.1    Tack, J.2
  • 26
    • 66449099309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neopterin as a predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing angiography in the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study
    • doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.118844
    • Grammer, T. B., Fuchs, D., Boehm, B. O., Winkelmann, B. R., and Maerz, W. (2009). Neopterin as a predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing angiography in the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study. Clin. Chem. 55, 1135-1146. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.118844.
    • (2009) Clin. Chem. , vol.55 , pp. 1135-1146
    • Grammer, T.B.1    Fuchs, D.2    Boehm, B.O.3    Winkelmann, B.R.4    Maerz, W.5
  • 27
    • 77956170800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: what about cocoa and chocolate?
    • doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.020
    • Grassi, D., Desideri, G., and Ferri, C. (2010). Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: what about cocoa and chocolate? Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 501, 112-115. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.020.
    • (2010) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.501 , pp. 112-115
    • Grassi, D.1    Desideri, G.2    Ferri, C.3
  • 28
    • 0042922805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols
    • doi: 10.1001/jama.290.8.1030
    • Heiss, C., Dejam, A., Kleinbongard, P., Schewe, T., Sies, H., and Kelm, M. (2003). Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA 290, 1030-1031. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.8.1030.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1030-1031
    • Heiss, C.1    Dejam, A.2    Kleinbongard, P.3    Schewe, T.4    Sies, H.5    Kelm, M.6
  • 29
    • 0026539659 scopus 로고
    • Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease
    • doi: 10.1093/brain/115.5.1249
    • Heyes, M. P., Saito, K., Crowley, J. S., Davis, L. E., Demitrack, M. A., Der, M., et al. (1992). Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain 115, 1249-1273. doi: 10.1093/brain/115.5.1249.
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , pp. 1249-1273
    • Heyes, M.P.1    Saito, K.2    Crowley, J.S.3    Davis, L.E.4    Demitrack, M.A.5    Der, M.6
  • 30
    • 0141448697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of light therapy on biopterin, neopterin and tryptophan in patients with seasonal affective disorder
    • doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00167-7
    • Hoekstra, R., Fekkes, D., van de Wetering, B. J., Pepplinkhuizen, L., and Verhoeven, W. M. (2003). Effect of light therapy on biopterin, neopterin and tryptophan in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 120, 37-42 doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00167-7.
    • (2003) Psychiatry Res. , vol.120 , pp. 37-42
    • Hoekstra, R.1    Fekkes, D.2    van de Wetering, B.J.3    Pepplinkhuizen, L.4    Verhoeven, W.M.5
  • 31
    • 0026625694 scopus 로고
    • Different lymphoid cell populations produce varied levels of neopterin, beta 2-microglobulin and soluble IL-2 receptor when stimulated with IL-2, interferon-gamma or tumour necrosis factor-alpha
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06485.x
    • Hofmann, B., Bass, H., Nishanian, P., Faisal, M., Figlin, R. A., Sarna, G. P., et al. (1992). Different lymphoid cell populations produce varied levels of neopterin, beta 2-microglobulin and soluble IL-2 receptor when stimulated with IL-2, interferon-gamma or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 88, 548-554. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06485.x.
    • (1992) Clin. Exp. Immunol. , vol.88 , pp. 548-554
    • Hofmann, B.1    Bass, H.2    Nishanian, P.3    Faisal, M.4    Figlin, R.A.5    Sarna, G.P.6
  • 32
    • 0033995648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between specific nutritional antioxidants and manifestation of colorectal cancer
    • doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00285-3
    • Hronek, M., Zadak, Z., Solichova, D., Jandik, P., and Melichar, B. (2000). The association between specific nutritional antioxidants and manifestation of colorectal cancer. Nutrition 16, 189-191. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00285-3.
    • (2000) Nutrition , vol.16 , pp. 189-191
    • Hronek, M.1    Zadak, Z.2    Solichova, D.3    Jandik, P.4    Melichar, B.5
  • 33
    • 0037130205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization
    • doi: 10.1038/418289a
    • Hurst, W. J., Tarka, S. M. Jr., Powis, T. G., Valdez, F. Jr., and Hester, T. R. (2002). Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization. Nature 418, 289-290. doi: 10.1038/418289a.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 289-290
    • Hurst, W.J.1    Tarka Jr., S.M.2    Powis, T.G.3    Valdez Jr., F.4    Hester, T.R.5
  • 34
    • 79951725595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro testing for anti-inflammatory properties of compounds employing peripheral blood mononuclear cells freshly isolated from healthy donors
    • doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0244-y
    • Jenny, M., Klieber, M., Zaknun, D., Schroecksnadel, S., Kurz, K., Ledochowski, M., et al. (2011). In vitro testing for anti-inflammatory properties of compounds employing peripheral blood mononuclear cells freshly isolated from healthy donors. Inflamm. Res. 60, 127-135. doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0244-y.
    • (2011) Inflamm. Res. , vol.60 , pp. 127-135
    • Jenny, M.1    Klieber, M.2    Zaknun, D.3    Schroecksnadel, S.4    Kurz, K.5    Ledochowski, M.6
  • 35
    • 60849094365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cacao extracts suppress tryptophan degradation of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.011
    • Jenny, M., Santer, E., Klein, A., Ledochowski, M., Schennach, H., Ueberall, F., et al. (2009). Cacao extracts suppress tryptophan degradation of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 122, 261-267 doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.011.
    • (2009) J. Ethnopharmacol. , vol.122 , pp. 261-267
    • Jenny, M.1    Santer, E.2    Klein, A.3    Ledochowski, M.4    Schennach, H.5    Ueberall, F.6
  • 36
    • 84863690997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of TLR activation on T-cell development and differentiation
    • doi: 10.1155/2012/836485
    • Jin, B., Sun, T., Yu, X. H., Yang, Y. X., and Yeo, A. E. (2012). The effects of TLR activation on T-cell development and differentiation. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2012:836485. doi: 10.1155/2012/836485.
    • (2012) Clin. Dev. Immunol. , vol.2012 , pp. 836485
    • Jin, B.1    Sun, T.2    Yu, X.H.3    Yang, Y.X.4    Yeo, A.E.5
  • 37
    • 0035912775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease
    • doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010
    • Joshipura, K. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Speizer, F. E., et al. (2001). The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 12, 1106-1114. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010.
    • (2001) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.12 , pp. 1106-1114
    • Joshipura, K.J.1    Hu, F.B.2    Manson, J.E.3    Stampfer, M.J.4    Rimm, E.B.5    Speizer, F.E.6
  • 39
    • 84876966646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuroprotector kynurenic acid increases neuronal cell survival through neprilysin induction
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.006
    • Klein, C., Patte-Mensah, C., Taleb, O., Bourguignon, J. J., Schmitt, M., Bihel, F., et al. (2013). The neuroprotector kynurenic acid increases neuronal cell survival through neprilysin induction. Neuropharmacology 70, 254-260. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.006.
    • (2013) Neuropharmacology , vol.70 , pp. 254-260
    • Klein, C.1    Patte-Mensah, C.2    Taleb, O.3    Bourguignon, J.J.4    Schmitt, M.5    Bihel, F.6
  • 40
    • 0029859871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in human infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases
    • Lucey, D. R., Clerici, M., and Shearer, G. M. (1996). Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in human infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9, 532-562.
    • (1996) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.9 , pp. 532-562
    • Lucey, D.R.1    Clerici, M.2    Shearer, G.M.3
  • 41
    • 0028670087 scopus 로고
    • Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of L-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response
    • doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90003-5.
    • Maes, M., Scharpé, S., Meltzer, H. Y., Okayli, G., Bosmans, E., D'Hondt, P., et al. (1994). Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of L-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response. Psychiatry Res. 2,143-160. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90003-5.
    • (1994) Psychiatry Res. , vol.2 , pp. 143-160
    • Maes, M.1    Scharpé, S.2    Meltzer, H.Y.3    Okayli, G.4    Bosmans, E.5    D'Hondt, P.6
  • 42
    • 33745506035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity and polyphenol and procyanidin contents of selected commercially available cocoa-containing and chocolate products in the United States
    • doi: 10.1021/jf060290o
    • Miller, K. B., Stuart, D. A., Smith, N. L., Lee, C. Y., McHale, N. L., Flanagan, J. A., et al. (2006). Antioxidant activity and polyphenol and procyanidin contents of selected commercially available cocoa-containing and chocolate products in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 4062-4068. doi: 10.1021/jf060290o.
    • (2006) J. Agric. Food Chem. , vol.54 , pp. 4062-4068
    • Miller, K.B.1    Stuart, D.A.2    Smith, N.L.3    Lee, C.Y.4    McHale, N.L.5    Flanagan, J.A.6
  • 43
    • 66849115650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans
    • doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27339
    • Mullen, W., Borges, G., Donovan, J. L., Edwards, C. A., Serafini, M., Lean, M. E., et al. (2009). Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89, 1784-1791. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27339.
    • (2009) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.89 , pp. 1784-1791
    • Mullen, W.1    Borges, G.2    Donovan, J.L.3    Edwards, C.A.4    Serafini, M.5    Lean, M.E.6
  • 44
    • 0032782906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased neopterin concentrations in patients with cancer: indicator of oxidative stress?
    • Murr, C., Fuith, L. C., Widner, B., Wirleitner, B., Baier-Bitterlich, G., and Fuchs, D. (1999). Increased neopterin concentrations in patients with cancer: indicator of oxidative stress? Anticancer Res. 19, 1721-1728.
    • (1999) Anticancer Res. , vol.19 , pp. 1721-1728
    • Murr, C.1    Fuith, L.C.2    Widner, B.3    Wirleitner, B.4    Baier-Bitterlich, G.5    Fuchs, D.6
  • 45
    • 0042575569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune reaction links disease progression in cancer patients with depression
    • doi: 10.1054/mehy.1999.1043
    • Murr, C., Widner, B., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Ledochowski, M., Schubert, C., and Fuchs, D. (2000). Immune reaction links disease progression in cancer patients with depression. Med. Hypotheses 2, 137-140. doi: 10.1054/mehy.1999.1043.
    • (2000) Med. Hypotheses , vol.2 , pp. 137-140
    • Murr, C.1    Widner, B.2    Sperner-Unterweger, B.3    Ledochowski, M.4    Schubert, C.5    Fuchs, D.6
  • 46
    • 0036225993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neopterin as a marker for immune system activation
    • doi: 10.2174/1389200024605082
    • Murr, C., Widner, B., Wirleitner, B., and Fuchs, D. (2002). Neopterin as a marker for immune system activation. Curr. Drug Metab. 3, 175-187. doi: 10.2174/1389200024605082.
    • (2002) Curr. Drug Metab. , vol.3 , pp. 175-187
    • Murr, C.1    Widner, B.2    Wirleitner, B.3    Fuchs, D.4
  • 47
    • 58549116694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverse association between serum concentrations of neopterin and antioxidants in patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease
    • doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.047
    • Murr, C., Winklhofer-Roob, B. M., Schroecksnadel, K., Maritschnegg, M., Mangge, H., Bohm, B. et al. (2009). Inverse association between serum concentrations of neopterin and antioxidants in patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 202, 543-549. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.047.
    • (2009) Atherosclerosis , vol.202 , pp. 543-549
    • Murr, C.1    Winklhofer-Roob, B.M.2    Schroecksnadel, K.3    Maritschnegg, M.4    Mangge, H.5    Bohm, B.6
  • 48
    • 0022991358 scopus 로고
    • Peroxide and pteridine: a hypothesis on the regulation of macrophage antimicrobial activity by interferon-gamma
    • Nathan, C. F. (1986). Peroxide and pteridine: a hypothesis on the regulation of macrophage antimicrobial activity by interferon-gamma. Interferon 7, 125-143.
    • (1986) Interferon , vol.7 , pp. 125-143
    • Nathan, C.F.1
  • 50
    • 33646389581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mood state effects of chocolate
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.007
    • Parker, G., Parker, I., and Brotchie, H. (2006). Mood state effects of chocolate. J. Affect. Disord. 92, 149-159. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.007.
    • (2006) J. Affect. Disord. , vol.92 , pp. 149-159
    • Parker, G.1    Parker, I.2    Brotchie, H.3
  • 51
    • 78049281488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting, and Dutch processing on epicatechin and catechin content of cacao beans and cocoa ingredients
    • doi: 10.1021/jf102391q
    • Payne, M. J., Hurst, W. J., Miller, K. B., Rank, C., and Stuart, D. A. (2010). Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting, and Dutch processing on epicatechin and catechin content of cacao beans and cocoa ingredients. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 10518-10527. doi: 10.1021/jf102391q.
    • (2010) J. Agric. Food Chem. , vol.58 , pp. 10518-10527
    • Payne, M.J.1    Hurst, W.J.2    Miller, K.B.3    Rank, C.4    Stuart, D.A.5
  • 52
    • 79952194201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation and long-term prognosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease
    • doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.219329.
    • Pedersen, E. R., Midttun, Ø., Ueland, P. M., Schartum-Hansen, H., Seifert, R., Igland, J., et al. (2011). Systemic markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation and long-term prognosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31,698-704. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.219329.
    • (2011) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 698-704
    • Pedersen, E.R.1    Midttun, Ø.2    Ueland, P.M.3    Schartum-Hansen, H.4    Seifert, R.5    Igland, J.6
  • 53
    • 0022532614 scopus 로고
    • Interferon-gamma and the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in fibroblasts
    • doi: 10.1016/S0769-2609(86)80047-3.
    • Pfefferkorn, E. R. (1986). Interferon-gamma and the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in fibroblasts. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. Microbiol. 137A, 348-352. doi: 10.1016/S0769-2609(86)80047-3.
    • (1986) Ann. Inst. Pasteur. Microbiol. , vol.137 A , pp. 348-352
    • Pfefferkorn, E.R.1
  • 55
    • 77953681096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systems biology approach to understanding atherosclerosis
    • doi: 10.1002/emmm.201000063
    • Ramsey, S. A., Gold, E. S., Aderem, A. (2010). A systems biology approach to understanding atherosclerosis. EMBO Mol. Med. 2, 79-89. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201000063.
    • (2010) EMBO Mol. Med. , vol.2 , pp. 79-89
    • Ramsey, S.A.1    Gold, E.S.2    Aderem, A.3
  • 58
    • 79961023157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin B2 and a cacao polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.10.005
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I., Ramos, S., Bravo, L., Goya, L., and Martín, M. á. (2011). Procyanidin B2 and a cacao polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway. J. Nutr. Biochem. 22, 1186-1194. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.10.005.
    • (2011) J. Nutr. Biochem. , vol.22 , pp. 1186-1194
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.1    Ramos, S.2    Bravo, L.3    Goya, L.4    Martín, M.á.5
  • 59
    • 1542511733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunologic influences on allergy and the TH1/TH2 balance
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.11.025
    • Romagnani, S. (2004). Immunologic influences on allergy and the TH1/TH2 balance. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113, 395-400. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.11.025.
    • (2004) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.113 , pp. 395-400
    • Romagnani, S.1
  • 60
    • 33750538236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the T cell response
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02606.x
    • Romagnani, S. (2006). Regulation of the T cell response. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36, 1357-1366. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02606.x.
    • (2006) Clin. Exp. Allergy , vol.36 , pp. 1357-1366
    • Romagnani, S.1
  • 61
    • 73049087974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theobroma cacao L., the Food of the Gods: a scientific approach beyond myths and claims
    • doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.08.008
    • Rusconi, M., and Conti, A. (2010). Theobroma cacao L., the Food of the Gods: a scientific approach beyond myths and claims. Pharmacol. Res. 61, 5-13. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.08.008.
    • (2010) Pharmacol. Res. , vol.61 , pp. 5-13
    • Rusconi, M.1    Conti, A.2
  • 62
    • 34249788738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.033
    • Sas, K., Robotka, H., Toldi, J., and Vécsei, L. (2007). Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders. J. Neurol. Sci. 257, 221-239 doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.033.
    • (2007) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.257 , pp. 221-239
    • Sas, K.1    Robotka, H.2    Toldi, J.3    Vécsei, L.4
  • 63
    • 58349087544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants suppress Th1-type immune response in vitro
    • doi: 10.2174/187231207781369816
    • Schroecksnadel, K., Fischer, B., Schennach, H., Weiss, G., and Fuchs, D. (2007). Antioxidants suppress Th1-type immune response in vitro. Drug Metab. Lett. 1, 166-171 doi: 10.2174/187231207781369816.
    • (2007) Drug Metab. Lett. , vol.1 , pp. 166-171
    • Schroecksnadel, K.1    Fischer, B.2    Schennach, H.3    Weiss, G.4    Fuchs, D.5
  • 64
    • 33747819235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crucial role of interferon-gamma and stimulated macrophages in cardiovascular disease
    • doi: 10.2174/157016106777698379
    • Schroecksnadel, K., Frick, B., Winkler, C., and Fuchs, D. (2006a). Crucial role of interferon-gamma and stimulated macrophages in cardiovascular disease. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 4, 205-213. doi: 10.2174/157016106777698379.
    • (2006) Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. , vol.4 , pp. 205-213
    • Schroecksnadel, K.1    Frick, B.2    Winkler, C.3    Fuchs, D.4
  • 65
    • 31044446342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation
    • doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.013
    • Schröcksnadel, K., Wirleitner, B., Winkler, C., and Fuchs, D. (2006b). Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin. Chim. Acta 364, 82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.013.
    • (2006) Clin. Chim. Acta , vol.364 , pp. 82-90
    • Schröcksnadel, K.1    Wirleitner, B.2    Winkler, C.3    Fuchs, D.4
  • 67
    • 84857522427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa, hazelnuts, sterols and soluble fiber cream reduces lipids and inflammation biomarkers in hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031103
    • Solà, R., Valls, R. M., Godàs, G., Perez-Busquets, G., Ribalta, J., Girona, J., et al. (2012). Cocoa, hazelnuts, sterols and soluble fiber cream reduces lipids and inflammation biomarkers in hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 7:31103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031103.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , pp. 31103
    • Solà, R.1    Valls, R.M.2    Godàs, G.3    Perez-Busquets, G.4    Ribalta, J.5    Girona, J.6
  • 68
    • 77951210071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dark chocolate on plasma epicatechin levels, DNA resistance to oxidative stress and total antioxidant activity in healthy subjects
    • doi: 10.1017/S0007114509992698
    • Spadafranca, A., Martinez, Conesa, C., Sirini, S., and Testolin, G. (2010). Effect of dark chocolate on plasma epicatechin levels, DNA resistance to oxidative stress and total antioxidant activity in healthy subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 103, 1008-1014. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509992698.
    • (2010) Br. J. Nutr. , vol.103 , pp. 1008-1014
    • Spadafranca, A.1    Martinez Conesa, C.2    Sirini, S.3    Testolin, G.4
  • 69
    • 38549136863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenolic phytochemicals-just antioxidants or much more?
    • doi: 10.1007/s00018-007-7237-1
    • Stevenson, D. E., and Hurst, R. D. (2007). Polyphenolic phytochemicals-just antioxidants or much more? Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64, 2900-2916. doi: 10.1007/s00018-007-7237-1.
    • (2007) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 2900-2916
    • Stevenson, D.E.1    Hurst, R.D.2
  • 70
    • 0142166328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals
    • doi: 10.1038/nrc1189.
    • Surh, Y. J. (2003). Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3,768-780. doi: 10.1038/nrc1189.
    • (2003) Nat. Rev. Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 768-780
    • Surh, Y.J.1
  • 71
    • 84872855976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: review of recent findings
    • doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32835bcdff
    • van Dam, R. M., Naidoo, N., and Landberg, R. (2013). Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: review of recent findings. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 24, 25-33. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32835bcdff.
    • (2013) Curr. Opin. Lipidol. , vol.24 , pp. 25-33
    • van Dam, R.M.1    Naidoo, N.2    Landberg, R.3
  • 73
    • 0027418494 scopus 로고
    • Neopterin modulates toxicity mediated by reactive oxygen and chloride species
    • doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80627-7
    • Weiss, G., Fuchs, D., Hausen, A., Reibnegger, G., Werner, E. R., Werner-Felmayer, G., et al. (1993). Neopterin modulates toxicity mediated by reactive oxygen and chloride species. FEBS Lett. 321, 89-92. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80627-7.
    • (1993) FEBS Lett. , vol.321 , pp. 89-92
    • Weiss, G.1    Fuchs, D.2    Hausen, A.3    Reibnegger, G.4    Werner, E.R.5    Werner-Felmayer, G.6
  • 74
    • 0029559933 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide formation as predictive parameter for acute graft-versus-host disease after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
    • Weiss, G., Schwaighofer, H., Herold, M., Nachbaur, D., Wachter, H., Niederwieser, D., et al. (1995). Nitric oxide formation as predictive parameter for acute graft-versus-host disease after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 60, 1239-1244.
    • (1995) Transplantation , vol.60 , pp. 1239-1244
    • Weiss, G.1    Schwaighofer, H.2    Herold, M.3    Nachbaur, D.4    Wachter, H.5    Niederwieser, D.6
  • 76
    • 0024317795 scopus 로고
    • Parallel induction of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human cells and cell lines by interferon-gamma
    • Werner, E. R., Werner-Felmayer, G., Fuchs, D., Hausen, A., Reibnegger, G., and Wachter, H. (1989). Parallel induction of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human cells and cell lines by interferon-gamma. Biochem. J. 262, 861-866.
    • (1989) Biochem. J. , vol.262 , pp. 861-866
    • Werner, E.R.1    Werner-Felmayer, G.2    Fuchs, D.3    Hausen, A.4    Reibnegger, G.5    Wachter, H.6
  • 77
    • 0025236440 scopus 로고
    • Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic activities in human macrophages, fibroblasts, THP-1, and T 24 cell. GTP-cyclohydrolase I is stimulated by interferon-gamma, and 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase are constitutively present
    • Werner, E. R., Werner-Felmayer, G., Fuchs, D., Hausen, A., Reibnegger, G., Yim, J. J., et al. (1990). Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic activities in human macrophages, fibroblasts, THP-1, and T 24 cells. GTP-cyclohydrolase I is stimulated by interferon-gamma, and 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase are constitutively present. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3189-3192.
    • (1990) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.265 , pp. 3189-3192
    • Werner, E.R.1    Werner-Felmayer, G.2    Fuchs, D.3    Hausen, A.4    Reibnegger, G.5    Yim, J.J.6
  • 78
    • 0036430419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental depression-what is the link?
    • doi: 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00006-5
    • Widner, B., Laich, A., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Ledochowski, M., and Fuchs, D. (2002). Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental depression-what is the link? Brain Behav. Immun. 16, 590-595. doi: 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00006-5.
    • (2002) Brain Behav. Immun. , vol.16 , pp. 590-595
    • Widner, B.1    Laich, A.2    Sperner-Unterweger, B.3    Ledochowski, M.4    Fuchs, D.5
  • 79
    • 0034571828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular immune activation, neopterin production, tryptophan degradation and the development of immunodeficiency
    • Widner, B., Wirleitner, B., Baier-Bitterlich, G., Weiss, G., and Fuchs, D. (2000). Cellular immune activation, neopterin production, tryptophan degradation and the development of immunodeficiency. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz) 48, 251-258.
    • (2000) Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz) , vol.48 , pp. 251-258
    • Widner, B.1    Wirleitner, B.2    Baier-Bitterlich, G.3    Weiss, G.4    Fuchs, D.5
  • 80
    • 84873410674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers
    • doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835c9d1b
    • Williams, C. D. (2013). Antioxidants and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2, 195-200. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835c9d1b.
    • (2013) Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. , vol.2 , pp. 195-200
    • Williams, C.D.1
  • 81
    • 12144251006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) counteracts cytokine-induced tryptophan catabolism in vitro
    • doi: 10.1515/BC.2004.155
    • Winkler, C., Wirleitner, B., Schroecksnadel, K., Schennach, H., and Fuchs, D. (2004). St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) counteracts cytokine-induced tryptophan catabolism in vitro. Biol. Chem. 385, 1197-1202. doi: 10.1515/BC.2004.155.
    • (2004) Biol. Chem. , vol.385 , pp. 1197-1202
    • Winkler, C.1    Wirleitner, B.2    Schroecksnadel, K.3    Schennach, H.4    Fuchs, D.5
  • 82
    • 80053514753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential role of antioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma
    • doi: 10.1159/000329137.
    • Zaknun, D., Schroecksnadel, S., Kurz, K., and Fuchs, D. (2012). Potential role of antioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 157,113-124. doi: 10.1159/000329137.
    • (2012) Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , vol.157 , pp. 113-124
    • Zaknun, D.1    Schroecksnadel, S.2    Kurz, K.3    Fuchs, D.4
  • 83
    • 79957951006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory properties of clovamide and Theobroma cacao phenolic extracts in human monocytes: evaluation of respiratory burst, cytokine release, NF-κB activation, and PPARγ modulation
    • doi: 10.1021/jf2005386
    • Zeng, H., Locatelli, M., Bardelli, C., Amoruso, A., Coisson, J. D., Travaglia, F., et al. (2011). Anti-inflammatory properties of clovamide and Theobroma cacao phenolic extracts in human monocytes: evaluation of respiratory burst, cytokine release, NF-κB activation, and PPARγ modulation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 5342-5350. doi: 10.1021/jf2005386.
    • (2011) J. Agric. Food Chem. , vol.59 , pp. 5342-5350
    • Zeng, H.1    Locatelli, M.2    Bardelli, C.3    Amoruso, A.4    Coisson, J.D.5    Travaglia, F.6
  • 84
    • 0034780010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aqueous extracts of Crinum latifolium (L.) and Camellia sinensis show immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • doi: 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00140-0
    • Zvetkova, E., Wirleitner, B., Tram, N. T., Schennach, H., and Fuchs, D. (2001). Aqueous extracts of Crinum latifolium (L.) and Camellia sinensis show immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1, 2143-2150. doi: 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00140-0.
    • (2001) Int. Immunopharmacol. , vol.1 , pp. 2143-2150
    • Zvetkova, E.1    Wirleitner, B.2    Tram, N.T.3    Schennach, H.4    Fuchs, D.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.