Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

Volumn 21, Issue , 2014, Pages 15-40

  Haller, Sherry L ^a   Peng, Chen ^a   McFadden, Grant ^b   Rothenburg, Stefan ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiviral response; Host range; Host response; Host pathogen interactions; Poxviruses; Virus evolution

Indexed keywords

ANKYRIN; PROTEIN B5; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN C7L; PROTEIN CP77; PROTEIN E3L; PROTEIN F1L; PROTEIN K1L; PROTEIN K3L; PROTEIN KILA N; PROTEIN KINASE R; PROTEIN M T4; PROTEIN M T5; PROTEIN M11L; PROTEIN P28; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN VCP; SERINE PROTEINASE; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR II; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; CAMELPOX VIRUS; CAPRIPOXVIRUS; CHORDOPOXVIRINAE; COTIA VIRUS; COWPOX VIRUS; CROCODILEPOX VIRUS; DEERPOX VIRUS; ECTROMELIA VIRUS; ENTOMOPOXVIRUS; EVOLUTION; FOWLPOX VIRUS; HORSEPOX VIRUS; HOST RANGE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; LEPORIPOXVIRUS; MOLLUSCIPOXVIRUS; MONKEYPOX VIRUS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOPOXVIRUS; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; PARAPOXVIRUS; PHYLOGENY; POXVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBITPOX VIRUS; REVIEW; SMALLPOX VIRUS; SQUIRRELPOX VIRUS; SUIPOXVIRUS; TATERAPOX VIRUS; VACCINIA VIRUS; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; YOKA POXVIRUS; ANIMAL; GENETICS; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; METABOLISM; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; POXVIRIDAE; POXVIRUS INFECTION; VIRAL TROPISM; VIROLOGY; VIRULENCE; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALIA; COWPOX VIRUS; POXVIRIDAE; VARIOLA VIRUS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; HOST SPECIFICITY; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; POXVIRIDAE; POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRAL TROPISM; VIRULENCE; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84887528665     PISSN: 15671348     EISSN: 15677257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.014     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Abrahao J.S., Guedes M.I., Trindade G.S., Fonseca F.G., Campos R.K., Mota B.F., Lobato Z.I., Silva-Fernandes A.T., Rodrigues G.O., Lima L.S., Ferreira P.C., Bonjardim C.A., Kroon E.G. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil?. PLoS One 2009, 4:e7428.
2. Abrahao J.S., Silva-Fernandes A.T., Lima L.S., Campos R.K., Guedes M.I., Cota M.M., Assis F.L., Borges I.A., Souza-Junior M.F., Lobato Z.I., Bonjardim C.A., Ferreira P.C., Trindade G.S., Kroon E.G. Vaccinia virus infection in monkeys, Brazilian Amazon. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010, 16:976-979.
3. Abubakr M.I., Abu-Elzein E.M., Housawi F.M., Abdelrahman A.O., Fadlallah M.E., Nayel M.N., Adam A.S., Moss S., Forrester N.L., Coloyan E., Gameel A., Al-Afaleq A.I., Gould E.A. Pseudocowpox virus: the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma (Auzdyk) in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Arabian peninsula. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2007, 7:257-260.
4. Adams M.M., Rice A.D., Moyer R.W. Rabbitpox virus and vaccinia virus infection of rabbits as a model for human smallpox. Journal of Virology 2007, 81:11084-11095.
5. Afonso C.L., Delhon G., Tulman E.R., Lu Z., Zsak A., Becerra V.M., Zsak L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. Genome of deerpox virus. Journal of Virology 2005, 79:966-977.
6. Afonso C.L., Tulman E.R., Delhon G., Lu Z., Viljoen G.J., Wallace D.B., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. Genome of crocodilepox virus. Journal of Virology 2006, 80:4978-4991.
7. Afonso C.L., Tulman E.R., Lu Z., Oma E., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus. Journal of Virology 1999, 73:533-552.
8. Afonso C.L., Tulman E.R., Lu Z., Zsak L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. The genome of fowlpox virus. Journal of Virology 2000, 74:3815-3831.
9. Afonso C.L., Tulman E.R., Lu Z., Zsak L., Osorio F.A., Balinsky C., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. The genome of swinepox virus. Journal of Virology 2002, 76:783-790.
10. Afonso C.L., Tulman E.R., Lu Z., Zsak L., Sandybaev N.T., Kerembekova U.Z., Zaitsev V.L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. The genome of camelpox virus. Virology 2002, 295:1-9.
11. Afonso P.P., Silva P.M., Schnellrath L.C., Jesus D.M., Hu J., Yang Y., Renne R., Attias M., Condit R.C., Moussatche N., Damaso C.R. Biological characterization and next-generation genome sequencing of the unclassified Cotia virus SPAn232 (Poxviridae). Journal of Virology 2012, 86:5039-5054.
12. Alejo A., Ruiz-Arguello M.B., Ho Y., Smith V.P., Saraiva M., Alcami A. A chemokine-binding domain in the tumor necrosis factor receptor from variola (smallpox) virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:5995-6000.
13. Alexander A.D., Flyger V., Herman Y.F., McConnell S.J., Rothstein N., Yager R.H. Survey of wild mammals in a Chesapeake Bay area for selected zoonoses. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1972, 8:119-126.
14. Ali A.N., Turner P.C., Brooks M.A., Moyer R.W. The SPI-1 gene of rabbitpox virus determines host range and is required for hemorrhagic pock formation. Virology 1994, 202:305-314.
15. Ambrus J.L., Strandstrom H.V. Susceptibility of old world monkeys to yaba virus. Nature 1966, 211:876.
16. Aoyagi M., Zhai D., Jin C., Aleshin A.E., Stec B., Reed J.C., Liddington R.C. Vaccinia virus N1L protein resembles a B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family protein. Protein Science 2007, 16:118-124.
17. Babiuk S., Bowden T.R., Boyle D.B., Wallace D.B., Kitching R.P. Capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2008, 55:263-272.
18. Babkin I.V., Babkina I.N. Molecular dating in the evolution of vertebrate poxviruses. Intervirology 2011, 54:253-260.
19. Babkin I.V., Shchelkunov S.N. Time scale of poxvirus evolution. Molecular Biology 2006, 40:16-19.
20. Babkin I.V., Shchelkunov S.N. Molecular evolution of poxviruses. Russian Journal of Genetics 2008, 44:895-908.
21. Babkina I.N., Babkin I.V., Le U., Ropp S., Kline R., Damon I., Esposito J., Sandakhchiev L.S., Shchelkunov S.N. Phylogenetic comparison of the genomes of different strains of variola virus. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 2004, 398:316-319.
22. Banadyga L., Gerig J., Stewart T., Barry M. Fowlpox virus encodes a Bcl-2 homologue that protects cells from apoptotic death through interaction with the proapoptotic protein Bak. Journal of Virology 2007, 81:11032-11045.
23. Banadyga L., Lam S.C., Okamoto T., Kvansakul M., Huang D.C., Barry M. Deerpox virus encodes an inhibitor of apoptosis that regulates Bak and Bax. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:1922-1934.
24. Banadyga L., Veugelers K., Campbell S., Barry M. The fowlpox virus BCL-2 homologue, FPV039, interacts with activated Bax and a discrete subset of BH3-only proteins to inhibit apoptosis. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:7085-7098.
25. Bangari D.S., Miller M.A., Stevenson G.W., Thacker H.L., Sharma A., Mittal S.K. Cutaneous and systemic poxviral disease in red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and gray (Sciurus carolinensis) squirrels. Veterinary Pathology 2009, 46:667-672.
26. Barrett J.W., McFadden G. Genus Leporipoxvirus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 183-201. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
27. Barrett J.W., Shun Chang C., Wang G., Werden S.J., Shao Z., Barrett C., Gao X., Belsito T.A., Villenevue D., McFadden G. Myxoma virus M063R is a host range gene essential for virus replication in rabbit cells. Virology 2007, 361:123-132.
28. Barry M., Hnatiuk S., Mossman K., Lee S.F., Boshkov L., McFadden G. The myxoma virus M-T4 gene encodes a novel RDEL-containing protein that is retained within the endoplasmic reticulum and is important for the productive infection of lymphocytes. Virology 1997, 239:360-377.
29. Bawden A.L., Glassberg K.J., Diggans J., Shaw R., Farmerie W., Moyer R.W. Complete genomic sequence of the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses. Virology 2000, 274:120-139.
30. Baxby D., Hessami M., Ghaboosi B., Ramyar H. Response of camels to intradermal inoculation with smallpox and camelpox viruses. Infection and Immunity 1975, 11:617-621.
31. Bearcroft W.G., Jamieson M.F. An outbreak of subcutaneous tumours in rhesus monkeys. Nature 1958, 182:195-196.
32. Beattie E., Tartaglia J., Paoletti E. Vaccinia virus-encoded eIF-2 alpha homolog abrogates the antiviral effect of interferon. Virology 1991, 183:419-422.
33. Becker M.N., Moyer R.W. Subfamily Entomopoxvirinae. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 253-271. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
34. Bera B.C., Shanmugasundaram K., Barua S., Venkatesan G., Virmani N., Riyesh T., Gulati B.R., Bhanuprakash V., Vaid R.K., Kakker N.K., Malik P., Bansal M., Gadvi S., Singh R.V., Yadav V., Sardarilal, Nagarajan G., Balamurugan V., Hosamani M., Pathak K.M., Singh R.K. Zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in India. Veterinary Microbiology 2011, 152:29-38.
35. Bhanuprakash V., Indrani B.K., Hosamani M., Singh R.K. The current status of sheep pox disease. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2006, 29:27-60.
36. Bolte A.L., Meurer J., Kaleta E.F. Avian host spectrum of avipoxviruses. Avian Pathology 1999, 28:415-432.
37. Boyle D.B. Genus Avipoxvirus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 217-251. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
38. Brandt T.A., Jacobs B.L. Both carboxy- and amino-terminal domains of the vaccinia virus interferon resistance gene, E3L, are required for pathogenesis in a mouse model. Journal of Virology 2001, 75:850-856.
39. Bratke K.A., McLysaght A. Identification of multiple independent horizontal gene transfers into poxviruses using a comparative genomics approach. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:67.
40. Bratke K.A., McLysaght A., Rothenburg S. A survey of host range genes in poxvirus genomes. Infection, genetics and evolution: journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 2013, 14:406-425.
41. Brick D.J., Burke R.D., Minkley A.A., Upton C. Ectromelia virus virulence factor p28 acts upstream of caspase-3 in response to UV light-induced apoptosis. The Journal of General Virology 2000, 81:1087-1097.
42. Brick D.J., Burke R.D., Schiff L., Upton C. Shope fibroma virus RING finger protein N1R binds DNA and inhibits apoptosis. Virology 1998, 249:42-51.
43. Brunetti C.R., Amano H., Ueda Y., Qin J., Miyamura T., Suzuki T., Li X., Barrett J.W., McFadden G. Complete genomic sequence and comparative analysis of the tumorigenic poxvirus Yaba monkey tumor virus. Journal of Virology 2003, 77:13335-13347.
44. Bugert J.J. Genus Molluscipoxvirus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 89-112. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
45. Buller R.M., Palumbo G.J. Poxvirus pathogenesis. Microbiological Reviews 1991, 55:80-122.
46. Byun M., Wang X., Pak M., Hansen T.H., Yokoyama W.M. Cowpox virus exploits the endoplasmic reticulum retention pathway to inhibit MHC class I transport to the cell surface. Cell Host & Microbe 2007, 2:306-315.
47. Cameron C., Hota-Mitchell S., Chen L., Barrett J., Cao J.X., Macaulay C., Willer D., Evans D., McFadden G. The complete DNA sequence of myxoma virus. Virology 1999, 264:298-318.
48. Carroll D.S., Emerson G.L., Li Y., Sammons S., Olson V., Frace M., Nakazawa Y., Czerny C.P., Tryland M., Kolodziejek J., Nowotny N., Olsen-Rasmussen M., Khristova M., Govil D., Karem K., Damon I.K., Meyer H. Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23086.
49. Casey H.W., Woodruff J.M., Butcher W.I. Electron microscopy of a benign epidermal pox disease of rhesus monkeys. The American Journal of Pathology 1967, 51:431-446.
50. Chang S.J., Hsiao J.C., Sonnberg S., Chiang C.T., Yang M.H., Tzou D.L., Mercer A.A., Chang W. Poxvirus host range protein CP77 contains an F-box-like domain that is necessary to suppress NF-kappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha but is independent of its host range function. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:4140-4152.
51. Chapman J.L., Nichols D.K., Martinez M.J., Raymond J.W. Animal models of orthopoxvirus infection. Veterinary Pathology 2010, 47:852-870.
52. Chaudhri G., Panchanathan V., Buller R.M., van den Eertwegh A.J., Claassen E., Zhou J., de Chazal R., Laman J.D., Karupiah G. Polarized type 1 cytokine response and cell-mediated immunity determine genetic resistance to mousepox. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:9057-9062.
53. Chen N., Danila M.I., Feng Z., Buller R.M., Wang C., Han X., Lefkowitz E.J., Upton C. The genomic sequence of ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox. Virology 2003, 317:165-186.
54. Chen N., Li G., Liszewski M.K., Atkinson J.P., Jahrling P.B., Feng Z., Schriewer J., Buck C., Wang C., Lefkowitz E.J., Esposito J.J., Harms T., Damon I.K., Roper R.L., Upton C., Buller R.M. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 2005, 340:46-63.
55. Chen W., Drillien R., Spehner D., Buller R.M. Restricted replication of ectromelia virus in cell culture correlates with mutations in virus-encoded host range gene. Virology 1992, 187:433-442.
56. Cono, J., Casey, C.G., Bell, D.M., 2003. Smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions. Guidance for clinicians. MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports/Centers for Disease Control 52, 1-28.
57. Crandell R.A., Casey H.W., Brumlow W.B. Studies of a newly recognized poxvirus of monkeys. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1969, 119:80-88.
58. Croitoru A.G., Birge M.B., Rudikoff D., Tan M.H., Phelps R.G. Tanapox virus infection. SKINmed 2002, 1:156-157.
59. Damon I.K. Genus Orthopoxvirus: variola virus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 47-64. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
60. Dar A.C., Sicheri F. X-ray crystal structure and functional analysis of vaccinia virus K3L reveals molecular determinants for PKR subversion and substrate recognition. Molecular Cell 2002, 10:295-305.
61. Datt N.S. Comparative studies of pigpox and vaccinia viruses. I. Host range pathogenicity. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1964, 74:62-69.
62. Davidson I., Shkoda I., Perk S. Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal. The Journal of General Virology 2008, 89:2456-2460.
63. DeHaven B.C., Girgis N.M., Xiao Y., Hudson P.N., Olson V.A., Damon I.K., Isaacs S.N. Poxvirus complement control proteins are expressed on the cell surface through an intermolecular disulfide bridge with the viral A56 protein. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:11245-11254.
64. Delhon G., Tulman E.R., Afonso C.L., Lu Z., de la Concha-Bermejillo A., Lehmkuhl H.D., Piccone M.E., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. Genomes of the parapoxviruses ORF virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus. Journal of Virology 2004, 78:168-177.
65. Delhon G.A., Tulman E.R., Afonso C.L., Rock D.L. Genus Suipoxvirus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 203-215. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
66. Dhar A.D., Werchniak A.E., Li Y., Brennick J.B., Goldsmith C.S., Kline R., Damon I., Klaus S.N. Tanapox infection in a college student. The New England Journal of Medicine 2004, 350:361-366.
67. Diallo A., Viljoen G.J. Genus Capripoxvirus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 167-181. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
68. Douglas A.E., Corbett K.D., Berger J.M., McFadden G., Handel T.M. Structure of M11L: a myxoma virus structural homolog of the apoptosis inhibitor, Bcl-2. Protein Science: A Publication of the Protein Society 2007, 16:695-703.
69. Downie A.W., Taylor-Robinson C.H., Caunt A.E., Nelson G.S., Manson-Bahr P.E., Matthews T.C. Tanapox: a new disease caused by a pox virus. British Medical Journal 1971, 1:363-368.
70. Drillien R., Koehren F., Kirn A. Host range deletion mutant of vaccinia virus defective in human cells. Virology 1981, 111:488-499.
71. Duraffour S., Meyer H., Andrei G., Snoeck R. Camelpox virus. Antiviral Research 2011, 92:167-186.
72. Elde N.C., Child S.J., Eickbush M.T., Kitzman J.O., Rogers K.S., Shendure J., Geballe A.P., Malik H.S. Poxviruses deploy genomic accordions to adapt rapidly against host antiviral defenses. Cell 2012, 150:831-841.
73. Elde N.C., Child S.J., Geballe A.P., Malik H.S. Protein kinase R reveals an evolutionary model for defeating viral mimicry. Nature 2009, 457:485-489.
74. Emerson G.L., Li Y., Frace M.A., Olsen-Rasmussen M.A., Khristova M.L., Govil D., Sammons S.A., Regnery R.L., Karem K.L., Damon I.K., Carroll D.S. The phylogenetics and ecology of the orthopoxviruses endemic to North America. PLoS One 2009, 4:e7666.
75. Engelstad M., Howard S.T., Smith G.L. A constitutively expressed vaccinia gene encodes a 42-kDa glycoprotein related to complement control factors that forms part of the extracellular virus envelope. Virology 1992, 188:801-810.
76. Engelstad M., Smith G.L. The vaccinia virus 42-kDa envelope protein is required for the envelopment and egress of extracellular virus and for virus virulence. Virology 1993, 194:627-637.
77. Esposito J.J., Sammons S.A., Frace A.M., Osborne J.D., Olsen-Rasmussen M., Zhang M., Govil D., Damon I.K., Kline R., Laker M., Li Y., Smith G.L., Meyer H., Leduc J.W., Wohlhueter R.M. Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus. Science 2006, 313:807-812.
78. Essbauer S., Meyer H. Genus Orthopoxvirus: Cowpox virus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 75-88. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
79. Essbauer S., Pfeffer M., Meyer H. Zoonotic poxviruses. Veterinary Microbiology 2010, 140:229-236.
80. Esteban D.J., Buller R.M. Ectromelia virus: the causative agent of mousepox. The Journal of General Virology 2005, 86:2645-2659.
81. Everett H., Barry M., Lee S.F., Sun X., Graham K., Stone J., Bleackley R.C., McFadden G. M11L: a novel mitochondria-localized protein of myxoma virus that blocks apoptosis of infected leukocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2000, 191:1487-1498.
82. Fang Z.Y., Limbach K., Tartaglia J., Hammonds J., Chen X., Spearman P. Expression of vaccinia E3L and K3L genes by a novel recombinant canarypox HIV vaccine vector enhances HIV-1 pseudovirion production and inhibits apoptosis in human cells. Virology 2001, 291:272-284.
83. Fenner F. Adventures with poxviruses of vertebrates. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2000, 24:123-133.
84. Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. Smallpox and its Eradication 1988, World Health Organization, Geneva.
85. Feschotte C., Gilbert C. Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology. Nature Reviews Genetics 2012, 13:283-296.
86. Firth C., Kitchen A., Shapiro B., Suchard M.A., Holmes E.C., Rambaut A. Using time-structured data to estimate evolutionary rates of double-stranded DNA viruses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2010, 27:2038-2051.
87. Fleming S.B., Mercer A.A. Genus Parapoxvirus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 127-165. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
88. Gallardo-Romero N.F., Drew C.P., Weiss S.L., Metcalfe M.G., Nakazawa Y.J., Smith S.K., Emerson G.L., Hutson C.L., Salzer J.S., Bartlett J.H., Olson V.A., Clemmons C.J., Davidson W.B., Zaki S.R., Karem K.L., Damon I.K., Carroll D.S. The pox in the North American backyard: Volepox virus pathogenesis in California mice (Peromyscus californicus). PLoS One 2012, 7:e43881.
89. Giddens W.E., Swango L.J., Henderson J.D., Lewis R.A., Farner D.S., Carlos A., Dolowy W.C. Canary pox in sparrows and canaries (Fringillidae and in weavers (Ploceidae). Pathology and host specificity of the virus. Veterinary Pathology 1971, 8:260-280.
90. Gillard S., Spehner D., Drillien R., Kirn A. Localization and sequence of a vaccinia virus gene required for multiplication in human cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1986, 83:5573-5577.
91. Girgis N.M., Dehaven B.C., Fan X., Viner K.M., Shamim M., Isaacs S.N. Cell surface expression of the vaccinia virus complement control protein is mediated by interaction with the viral A56 protein and protects infected cells from complement attack. Journal of Virology 2008, 82:4205-4214.
92. Girgis N.M., Dehaven B.C., Xiao Y., Alexander E., Viner K.M., Isaacs S.N. The vaccinia virus complement control protein modulates adaptive immune responses during infection. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:2547-2556.
93. Grace J.T., Mirand E.A. Human susceptibility to a simian tumor virus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1963, 108:1123-1128.
94. Grace J.T., Mirand E.A., Millian S.J., Metzgar R.S. Experimental studies of human tumors. Federation Proceedings 1962, 21:32-36.
95. Graham S.C., Bahar M.W., Cooray S., Chen R.A., Whalen D.M., Abrescia N.G., Alderton D., Owens R.J., Stuart D.I., Smith G.L., Grimes J.M. Vaccinia virus proteins A52 and B14 Share a Bcl-2-like fold but have evolved to inhibit NF-kappaB rather than apoptosis. PLoS Pathogens 2008, 4:e1000128.
96. Gratz M.S., Suezer Y., Kremer M., Volz A., Majzoub M., Hanschmann K.M., Kalinke U., Schwantes A., Sutter G. N1L is an ectromelia virus virulence factor and essential for in vivo spread upon respiratory infection. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:3557-3569.
97. Gubser C., Hue S., Kellam P., Smith G.L. Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. The Journal of General Virology 2004, 85:105-117.
98. Gubser C., Smith G.L. The sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox. The Journal of General Virology 2002, 83:855-872.
99. Gyuranecz M., Foster J.T., Dan A., Ip H.S., Egstad K.F., Parker P.G., Higashiguchi J.M., Skinner M.A., Hofle U., Kreizinger Z., Dorrestein G.M., Solt S., Sos E., Kim Y.J., Uhart M., Pereda A., Gonzalez-Hein G., Hidalgo H., Blanco J.M., Erdelyi K. Worldwide phylogenetic relationship of avian poxviruses. Journal of Virology 2013, 87:4938-4951.
100. Hafez S.M., al-Sukayran A., dela Cruz D., Mazloum K.S., al-Bokmy A.M., al-Mukayel A., Amjad A.M. Development of a live cell culture camelpox vaccine. Vaccine 1992, 10:533-539.
101. Hall A.S., McNulty W.P. A contagious pox disease in monkeys. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1967, 151:833-838.
102. Hauck R., Prusas C., Hafez H.M., Luschow D. Serologic response against fowl poxvirus and reticuloendotheliosis virus after experimental and natural infections of chickens with fowl poxvirus. Avian Diseases 2009, 53:205-210.
103. Hautaniemi M., Ueda N., Tuimala J., Mercer A.A., Lahdenpera J., McInnes C.J. The genome of pseudocowpoxvirus: comparison of a reindeer isolate and a reference strain. The Journal of General Virology 2010, 91:1560-1576.
104. Heberling R.L., Kalter S.S., Rodriguez A.R. Poxvirus infection of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1976, 54:285-294.
105. Hedger R.S., Hamblin C. Neutralising antibodies to lumpy skin disease virus in African wildlife. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1983, 6:209-213.
106. Herrera E., Lorenzo M.M., Blasco R., Isaacs S.N. Functional analysis of vaccinia virus B5R protein: essential role in virus envelopment is independent of a large portion of the extracellular domain. Journal of Virology 1998, 72:294-302.
107. Hertig C., Coupar B.E., Gould A.R., Boyle D.B. Field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus carry integrated sequences from the avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus. Virology 1997, 235:367-376.
108. Hnatiuk S., Barry M., Zeng W., Liu L., Lucas A., Percy D., McFadden G. Role of the C-terminal RDEL motif of the myxoma virus M-T4 protein in terms of apoptosis regulation and viral pathogenesis. Virology 1999, 263:290-306.
109. Hosamani M., Scagliarini A., Bhanuprakash V., McInnes C.J., Singh R.K. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2009, 7:879-893.
110. House J.A., House C.A. Swine pox. Disease of Swine 1992, 358-361. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. seventh ed. A.D. Leman, B.E. Straw, W.L. Mengeling, S. D'Allaire, D.J. Taylor (Eds.).
111. Hu F.Q., Smith C.A., Pickup D.J. Cowpox virus contains two copies of an early gene encoding a soluble secreted form of the type II TNF receptor. Virology 1994, 204:343-356.
112. Huang J., Huang Q., Zhou X., Shen M.M., Yen A., Yu S.X., Dong G., Qu K., Huang P., Anderson E.M., Daniel-Issakani S., Buller R.M., Payan D.G., Lu H.H. The poxvirus p28 virulence factor is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279:54110-54116.
113. Huchzermeyer F.W. Diseases of farmed crocodiles and ostriches. Revue Scientifique et Technique 2002, 21:265-276.
114. Hughes A.L., Friedman R. Poxvirus genome evolution by gene gain and loss. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2005, 35:186-195.
115. Hughes A.L., Irausquin S., Friedman R. The evolutionary biology of poxviruses. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2010, 10:50-59.
116. Isaacs S.N., Kotwal G.J., Moss B. Vaccinia virus complement-control protein prevents antibody-dependent complement-enhanced neutralization of infectivity and contributes to virulence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992, 89:628-632.
117. Isaacs S.N., Wolffe E.J., Payne L.G., Moss B. Characterization of a vaccinia virus-encoded 42-kilodalton class I membrane glycoprotein component of the extracellular virus envelope. Journal of Virology 1992, 66:7217-7224.
118. Iyer L.M., Koonin E.V., Aravind L. Extensive domain shuffling in transcription regulators of DNA viruses and implications for the origin of fungal APSES transcription factors. Genome Biology 2002, 3. RESEARCH0012.
119. Jahrling P.B., Hensley L.E., Martinez M.J., Leduc J.W., Rubins K.H., Relman D.A., Huggins J.W. Exploring the potential of variola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques as a model for human smallpox. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:15196-15200.
120. Jarmin S., Manvell R., Gough R.E., Laidlaw S.M., Skinner M.A. Avipoxvirus phylogenetics: identification of a PCR length polymorphism that discriminates between the two major clades. The Journal of General Virology 2006, 87:2191-2201.
121. Jenner, E., 1798. An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ, A Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox. Sampson Low, London.
122. Jezek Z., Arita I., Szczeniowski M., Paluku K.M., Ruti K., Nakano J.H. Human tanapox in Zaire: clinical and epidemiological observations on cases confirmed by laboratory studies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1985, 63:1027-1035.
123. Jezek Z., Kriz B., Rothbauer V. Camelpox and its risk to the human population. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology 1983, 27:29-42.
124. Jin L., McKay A., Green R., Xu L., Bildfell R. Serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in Oregon, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2013, 49:186-189.
125. Johnston J.B., McFadden G. Poxvirus immunomodulatory strategies: current perspectives. Journal of Virology 2003, 77:6093-6100.
126. Johnston J.B., Wang G., Barrett J.W., Nazarian S.H., Colwill K., Moran M., McFadden G. Myxoma virus M-T5 protects infected cells from the stress of cell cycle arrest through its interaction with host cell cullin-1. Journal of Virology 2005, 79:10750-10763.
127. Kalter S.S., Rodriguez A.R., Cummins L.B., Heberling R.L., Foster S.O. Experimental smallpox in chimpanzees. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1979, 57:637-641.
128. Kawagishi-Kobayashi M., Cao C., Lu J., Ozato K., Dever T.E. Pseudosubstrate inhibition of protein kinase PKR by swine pox virus C8L gene product. Virology 2000, 276:424-434.
129. Kawagishi-Kobayashi M., Silverman J.B., Ung T.L., Dever T.E. Regulation of the protein kinase PKR by the vaccinia virus pseudosubstrate inhibitor K3L is dependent on residues conserved between the K3L protein and the PKR substrate eIF2alpha. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1997, 17:4146-4158.
130. Kemp G.E., Causey O.R., Setzer H.W., Moore D.L. Isolation of viruses from wild mammals in West Africa, 1966-1970. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1974, 10:279-293.
131. Kerr P.J. Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: a model for emerging infectious diseases. Antiviral Research 2012, 93:387-415.
132. Kerr P.J., Ghedin E., DePasse J.V., Fitch A., Cattadori I.M., Hudson P.J., Tscharke D.C., Read A.F., Holmes E.C. Evolutionary history and attenuation of myxoma virus on two continents. PLoS Pathogens 2012, 8:e1002950.
133. Knight J.C., Goldsmith C.S., Tamin A., Regnery R.L., Regnery D.C., Esposito J.J. Further analyses of the orthopoxviruses volepox virus and raccoon poxvirus. Virology 1992, 190:423-433.
134. Knight J.C., Novembre F.J., Brown D.R., Goldsmith C.S., Esposito J.J. Studies on Tanapox virus. Virology 1989, 172:116-124.
135. Kotwal G.J., Isaacs S.N., McKenzie R., Frank M.M., Moss B. Inhibition of the complement cascade by the major secretory protein of vaccinia virus. Science 1990, 250:827-830.
136. Kremer M., Suezer Y., Volz A., Frenz T., Majzoub M., Hanschmann K.M., Lehmann M.H., Kalinke U., Sutter G. Critical role of perforin-dependent CD8+ T cell immunity for rapid protective vaccination in a murine model for human smallpox. PLoS Pathogens 2012, 8:e1002557.
137. Kriz B. A study of camelpox in Somalia. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1982, 92:1-8.
138. Kvansakul M., van Delft M.F., Lee E.F., Gulbis J.M., Fairlie W.D., Huang D.C., Colman P.M. A structural viral mimic of prosurvival Bcl-2: a pivotal role for sequestering proapoptotic Bax and Bak. Molecular Cell 2007, 25:933-942.
139. Kvansakul M., Yang H., Fairlie W.D., Czabotar P.E., Fischer S.F., Perugini M.A., Huang D.C., Colman P.M. Vaccinia virus anti-apoptotic F1L is a novel Bcl-2-like domain-swapped dimer that binds a highly selective subset of BH3-containing death ligands. Cell Death and Differentiation 2008, 15:1564-1571.
140. Laidlaw S.M., Skinner M.A. Comparison of the genome sequence of FP9, an attenuated, tissue culture-adapted European strain of Fowlpox virus, with those of virulent American and European viruses. The Journal of General Virology 2004, 85:305-322.
141. Lamien C.E., Lelenta M., Goger W., Silber R., Tuppurainen E., Matijevic M., Luckins A.G., Diallo A. Real time PCR method for simultaneous detection, quantitation and differentiation of capripoxviruses. Journal of Virological Methods 2011, 171:134-140.
142. Langland J.O., Cameron J.M., Heck M.C., Jancovich J.K., Jacobs B.L. Inhibition of PKR by RNA and DNA viruses. Virus Research 2006, 119:100-110.
143. Langland J.O., Jacobs B.L. The role of the PKR-inhibitory genes, E3L and K3L, in determining vaccinia virus host range. Virology 2002, 299:133-141.
144. Lee H.J., Essani K., Smith G.L. The genome sequence of Yaba-like disease virus, a yatapoxvirus. Virology 2001, 281:170-192.
145. Lefkowitz E.J., Wang C., Upton C. Poxviruses: past, present and future. Virus Research 2006, 117:105-118.
146. Li G., Chen N., Roper R.L., Feng Z., Hunter A., Danila M., Lefkowitz E.J., Buller R.M., Upton C. Complete coding sequences of the rabbitpox virus genome. The Journal of General Virology 2005, 86:2969-2977.
147. Li Y., Carroll D.S., Gardner S.N., Walsh M.C., Vitalis E.A., Damon I.K. On the origin of smallpox: correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:15787-15792.
148. Likos A.M., Sammons S.A., Olson V.A., Frace A.M., Li Y., Olsen-Rasmussen M., Davidson W., Galloway R., Khristova M.L., Reynolds M.G., Zhao H., Carroll D.S., Curns A., Formenty P., Esposito J.J., Regnery R.L., Damon I.K. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. The Journal of General Virology 2005, 86:2661-2672.
149. Liszewski M.K., Leung M.K., Hauhart R., Buller R.M., Bertram P., Wang X., Rosengard A.M., Kotwal G.J., Atkinson J.P. Structure and regulatory profile of the monkeypox inhibitor of complement: comparison to homologs in vaccinia and variola and evidence for dimer formation. Journal of Immunology 2006, 176:3725-3734.
150. Liu J., Rothenburg S., McFadden G. The poxvirus C7L host range factor superfamily. Current Opinion in Virology 2012, 2:764-772.
151. Liu J., Wennier S., Moussatche N., Reinhard M., Condit R., McFadden G. Myxoma virus M064 is a novel member of the poxvirus C7L superfamily of host range factors that controls the kinetics of myxomatosis in European rabbits. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:5371-5375.
152. Liu J., Wennier S., Zhang L., McFadden G. M062 is a host range factor essential for myxoma virus pathogenesis and functions as an antagonist of host SAMD9 in human cells. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:3270-3282.
153. Loparev V.N., Parsons J.M., Knight J.C., Panus J.F., Ray C.A., Buller R.M., Pickup D.J., Esposito J.J. A third distinct tumor necrosis factor receptor of orthopoxviruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998, 95:3786-3791.
154. Lopesode S., Lacerda J.P., Fonseca I.E., Castro D.P., Forattini O.P., Rabello E.X. Cotia virus: a new agent isolated from sentinel mice in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1965, 14:156-157.
155. Lourie B., Nakano J.H., Kemp G.E., Setzer H.W. Isolation of poxvirus from an African Rodent. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1975, 132:677-681.
156. Luttge B.G., Moyer R.W. Suppressors of a host range mutation in the rabbitpox virus serpin SPI-1 map to proteins essential for viral DNA replication. Journal of Virology 2005, 79:9168-9179.
157. Macen J.L., Graham K.A., Lee S.F., Schreiber M., Boshkov L.K., McFadden G. Expression of the myxoma virus tumor necrosis factor receptor homologue and M11L genes is required to prevent virus-induced apoptosis in infected rabbit T lymphocytes. Virology 1996, 218:232-237.
158. Manarolla G., Pisoni G., Sironi G., Rampin T. Molecular biological characterization of avian poxvirus strains isolated from different avian species. Veterinary Microbiology 2010, 140:1-8.
159. Martinez-Pomares L., Stern R.J., Moyer R.W. The ps/hr gene (B5R open reading frame homolog) of rabbitpox virus controls pock color, is a component of extracellular enveloped virus, and is secreted into the medium. Journal of Virology 1993, 67:5450-5462.
160. Mathew E., Sanderson C.M., Hollinshead M., Smith G.L. The extracellular domain of vaccinia virus protein B5R affects plaque phenotype, extracellular enveloped virus release, and intracellular actin tail formation. Journal of Virology 1998, 72:2429-2438.
161. Matthee C.A., van Vuuren B.J., Bell D., Robinson T.J. A molecular supermatrix of the rabbits and hares (Leporidae) allows for the identification of five intercontinental exchanges during the Miocene. Systematic Biology 2004, 53:433-447.
162. McCoy W.H., Wang X., Yokoyama W.M., Hansen T.H., Fremont D.H. Structural mechanism of ER retrieval of MHC class I by cowpox. PLoS Biology 2012, 10:e1001432.
163. McFadden G. Poxvirus tropism. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2005, 3:201-213.
164. McFadden G. Killing a killer: what next for smallpox?. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6:e1000727.
165. McInnes C.J., Wood A.R., Thomas K., Sainsbury A.W., Gurnell J., Dein F.J., Nettleton P.F. Genomic characterization of a novel poxvirus contributing to the decline of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in the UK. The Journal of General Virology 2006, 87:2115-2125.
166. McNulty W.P., Lobitz W.C., Hu F., Maruffo C.A., Hall A.S. A pox disease in monkeys transmitted to man. Clinical and histological features. Archives of Dermatology 1968, 97:286-293.
167. Meng X., Chao J., Xiang Y. Identification from diverse mammalian poxviruses of host-range regulatory genes functioning equivalently to vaccinia virus C7L. Virology 2008, 372:372-383.
168. Meng X., Schoggins J., Rose L., Cao J., Ploss A., Rice C.M., Xiang Y. C7L family of poxvirus host range genes inhibits antiviral activities induced by type I interferons and interferon regulatory factor 1. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:4538-4547.
169. Mercer A.A., Fleming S.B., Ueda N. F-box-like domains are present in most poxvirus ankyrin repeat proteins. Virus Genes 2005, 31:127-133.
170. Meyer H., Sutter G., Mayr A. Mapping of deletions in the genome of the highly attenuated vaccinia virus MVA and their influence on virulence. The Journal of General Virology 1991, 72(Pt 5):1031-1038.
171. Moerdyk-Schauwecker M., Eide K., Bildfell R., Baker R.J., Black W., Graham D., Thompson K., Crawshaw G., Rohrmann G.F., Jin L. Characterization of Cervidpoxvirus isolates from Oregon, California, and eastern Canada. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2009, 21:487-492.
172. Morales M., Ramirez M.A., Cano M.J., Parraga M., Castilla J., Perez-Ordoyo L.I., Torres J.M., Barcena J. Genome comparison of a nonpathogenic myxoma virus field strain with its ancestor, the virulent Lausanne strain. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:2397-2403.
173. Mosavi L.K., Cammett T.J., Desrosiers D.C., Peng Z.Y. The ankyrin repeat as molecular architecture for protein recognition. Protein Science: A Publication of the Protein Society 2004, 13:1435-1448.
174. Moss B. Poxvirus entry and membrane fusion. Virology 2006, 344:48-54.
175. Moss B., Shisler J.L., Xiang Y., Senkevich T.G. Immune-defense molecules of molluscum contagiosum virus, a human poxvirus. Trends in Microbiology 2000, 8:473-477.
176. Mossman K., Lee S.F., Barry M., Boshkov L., McFadden G. Disruption of M-T5, a novel myxoma virus gene member of poxvirus host range superfamily, results in dramatic attenuation of myxomatosis in infected European rabbits. Journal of Virology 1996, 70:4394-4410.
177. Moussatche N., Damaso C.R., McFadden G. When good vaccines go wild: Feral Orthopoxvirus in developing countries and beyond. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2008, 2:156-173.
178. Nakazawa Y., Emerson G.L., Carroll D.S., Zhao H., Li Y., Reynolds M.G., Karem K.L., Olson V.A., Lash R.R., Davidson W.B., Smith S.K., Levine R.S., Regnery R.L., Sammons S.A., Frace M.A., Mutasim E.M., Karsani M.E., Muntasir M.O., Babiker A.A., Opoka L., Chowdhary V., Damon I.K. Phylogenetic and ecologic perspectives of a monkeypox outbreak, southern Sudan, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2013, 19:237-245.
179. Nazarian S.H., Barrett J.W., Frace A.M., Olsen-Rasmussen M., Khristova M., Shaban M., Neering S., Li Y., Damon I.K., Esposito J.J., Essani K., McFadden G. Comparative genetic analysis of genomic DNA sequences of two human isolates of Tanapox virus. Virus Research 2007, 129:11-25.
180. Nerenberg B.T., Taylor J., Bartee E., Gouveia K., Barry M., Fruh K. The poxviral RING protein p28 is a ubiquitin ligase that targets ubiquitin to viral replication factories. Journal of Virology 2005, 79:597-601.
181. Newsome T.P., Scaplehorn N., Way M. SRC mediates a switch from microtubule- to actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. Science 2004, 306:124-129.
182. Niven J.S., Armstrong J.A., Andrewes C.H., Pereira H.G., Valentine R.C. Subcutaneous "growths" in monkeys produced by a poxvirus. The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1961, 81:1-14.
183. Noble J., Rich J.A. Trsmission of smallpox by contact and by aerosol routes in Macaca irus. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1969, 40:279-286.
184. Nollens H.H., Gulland F.M., Jacobson E.R., Hernandez J.A., Klein P.A., Walsh M.T., Condit R.C. Parapoxviruses of seals and sea lions make up a distinct subclade within the genus Parapoxvirus. Virology 2006, 349:316-324.
185. Okamoto T., Campbell S., Mehta N., Thibault J., Colman P.M., Barry M., Huang D.C., Kvansakul M. Sheeppox virus SPPV14 encodes a Bcl-2-like cell death inhibitor that counters a distinct set of mammalian proapoptotic proteins. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:11501-11511.
186. Opgenorth A., Graham K., Nation N., Strayer D., McFadden G. Deletion analysis of two tandemly arranged virulence genes in myxoma virus, M11L and myxoma growth factor. Journal of Virology 1992, 66:4720-4731.
187. Paran N., Suezer Y., Lustig S., Israely T., Schwantes A., Melamed S., Katz L., Preuss T., Hanschmann K.M., Kalinke U., Erez N., Levin R., Velan B., Lower J., Shafferman A., Sutter G. Postexposure immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara or conventional Lister vaccine provides solid protection in a murine model of human smallpox. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009, 199:39-48.
188. Parker S., Nuara A., Buller R.M., Schultz D.A. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease. Future Microbiology 2007, 2:17-34.
189. Perdiguero B., Esteban M. The interferon system and vaccinia virus evasion mechanisms. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 2009, 29:581-598.
190. Perkus M.E., Goebel S.J., Davis S.W., Johnson G.P., Limbach K., Norton E.K., Paoletti E. Vaccinia virus host range genes. Virology 1990, 179:276-286.
191. Pickup D.J., Ink B.S., Parsons B.L., Hu W., Joklik W.K. Spontaneous deletions and duplications of sequences in the genome of cowpox virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1984, 81:6817-6821.
192. Piskurek O., Okada N. Poxviruses as possible vectors for horizontal transfer of retroposons from reptiles to mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:12046-12051.
193. Postigo A., Cross J.R., Downward J., Way M. Interaction of F1L with the BH3 domain of Bak is responsible for inhibiting vaccinia-induced apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation 2006, 13:1651-1662.
194. Postigo A., Way M. The vaccinia virus-encoded Bcl-2 homologues do not act as direct Bax inhibitors. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:203-213.
195. Rahman M.M., Liu J., Chan W.M., Rothenburg S., McFadden G. Myxoma virus protein M029 is a dual function immunomodulator that inhibits PKR and also conscripts RHA/DHX9 to promote expanded host tropism and viral replication. PLoS Pathogens 2013, 9:e1003465.
196. Ramsey-Ewing A.L., Moss B. Complementation of a vaccinia virus host-range K1L gene deletion by the nonhomologous CP77 gene. Virology 1996, 222:75-86.
197. Regnery D.C. Isolation and partial characterization of an orthopoxvirus from a California vole (Microtus californicus). Archives of Virology 1987, 94:159-162.
198. Riley J.C. Smallpox and American Indians revisited. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 2010, 65:445-477.
199. Rosengard A.M., Liu Y., Nie Z., Jimenez R. Variola virus immune evasion design: expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99:8808-8813.
200. Rothenburg S., Chinchar V.G., Dever T.E. Characterization of a ranavirus inhibitor of the antiviral protein kinase PKR. BMC Microbiology 2011, 11:56.
201. Rothenburg S., Seo E.J., Gibbs J.S., Dever T.E., Dittmar K. Rapid evolution of protein kinase PKR alters sensitivity to viral inhibitors. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2009, 16:63-70.
202. Rushton S.P., Lurz P.W., Gurnell J., Nettleton P., Bruemmer C., Shirley M.D., Sainsbury A.W. Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain. Epidemiology and Infection 2006, 134:521-533.
203. Sainsbury A.W., Nettleton P., Gilray J., Gurnell J. Grey squirrels have high seroprevalence to a parapoxvirus associated with deaths in red squirrels. Animal Conservation 2000, 3:229-233.
204. Saraiva M., Alcami A. CrmE, a novel soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor encoded by poxviruses. Journal of Virology 2001, 75:226-233.
205. Schreiber M., McFadden G. The myxoma virus TNF-receptor homologue (T2) inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a species-specific fashion. Virology 1994, 204:692-705.
206. Schreiber M., McFadden G. Mutational analysis of the ligand-binding domain of M-T2 protein, the tumor necrosis factor receptor homologue of myxoma virus. Journal of Immunology 1996, 157:4486-4495.
207. Scott A.C., Keymer I.F., Labram J. Parapoxvirus infection of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). The Veterinary Record 1981, 109:202.
208. Senkevich T.G., Bugert J.J., Sisler J.R., Koonin E.V., Darai G., Moss B. Genome sequence of a human tumorigenic poxvirus: prediction of specific host response-evasion genes. Science 1996, 273:813-816.
209. Senkevich T.G., Koonin E.V., Bugert J.J., Darai G., Moss B. The genome of molluscum contagiosum virus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses. Virology 1997, 233:19-42.
210. Senkevich T.G., Koonin E.V., Buller R.M. A poxvirus protein with a RING zinc finger motif is of crucial importance for virulence. Virology 1994, 198:118-128.
211. Senkevich T.G., Wolffe E.J., Buller R.M. Ectromelia virus RING finger protein is localized in virus factories and is required for virus replication in macrophages. Journal of Virology 1995, 69:4103-4111.
212. Sepkowitz K.A. How contagious is vaccinia?. The New England Journal of Medicine 2003, 348:439-446.
213. Shchelkunov S.N. How long ago did smallpox virus emerge?. Archives of Virology 2009, 154:1865-1871.
214. Shchelkunov S.N., Totmenin A.V., Safronov P.F., Mikheev M.V., Gutorov V.V., Ryazankina O.I., Petrov N.A., Babkin I.V., Uvarova E.A., Sandakhchiev L.S., Sisler J.R., Esposito J.J., Damon I.K., Jahrling P.B., Moss B. Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome. Virology 2002, 297:172-194.
215. Shisler J.L., Isaacs S.N., Moss B. Vaccinia virus serpin-1 deletion mutant exhibits a host range defect characterized by low levels of intermediate and late mRNAs. Virology 1999, 262:298-311.
216. Shisler J.L., Jin X.L. The vaccinia virus K1L gene product inhibits host NF-kappaB activation by preventing IkappaBalpha degradation. Journal of Virology 2004, 78:3553-3560.
217. Shoham D., Wolfson Z. The Russian biological weapons program: vanished or disappeared?. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2004, 30:241-261.
218. Silverman G.A., Bird P.I., Carrell R.W., Church F.C., Coughlin P.B., Gettins P.G., Irving J.A., Lomas D.A., Luke C.J., Moyer R.W., Pemberton P.A., Remold-O'Donnell E., Salvesen G.S., Travis J., Whisstock J.C. The serpins are an expanding superfamily of structurally similar but functionally diverse proteins. Evolution, mechanism of inhibition, novel functions, and a revised nomenclature. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001, 276:33293-33296.
219. Singh P., Schnitzlein W.M., Tripathy D.N. Construction and characterization of a fowlpox virus field isolate whose genome lacks reticuloendotheliosis provirus nucleotide sequences. Avian Diseases 2005, 49:401-408.
220. Smith C.A., Davis T., Wignall J.M., Din W.S., Farrah T., Upton C., McFadden G., Goodwin R.G. T2 open reading frame from the Shope fibroma virus encodes a soluble form of the TNF receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1991, 176:335-342.
221. Smith C.A., Hu F.Q., Smith T.D., Richards C.L., Smolak P., Goodwin R.G., Pickup D.J. Cowpox virus genome encodes a second soluble homologue of cellular TNF receptors, distinct from CrmB, that binds TNF but not LT alpha. Virology 1996, 223:132-147.
222. Smith G.L. Genus Orthopoxvirus: vaccinia virus. Poxviruses, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases 2007, 1-45. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. A.A. Mercer, A. Schmidt, O. Weber (Eds.).
223. Sonnberg S., Fleming S.B., Mercer A.A. Phylogenetic analysis of the large family of poxvirus ankyrin-repeat proteins reveals orthologue groups within and across chordopoxvirus genera. The Journal of General Virology 2011, 92:2596-2607.
224. Sonnberg S., Seet B.T., Pawson T., Fleming S.B., Mercer A.A. Poxvirus ankyrin repeat proteins are a unique class of F-box proteins that associate with cellular SCF1 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:10955-10960.
225. Spehner D., Gillard S., Drillien R., Kirn A. A cowpox virus gene required for multiplication in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Journal of Virology 1988, 62:1297-1304.
226. Stanford M.M., Werden S.J., McFadden G. Myxoma virus in the European rabbit: interactions between the virus and its susceptible host. Veterinary Research 2007, 38:299-318.
227. Stern R.J., Thompson J.P., Moyer R.W. Attenuation of B5R mutants of rabbitpox virus in vivo is related to impaired growth and not an enhanced host inflammatory response. Virology 1997, 233:118-129.
228. Stich A., Meyer H., Kohler B., Fleischer K. Tanapox: first report in a European traveller and identification by PCR. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002, 96:178-179.
229. Su J., Wang G., Barrett J.W., Irvine T.S., Gao X., McFadden G. Myxoma virus M11L blocks apoptosis through inhibition of conformational activation of Bax at the mitochondria. Journal of Virology 2006, 80:1140-1151.
230. Sutter G., Ramsey-Ewing A., Rosales R., Moss B. Stable expression of the vaccinia virus K1L gene in rabbit cells complements the host range defect of a vaccinia virus mutant. Journal of Virology 1994, 68:4109-4116.
231. Takahashi-Nishimaki F., Funahashi S., Miki K., Hashizume S., Sugimoto M. Regulation of plaque size and host range by a vaccinia virus gene related to complement system proteins. Virology 1991, 181:158-164.
232. Theze J., Takatsuka J., Li Z., Gallais J., Doucet D., Arif B., Nakai M., Herniou E.A. New insights into the evolution of Entomopoxvirinae from the complete genome sequences of four entomopoxviruses infecting Adoxophyes honmai, Choristoneura biennis, Choristoneura rosaceana, and Mythimna separata. Journal of Virology 2013, 87:7992-8003.
233. Thibault S., Drolet R., Alain R., Dea S. Congenital swine pox: a sporadic skin disorder in nursing piglets. Swine Health and Production 1998, 6:276-278.
234. Thomas K., Tompkins D.M., Sainsbury A.W., Wood A.R., Dalziel R., Nettleton P.F., McInnes C.J. A novel poxvirus lethal to red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). The Journal of General Virology 2003, 84:3337-3341.
235. Tizard I. Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines. Advances in Veterinary Medicine 1999, 41:7-24.
236. Tompkins D.M., Sainsbury A.W., Nettleton P., Buxton D., Gurnell J. Parapoxvirus causes a deleterious disease in red squirrels associated with UK population declines. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society 2002, 269:529-533.
237. Tulman E.R., Afonso C.L., Lu Z., Zsak L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. Journal of Virology 2001, 75:7122-7130.
238. Tulman E.R., Afonso C.L., Lu Z., Zsak L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. The genome of canarypox virus. Journal of Virology 2004, 78:353-366.
239. Tulman E.R., Afonso C.L., Lu Z., Zsak L., Sur J.H., Sandybaev N.T., Kerembekova U.Z., Zaitsev V.L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. The genomes of sheeppox and goatpox viruses. Journal of Virology 2002, 76:6054-6061.
240. Tulman E.R., Delhon G., Afonso C.L., Lu Z., Zsak L., Sandybaev N.T., Kerembekova U.Z., Zaitsev V.L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. Genome of horsepox virus. Journal of Virology 2006, 80:9244-9258.
241. Turner P.C., Moyer R.W. Poxvirus immune modulators: functional insights from animal models. Virus Research 2002, 88:35-53.
242. Upton C., Macen J.L., Schreiber M., McFadden G. Myxoma virus expresses a secreted protein with homology to the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family that contributes to viral virulence. Virology 1991, 184:370-382.
243. Upton C., Slack S., Hunter A.L., Ehlers A., Roper R.L. Poxvirus orthologous clusters: toward defining the minimum essential poxvirus genome. Journal of Virology 2003, 77:7590-7600.
244. Uvarova E.A., Totmenin A.V., Sandakhchiev L.S., Shchelkunov S.N. The gene of the complement-binding protein, an important anti-inflammatory factor of orthopoxviruses, is deleted from the genome of Western African strains of monkeypox virus. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 2005, 400:14-16.
245. van Buuren N., Couturier B., Xiong Y., Barry M. Ectromelia virus encodes a novel family of F-box proteins that interact with the SCF complex. Journal of Virology 2008, 82:9917-9927.
246. van Gent D., Sharp P., Morgan K., Kalsheker N. Serpins: structure, function and molecular evolution. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2003, 35:1536-1547.
247. Vijaysri S., Talasela L., Mercer A.A., McInnes C.J., Jacobs B.L., Langland J.O. The Orf virus E3L homologue is able to complement deletion of the vaccinia virus E3L gene in vitro but not in vivo. Virology 2003, 314:305-314.
248. Wang G., Barrett J.W., Nazarian S.H., Everett H., Gao X., Bleackley C., Colwill K., Moran M.F., McFadden G. Myxoma virus M11L prevents apoptosis through constitutive interaction with Bak. Journal of Virology 2004, 78:7097-7111.
249. Wang G., Barrett J.W., Stanford M., Werden S.J., Johnston J.B., Gao X., Sun M., Cheng J.Q., McFadden G. Infection of human cancer cells with myxoma virus requires Akt activation via interaction with a viral ankyrin-repeat host range factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:4640-4645.
250. Werden S.J., McFadden G. Pharmacological manipulation of the akt signaling pathway regulates myxoma virus replication and tropism in human cancer cells. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:3287-3302.
251. Werden S.J., Rahman M.M., McFadden G. Poxvirus host range genes. Advances in Virus Research 2008, 71:135-171.
252. Willer D.O., McFadden G., Evans D.H. The complete genome sequence of shope (rabbit) fibroma virus. Virology 1999, 264:319-343.
253. Williams E.S., Becerra V.M., Thorne E.T., Graham T.J., Owens M.J., Nunamaker C.E. Spontaneous poxviral dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1985, 21:430-433.
254. Willis K.L., Langland J.O., Shisler J.L. Viral double-stranded RNAs from vaccinia virus early or intermediate gene transcripts possess PKR activating function, resulting in NF-kappaB activation, when the K1 protein is absent or mutated. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286:7765-7778.
255. Wolffe E.J., Isaacs S.N., Moss B. Deletion of the vaccinia virus B5R gene encoding a 42-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein inhibits extracellular virus envelope formation and dissemination. Journal of Virology 1993, 67:4732-4741.
256. Xue X., Lu Q., Wei H., Wang D., Chen D., He G., Huang L., Wang H., Wang X. Structural basis of chemokine sequestration by CrmD, a poxvirus-encoded tumor necrosis factor receptor. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7:e1002162.
257. Yadav S., Hosamani M., Balamurugan V., Bhanuprakash V., Singh R.K. Partial genetic characterization of viruses isolated from pox-like infection in cattle and buffaloes: evidence of buffalo pox virus circulation in Indian cows. Archives of Virology 2010, 155:255-261.
258. Yadav V.N., Pyaram K., Ahmad M., Sahu A. Species selectivity in poxviral complement regulators is dictated by the charge reversal in the central complement control protein modules. Journal of Immunology 2012, 189:1431-1439.
259. Yager J.A., Hutchison L., Barrett J.W. Raccoonpox in a Canadian cat. Veterinary Dermatology 2006, 17:443-448.
260. Young E., Basson P.A., Weiss K.E. Experimental infection of game animals with lumpy skin disease virus (prototype strain Neethling). The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 1970, 37:79-87.
261. Zeller H.G., Karabatsos N., Calisher C.H., Digoutte J.P., Murphy F.A., Shope R.E. Electron microscopy and antigenic studies of uncharacterized viruses. I. Evidence suggesting the placement of viruses in families Arenaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, or Poxviridae. Archives of Virology 1989, 108:191-209.
262. Zhang P., Jacobs B.L., Samuel C.E. Loss of protein kinase PKR expression in human HeLa cells complements the vaccinia virus E3L deletion mutant phenotype by restoration of viral protein synthesis. Journal of Virology 2008, 82:840-848.
263. Zhao G., Droit L., Tesh R.B., Popov V.L., Little N.S., Upton C., Virgin H.W., Wang D. The genome of Yoka poxvirus. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:10230-10238.