Silicon heterojunction rear emitter solar cells: Less restrictions on the optoelectrical properties of front side TCOs

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 122, Issue , 2014, Pages 120-129

  Bivour, Martin ^a   Schröer, Sebastian ^a   Hermle, Martin ^a   Glunz, Stefan W ^a  

^a FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Fill factor; Non generation losses; Rear emitter; Sheet resistance; Silicon heterojunction; Transparent conductive oxide

Indexed keywords

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS; FILL-FACTOR; NUMERICAL DEVICE SIMULATION; OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES; OPTOELECTRICAL PROPERTIES; REAR EMITTER; SILICON HETEROJUNCTIONS; TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE OXIDES;

DESIGN; HETEROJUNCTIONS; SHEET RESISTANCE; SILICON; SOLAR CELLS; TWO DIMENSIONAL;

ELECTRIC PROPERTIES;

EID: 84890938921     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.11.029     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. T. Mishima, M. Taguchi, and H. Sakata et al. Development status of high-efficiency HIT solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 2011 18 21
2. S. De Wolf, A. Descoeudres, Z. C. Holman, et al., High-efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review, Green 2012.
3. J. Zhao, A. Wang, and P.P. Altermatt et al. 24% efficient perl silicon solar cell: recent improvements in high efficiency silicon cell research Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 41 1996 87 99
4. A.G. Aberle, G. Heiser, and M.A. Green Two-dimensional numerical optimization study of the rear contact geometry of high-efficiency silicon solar cells J. App. Phys. 75 1994 5391
5. S. Sterk, J. Knobloch, and W. Wettling Optimization of the rear contact pattern of highâ€efficiency silicon solar cells with and without local back surface field Progress Photovol.: Res. Appl. 2 1994 19 26
6. K.R. Catchpole, and A.W. Blakers Modelling the PERC structure for industrial quality silicon Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 73 2002 189 202
7. A. Wolf, D. Biro, and J. Nekarda et al. Comprehensive analytical model for locally contacted rear surface passivated solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 108 2010 1 13
8. A. W. Blakers, J. Zhao, A. Wang, et al., 23% efficient silicon solar cell, in: Proceedings of the 9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Freiburg, Germany, 1989, 328-9.
9. S. Sterk, S. W. Glunz, J. Knobloch, et al., High efficiency (>22%) Si-solar cells with optimized emitter, in: Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Hawaii, USA, vol. 2 1994, 1303-1306.
10. T.J. Coutts, T.O. Mason, and J. Perkins et al. Transparent conducting oxides: status and opportunities in basic research Proc. Electrochem. Soc. 99 1999 274 288
11. J.K. Arch, F.A. Rubinelli, and J.-Y. Hou et al. Computer analysis of the role of p-layer quality, thickness, transport mechanisms, and contact barrier height in the performance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 69 1991 7057 7066
12. M. Bivour, S. Schröer, and M. Hermle Numerical analysis of electrical TCO/a-Si:H(p) contact properties for silicon heterojunction solar cells Energy Procedia 38 2013 658 669
13. L. Barraud, Z.C. Holman, and N. Badel et al. Hydrogen-doped indium oxide/indium tin oxide bilayers for high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells Sol. Energy Materi. Sol. Cells 115 2013 151 156
14. 3, in: Proceedings of the 27th EUPVSEC, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012.
15. 3 transparent conductive oxide Appl. Phys. Express 1 2008 041501
16. Z.C. Holman, M. Filipic, and A. Descoeudres et al. Infrared light management in high-efficiency silicon heterojunction and rear-passivated solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 113 2013 013107-1 013107-13
17. S. Calnan, and A.N. Tiwari High mobility transparent conducting oxides for thin film solar cells Thin Solid Films 518 2010 1839 1849
18. 3 as high-mobility transparent conductive oxide Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 2007 L685 L687
19. J. Irikawa, S. Miyajima, and T. Watahiki et al. Development of the transparent conductive oxide layer for nanocrystalline cubic silicon carbide/silicon heterojunction solar cells with aluminum oxide passivation layers Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51 2012 02BP04-1-02BP04-4
20. R. Woehl, M. Hörteis, and S.W. Glunz Analysis of the optical properties of screen-printed and aerosol-printed and plated fingers of silicon solar cells Adv. OptoElectron. 2008 2008 1 7
21. M. Steltenpool, J. Rutten, A. Tavakoliyaraki, et al., High efficient commercial grade crystalline silicon solar cells with thin film amorphous silicon passivation, in: Proceedings of the 27th EUPVSEC, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012.
22. D. Muñoz, T. Desrues, A.-S. Ozanne, et al., Key aspects on development of high efficiency heterojunction and IBC heterojunction solar cells: towards 22% efficiency on industrial size, in: Proceedings of the 27th EUPVSEC, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012.
23. K. Meyer, C. Schmiga, R. Jesswein, et al., All screen-printed industrial n-type Czochralski silicon solar cells with aluminium rear emitter and selective front surface field, in: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) 35th IEEE, 2010 003531-003535.
24. F. Wünsch, G. Citarella, and O. Abdallah et al. An inverted a-Si:H/c-Si hetero-junction for solar energy conversion J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352 2006 1962 1966
25. T. Desrues, P.J. Ribeyron, and A. Vandeneynde et al. B-doped a-Si:H contact improvement on silicon heterojunction solar cells and interdigitated back contact structure Phys. Status Solidi (c) 7 2010 1011 1015
26. M. Bivour, C. Meinhardt, D. Pysch, et al., n-type silicon solar cells with amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction rear emitter, in: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 35th IEEE, 2010 001304-001308.
27. M. Bivour, M. Rüdiger, and C. Reichel et al. Analysis of the diffused front surface field of n-type silicon solar cells with a-Si/c-Si Heterojunction rear emitter Energy Procedia 8 2011 185 192
28. M. Bivour, C. Reichel, and M. Hermle et al. Improving the a-Si:H(p) rear emitter contact of n-type silicon solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 106 2012 11 16
29. S. Schröer, M. Bivour, J. Schön, et al., Reduction of absorption losses and efficiency gains by investigating amorphous/crystalline SHJ rear emitter solar cells, in: Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012 759-62.
30. A. Descoeudres, Z.C. Holman, and L. Barraud et al. >21% Efficient silicon heterojunction solar cells on n- and p-Type wafers compared IEEE J. Photovol. 3 2013 83 89
31. Synopsis, Zurich, Switzerland, Sentaurus Device Manual, 〈www.synopsis.com⌠2012.
32. M. Balestrieri, D. Pysch, and J.P. Becker et al. Characterization and optimization of indium tin oxide films for heterojunction solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 2011 2390 2399
33. X. M. Dai, M. A. Green, S. R. Wenham, High efficiency n-silicon solar cells using rear junction structures, in: Proceedings of the Conference Record of the Twenty Third IEEE, 1993 153-156.
34. M. Rüdiger, C. Schmiga, and M. Rauer et al. Efficiency potential of n-Type silicon solar cells with aluminum-doped rear p+ emitter IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 59 2012 1295 1303
35. A. Cuevas Modelling silicon characterisation Energy Procedia 8 2011 94 99
36. A. Richter, M. Hermle, and S.W. Glunz Reassessment of the Limiting Efficiency for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells J. Photovol. IEEE 3 2013 1184 1191
37. J. Schmidt, A. Cuevas, and S. Rein et al. Impact of light-induced recombination centres on the current-voltage characteristic of czochralski silicon solar cells Prog. Photovol. Res. Appl. 9 2001 249 255
38. B. Michl, M. Rüdiger, and J.A. Giesecke et al. Efficiency limiting bulk recombination in multicrystalline silicon solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 98 2012 441 447
39. D. Impera, M. Bivour, and B. Michl et al. Characterization of silicon heterojunctions on multicrystalline absorbers using injection-dependent photoluminescence imaging Energy Procedia 27 2012 280 286
40. A.G. Aberle, S.J. Robinson, and A. Wang et al. High-efficiency silicon solar cells: Full factor limitations and non-ideal diode behaviour due to voltage-dependent rear surface recombination velocity Prog. Photovol. Res. Appl. 1 1993 133 143
41. M. Reusch, M. Bivour, and M. Hermle et al. Fill factor limitation of silicon heterojunction solar cells by junction recombination Energy Procedia 38 2013 297 304
42. M. Cid, and J.M. Ruiz Study of injection effects on BSF silicon solar cells Electron Devices IEEE Trans. 36 1989 507 513
43. F. Book, T. Wiedenmann, and G. Schubert et al. Influence of the front surface passivation quality on large area n-type silicon solar cells with Al-alloyed rear emitter Energy Procedia 8 2011 487 492
44. F. Granek, M. Hermle, and D.M. Huljić et al. Enhanced lateral current transport via the front N+diffused layer of n-type high-efficiency back-junction back-contact silicon solar cells Prog. Photovol. Res. Appl. 17 2009 47 56
45. T. Fellmeth, A. Born, and A. Kimmerle et al. Recombination at metal-emitter interfaces of front contact technologies for highly efficient silicon solar cells Energy Procedia 8 2011 115 121
46. D.K. Schroder Semiconductor material and device characterization 3rd ed. 2006 John Wiley & Sons Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
47. J.L. Hernández, K. Yoshikawa, and A. Feltrin et al. High Efficiency Silver-Free Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cell Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51 2012 10NA04-1-10NA04-3
48. T. Soederstroem, P. Papet, J. Escare, et al., Smart heterojunction solar modules, presented at the NPV Workshop, 2013.
49. Z.C. Holman, A. Descoeudres, and L. Barraud et al. Current losses at the front of silicon heterojunction solar cells Photovol. IEEE J. 2 2012 7 15
50. J.E. Mahan and G.M. Smirnov, A new perspective on distributed series resistance effects in photovoltaic devices, in: Proceedings of the IEEE 14th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (1980) 612-613.
51. P.P. Altermatt, G. Heiser, and A.G. Aberle et al. Spatially resolved analysis and minimization of resistive losses in high-efficiency Si solar cells Prog. Photovol. Res. Appl. 4 1996 399 414
52. G.K. Wachutka Rigorous thermodynamic treatment of heat generation and conduction in semiconductor device modeling IEEE Transactions on Comp. Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst. 9 1990 1141 1149
53. R. Brendel, S. Dreissigacker, and N.P. Harder et al. Theory of analyzing free energy losses in solar cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 2008 173503
54. J. Greulich, M. Glatthaar, and F. Fertig et al. Intrinsic effects of double side collecting silicon solar cells Energy Procedia 8 2011 160 166
55. 2 films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A: Vac. Surf. Films 23 2005 1167
56. R. A. Sinton and A. Cuevas, A quasi-steady-state open-circuit voltage method for solar cell characterization, in: Proceedings of the 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, UK, 2000 1152-5.
57. D. Pysch, A. Mette, and S.W. Glunz A review and comparison of different methods to determine the series resistance of solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 2007 1698 1706