Capripoxviruses: An emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

Volumn 55, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 263-272

  Babiuk, S ^a,b   Bowden, T R ^c   Boyle, D B ^c   Wallace, D B ^d,e   Kitching, R P ^a  

^a CANADIAN FOOD INSPECTION AGENCY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

^d ONDERSTEPOORT VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Capripoxvirus; Goatpox; Lumpy skin disease; Poxvirus; Sheeppox

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; CAPRIPOXVIRUS; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIC; GOAT; GOAT DISEASE; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; POXVIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; BIOTERRORISM; CAPRIPOXVIRUS; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; GOAT DISEASES; GOATS; POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASES; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALIA; BOS; CAPRA HIRCUS; CAPRIPOXVIRUS; OVIS ARIES; POXVIRIDAE;

EID: 49049110254     PISSN: 18651674     EISSN: 18651682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Achour, H. A. R. Bouguedour, 1999 : Epidemiology of sheep pox in Algeria. Rev. Sci. Tech. 18, 606 617.
2. Asagba, M. O. D. R. Nawathe, 1981 : Evidence of sheep pox in Nigeria. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 13, 61.
3. Aspden, K., A. A. van Dijk, J. Bingham, D. Cox, J. A. Passmore A. L. Williamson, 2002 : Immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle. Vaccine. 20, 2693 2701.
4. Babiuk, S., G. Parkyn, J. Copps, J. E. Larence, M. I. Sabara, T. Bowden, D. B. Boyle P. Kitching, 2007 : Evaluation of an ovine testes cell line (OA3.Ts) for use in the propagation and detection of capripox virus and development of immunostaining technique for viral plaque visualization. J.Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5, 486 491.
5. Balinsky, C. A., G. Delhon, C. L. Afonso, G. R. Risatti, M. V. Borca, R. A. French, E. R. Tulman, S. J. Geary D. L. Rock, 2007 : Sheeppox virus kelch-like gene SPPV-019 affects virus virulence. J. Virol. 81, 11392 11401.
6. Balinsky, C. A., G. Delhon, G. Smoliga, M. Prarat, R. A. French, S. J. Geary, D. L. Rock L. L. Rodriguez, 2008 : Rapid preclinical detection of sheeppox virus by a real-time PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 438 442.
7. Bhanuprakash, V., A. R. Moorthy, G. Krishnappa, R. N. Srinivasa Gowda B. K. Indrani, 2005 : An epidemiological study of sheep pox infection in Karnataka State, India. Rev. Sci. Tech. 24, 909 920.
8. Bhanuprakash, V., B. K. Indrani, M. Hosamani R. K. Singh, 2006 : The current status of sheep pox disease. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 29, 27 60.
9. Binepal, Y. S., F. A. Ongadi J. C. Chepkwony, 2001 : Alternative cell lines for the propagation of lumpy skin disease virus. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 68, 151 153.
10. Bowden, T. R., S. L. Babiuk, G. R. Parkyn, J. S. Copps D. B. Boyle, 2008 : Capripoxvirus tissue tropism and shedding: A quantitative study in experimentally infected sheep and goats. Virol. 371, 380 393.
11. Buller, R. M., B. M. Arif, D. N. Black, K. R. Dumbell, J. J. Esposito, E. J. Lefkowitz, G. McFadden, B. Moss, A. A. Mercer, R. W. Moyer, M. A. Skinner D. N. Tripathy, 2005 : Family Poxviridae. In : Fauquet, C. M., M. A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger L. A. Ball (eds Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, pp. 117 133. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego.
12. Carn, V. M., 1993 : Control of capripoxvirus infections. Vaccine. 11, 1275 1279.
13. Carn, V. M. R. P. Kitching, 1995a : The clinical response of cattle experimentally infected with lumpy skin disease (Neethling) virus. Arch. Virol. 140, 503 513.
14. Carn, V. M. R. P. Kitching, 1995b : An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epidemiol. Infect. 114, 219 226.
15. Chand, P., R. P. Kitching D. N. Black, 1994 : Western blot analysis of virus-specific antibody responses to capripoxvirus and contagious pustular dermatitis infections in sheep. Epidemiol. Infect. 113, 377 385.
16. Chihota, C. M., L. F. Rennie, R. P. Kitching P. S. Mellor, 2001 : Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epidemiol. Infect. 126, 317 321.
17. Chihota, C. M., L. F. Rennie, R. P. Kitching P. S. Mellor, 2003 : Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17, 294 300.
18. Damaso, C. R., J. J. Esposito, R. C. Condit N. Moussatché, 2000 : An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine. Vir. 277, 439 449.
19. Damon, I. K., 2007 : Poxviruses. In : Knipe, D. M., P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. A. Martin, B. Roizman S. E. Straus (eds Fields Virology, pp. 2947 2975. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
20. Daoud, J. A., 1997 : Sheep pox among Australian sheep in Jordan. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 29, 251 252.
21. Davies, F. G., 1976 : Characteristics of a virus causing a pox disease in sheep and goats in Kenya, with observation on the epidemiology and control. J. Hyg. (Lond). 76, 163 171.
22. Davies, F. G., 1982 : Observations on the epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Kenya. J Hyg. (Cambridge). 88, 95 102.
23. Davies, F. G., 1991 : Lumpy skin disease, an African capripox virus disease of cattle. Br. Vet. J. 147, 489 503.
24. Davies, F. G. G. Mbugwa, 1985 : The alterations in pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a Kenya sheep and goat pox virus on serial passage in bovine foetal muscle cell cultures. J. Comp. Pathol. 95, 565 572.
25. De Clercq, K. N. Goris, 2004 : Extending the foot-and-mouth disease module to the control of other diseases. Dev. Biol. (Basel). 119, 333 340.
26. Diallo, A. G. J. Viljoen, 2007 : Genus Capripoxvirus. In : Mercer, A. A., A. Schmidt O. Weber (eds Poxviruses, pp. 167 181. Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland.
27. Diallo, A., C. Minet, G. Berhe, C. Le Goff, D. N. Black, M. Fleming, T. Barrett, C. Grillet G. Libeau, 2002 : Goat immune response to capripox vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin protein of peste des petits ruminants. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 969, 88 91.
28. Diesel, A. M., 1949 : The epizootiology of lumpy skin disease in South Africa. Proc 14th Int Vet Congr. Lond., 2, 492 500.
29. Domenech, J., J. Lubroth, C. Eddi, V. Martin F. Roger, 2006 : Regional and international approaches on prevention and control of animal transboundary and emerging diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1081, 90 107.
30. Fenner, F. M., F. Day G. M. Woodroofe, 1952 : The mechanism of the transmission of myxomatosis in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 30, 139 152.
31. Ferris, R. D. W. Plowright, 1958 : Simplified methods for the production of monolayers of testis cells from domestic animals, and for serial examination of monolayer cultures. J. Path. Bact. 75, 313 318.
32. Garner, M. G. M. B. Lack, 1995 : Modelling the potential impact of exotic diseases on regional Australia, Aust. Vet. J. 72, 81 87.
33. Garner, M. G., S. D. Sawarkar, E. K. Brett, J. R. Edwards, V. B. Kulkarni, D. B. Boyle S. N. Singh, 2000 : The extent and impact of sheep pox and goat pox in the state of Maharashtra, India. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 32, 205 223.
34. Greth, A., J. M. Gourreau, M. Vassart, ??. Nguyen-Ba-Vy, M. Wyers P. C. Lefevre, 1992a : Capripoxvirus disease in an Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) from Saudi Arabia. J. Wildl. Dis. 28, 295 300.
35. Greth, A., D. Calvez, M. Vassart P. C. Lefèvre, 1992b : Serological survey for bovine bacterial and viral pathogens in captive Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx Pallas, 1776). Rev. Sci. Tech. 11, 1163 1168.
36. Gulbahar, M. Y., W. C. Davis, H. Yuksel M. Cabalar, 2006 : Immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and lung of lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus. Vet. Pathol. 43, 67 75.
37. Hammarlund, E., M. W. Lewis, S. G. Hansen, L. I. Strelow, J. A. Nelson, G. J. Sexton, J. M. Hanifin M. K. Slifka, 2003 : Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat. Med. 9, 1131 1137.
38. Hedger, R. S. C. Hamblin, 1983 : Neutralising antibodies to lumpy skin disease virus in African wildlife. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 6, 209 213.
39. Heine, H. G., M. P. Stevens, A. J. Foord D. B. Boyle, 1999 : A capripoxvirus detection PCR and antibody ELISA based on the major antigen P32, the homolog of the vaccinia virus H3L gene. J. Immunol. Methods 227, 187 196.
40. Hosamani, M., B. Mondal, P. A. Tembhurne, S. K. Bandyopadhyay, R. K. Singh T. J. Rasool, 2004 : Differentiation of sheep pox and goat poxviruses by sequence analysis and PCR-RFLP of P32 gene. Virus Genes 29, 73 80.
41. House, J. A., T. M. Wilson, S. el Nakashly, I. A. Karim, I. Ismail, N. el Danaf, A. M. Moussa N. N. Ayoub, 1990 : The isolation of lumpy skin disease virus and bovine herpesvirus-4 from cattle in Egypt. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2, 111 115.
42. Hunter, P. D. Wallace, 2001 : Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa: a review of the disease and aspects of control. J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc. 72, 68 71.
43. Irons, P. C., E. S. Tuppurainen E. H. Venter, 2005 : Excretion of lumpy skin disease virus in bull semen. Theriogenology. 63, 1290 1297.
44. Jassim, F. A. B. S. Keshavamurthy, 1981 : Cytopathic changes caused by sheep pox virus in secondary culture of lamb testes cells. Bull. Off. Int. Epiz. 93, 1401 1410.
45. Kalra, S. K. V. K. Sharma, 1981 : Adaptation of Jaipur strain of sheeppox virus in primary lamb testicular cell culture. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 19, 165 169.
46. Kara, P. D., C. L. Afonso, D. B. Wallace, G. F. Kutish, C. Abolnik, Z. Lu, F. T Vreede, L. C. Taljaard, A. Zsak, G. J. Viljoen D. L. Rock, 2003 : Comparative sequence analysis of the South African vaccine strain and two virulent field isolates of Lumpy skin disease virus. Arch. Virol. 148, 1335 1356.
47. Kitching, R. P., 1986 : Passive protection of sheep against capripoxvirus. Res. Vet. Sci. 41, 247 250.
48. Kitching, R. P., 2003 : Vaccines for lumpy skin disease, sheep pox and goat pox. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 114, 161 167.
49. Kitching, R. P. V. M. Carn, 2004 : Sheep pox and goat pox. Office International des Epizooties Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees). OIE, Paris.
50. Kitching, R. P. C. Smale, 1986 : Comparison of the external dimensions of capripoxvirus isolates. Res. Vet. Sci. 41, 425 427.
51. Kitching, R. P. W. P. Taylor, 1985 : Clinical and antigenic relationship between isolates of sheep and goat pox viruses. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 17, 64 74.
52. Kitching, R. P., J. J. McGrane W. P. Taylor, 1986 : Capripox in the Yemen Arab Republic and the Sultanate of Oman. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 18, 115 122.
53. Kitching, R. P., J. M. Hammond W. P. Taylor, 1987a : A single vaccine for the control of capripox infection in sheep and goats. Res. Vet. Sci. 42, 53 60.
54. Kitching, R. P., J. J. McGrane, J. M. Hammond, A. H. Miah, A. H. Mustafa J. R. Majumder, 1987b : Capripox in Bangladesh. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 19, 203 208.
55. Kitching, R. P., P. P. Bhat D. N. Black, 1989 : The characterization of African strains of capripoxvirus. Epidemiol. Infect. 102, 335 343.
56. Mangana-Vougiouka, O., P. Markoulatos, G. Koptopoulos, K. Nomikou, N. Bakandritsos P. Papadopoulos, 2000 : Sheep poxvirus identification from clinical specimens by PCR, cell culture, immunofluorescence and agar gel immunoprecipitation assay. Mol. Cell. Probes 14, 305 310.
57. Mariner, J. C., J. A. House, T. M. Wilson, M. van den Ende M I. Diallo, 1991 : Isolation of sheep pox virus from a lamb in Niger. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 23, 27 28.
58. McFadden, G., 2005 : Poxvirus tropism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 201 213.
59. Mellor, P. S., R. P. Kitching P. J. Wilkinson, 1987 : Mechanical transmission of capripox virus and African swine fever virus by Stomoxys calcitrans. Res. Vet. Sci. 43, 109 112.
60. Mondal, B., M. Hosamani, T. K. Dutta, V. S. Senthilkumar, Rathore. R. R. K. Singh, 2004 : An outbreak of sheep pox on a sheep breeding farm in Jammu, India. Rev. Sci. Tech. 23, 943 949.
61. Moss, B., 2006 : Poxvirus entry and membrane fusion. Virology 344, 48 54.
62. Moss, B. J. L. Shisler, 2001 : Immunology 101 at poxvirus U: immune evasion genes. Semin. Immunol. 13, 59 66.
63. Ngichabe, C. K., H. M. Wamwayi, E. K. Ndungu, P. K. Mirangi, C. J. Bostock, D. N. Black T. Barrett, 2002 : Long term immunity in African cattle vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest virus vaccine. Epidemiol. Infect. 128, 343 349.
64. Oǧuzoǧlu, T. C., F. Alkan, A. Ozkul, S. A. Vural, A. B. Güngör I. Burgu, 2006 : A sheeppox virus outbreak in central Turkey in 2003: isolation and identification of capripoxvirus ovis. Vet. Res. Commun. 30, 965 971.
65. van Oirschot, J. T., 1999 : Diva vaccines that reduce virus transmission. J. Biotechnol. 73, 95 205.
66. Orlova, E. S., A. V. Shcherbakova, V. I. Diev V. M. Zakharov, 2006 : Differentiation of capripoxvirus species and strains by polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Biol. (Mosk). 40, 158 164.
67. Osuagwuh, U. I., V. Bagla, E. H. Venter, C. H. Annandale P. C. Irons, 2007 : Absence of lumpy skin disease virus in semen of vaccinated bulls following vaccination and subsequent experimental infection. Vaccine 25, 2238 2243.
68. Rao, T. V., P. Malik, S. Nandi B. S. Negi, 1997 : Evaluation of immunocapture ELISA for diagnosis of goat pox. Acta Virol. 41, 345 348.
69. Regnery, R. L., 2007 : Poxviruses and the passive quest for novel hosts. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 315, 345 361.
70. van Rooyen, P. J., E. K. Munz K. E. Weiss, 1969 : The optimal conditions for the multiplication of Neethling-type LSDV in embryonated eggs. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 36, 165 174.
71. Roth, J. A. A. R. Spickler, 2003 : A survey of vaccines produced for OIE list A diseases in OIE member countries. Dev. Biol. (Basel). 114, 5 25.
72. Rweyemamu, M., R. Paskin, A. Benkirane, V. Martin, P. Roeder K. Wojciechowski, 2000 : Emerging diseases of Africa and the Middle East. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 916, 61 70.
73. Singh, R. K., M. Hosamani, V. Balamurugan, V. Bhanuprakash, T. J. Rasool M. P. Yadav, 2007 : Buffalopox: an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis. Anim. Health. Res. Rev. 8, 105 114.
74. Soman, J. P. I. P. Singh, 1980 : Plaque formation by sheep pox virus adapted to lamb kidney cell culture. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 18, 313 314.
75. Stanford, M. M., G. McFadden, G. Karupiah G. Chaudhri, 2007 : Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm. Immunol. Cell Biol. 85, 93 102.
76. Tulman, E. R., C. L. Afonso, Z. Lu, L. Zsak, G. F. Kutish D. L. Rock, 2001 : Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. J. Virol. 75, 7122 7130.
77. Tulman, E. R., C. L. Afonso, Z. Lu, L. Zsak, J. H. Sur, N. T. Sandybaev, U. Z. Kerembekova, V. L. Zaitsev, G. F. Kutish D. L. Rock, 2002 : The genomes of sheeppox and goatpox viruses. J. Virol. 76, 6054 6061.
78. Wallace, D. B. G. J. Viljoen, 2002 : Importance of thymidine kinase activity for normal growth of lumpy skin disease virus (SA-Neethling). Arch. Virol. 147, 659 663.
79. Wallace, D. B., C. E. Ellis, A. Espach, S. J. Smith, R. R. Greyling G. J. Viljoen, 2006 : Protective immune responses induced by different recombinant vaccine regimes to Rift Valley fever. Vaccine 24, 7181 7189.
80. Wallace, D. B., J. Weyer, L. H. Nel G. J. Viljoen, 2007 : Improved method for the generation and selection of homogeneous lumpy skin disease virus (SA-Neethling) recombinants. J. Virol. Methods 146, 52 60.
81. Woods, J. A., 1988 : Lumpy skin disease - a review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 20, 11 17.
82. Yeruham, I., O. Nir, Y. Braverman, M. Davidson, H. Grinstein, M. Haymovitch O. Zamir, 1995 : Spread of lumpy skin disease in Israeli dairy herds. Vet. Rec. 137, 91 93.
83. Yeruham, I., H. Yadin, M. Van Ham, V. Bumbarov, A. Soham S. Perl, 2007 : Economic and epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of sheeppox in a dairy sheep flock. Vet. Rec. 160, 236 237.
84. Young, E., P. A. Basson K. E. Weiss, 1970 : Experimental infection of game animals with lumpy skin disease virus (prototype strain Neethling).Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 37, 79 87.
85. Zheng, M., Q. Liu, N. Jin, J. Guo, X. Huang, H. Li, W. Zhu Y. Xiong, 2007 : A duplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Capripoxvirus and Orf virus. Mol. Cell. Probes 21, 276 281.
86. Zhou, J. S., H. L. Ma Q. S. Guo, 2004 : Culturing of ovine testicular cells and observation of pathological changes of the cell inoculated with attenuated sheep pox virus. Chinese J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 34, 71 74.