MYC and the art of microRNA maintenance

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 8, 2014, Pages

  Psathas, James N ^a   Thomas Tikhonenko, Andrei ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; MICRORNA 15A; MICRORNA 16; MICRORNA 200; MICRORNA 26A; MICRORNA 34A; MICRORNA 9; MYC PROTEIN;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION; CELL METABOLISM; HEMATOPOIESIS; METASTASIS; MITOSIS; NONHUMAN; RNA TRANSCRIPTION; CELL CYCLE; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; STEM CELL;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; MITOSIS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MYC; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84887199019     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014175     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Abrams HD, Rohrschneider LR, Eisenman RN. 1982. Nuclear location of the putative transforming protein of avian myelocytomatosis virus. Cell 29: 427–439.
2. Adhikary S, Eilers M. 2005. Transcriptional regulation and transformation by Myc proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 635–645.
3. Bartel DP. 2009. MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136: 215–233.
4. Bates S, Bonetta L, MacAllan D, Parry D, Holder A, Dickson C, Peters G. 1994. CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSK-J3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin D1. Oncogene 9: 71–79.
5. Baumjohann D, Kageyama R, Clingan JM, Morar MM, Patel S, de Kouchkovsky D, Bannard O, Bluestone JA, Matloubian M, Ansel KM, et al. 2013. The microRNA cluster miR-17_92 promotes TFH cell differentiation and represses subset-inappropriate gene expression. Nat Immunol 14: 840–848.
6. Bergers G, Benjamin LE. 2003. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer 3: 401–410.
7. Billen LP, Kokoski CL, Lovell JF, Leber B, Andrews DW. 2008. Bcl-XL inhibits membrane permeabilization by competing with Bax. PLoS Biol 6: e147.
8. Blackwell TK, Kretzner L, Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN, Weintraub H. 1990. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science 250: 1149–1151.
9. Bolster DR, Crozier SJ, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. 2002. AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down-regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. J Biol Chem 277: 23977–23980.
10. Bommer GT, Gerin I, Feng Y, Kaczorowski AJ, Kuick R, Love RE, Zhai Y, Giordano TJ, Qin ZS, Moore BB, et al. 2007. p53-mediated activation of miRNA34 candidate tumorsuppressor genes. Curr Biol 17: 1298–1307.
11. Boone DN, Qi Y, Li Z, Hann SR. 2011. Egr1 mediates p53-independent c-Myc-induced apoptosis via a noncanonical ARF-dependent transcriptional mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: 632–637.
12. Bracken CP, Gregory PA, Kolesnikoff N, Bert AG, Wang J, Shannon MF, Goodall GJ. 2008. A double-negative feedback loop between ZEB1-SIP1 and the microRNA-200 family regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 68: 7846–7854.
13. Cairo S, Wang Y, deReynies A, Duroure K, Dahan J, Redon MJ, Fabre M, McClelland M, Wang XW, Croce CM, et al. 2010. Stem cell-like micro-RNA signature driven by Myc in aggressive liver cancer. ProcNatl Acad Sci 107: 20471–20476.
14. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, et al. 2002. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 15524–15529.
15. Catuogno S, Cerchia L, Romano G, Pognonec P, Condorelli G, de Franciscis V. 2013. miR-34c may protect lung cancer cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 32: 341–351.
16. Ceballos E, Munoz-Alonso MJ, Berwanger B, Acosta JC, Hernandez R, Krause M, Hartmann O, Eilers M, Leon J. 2005. Inhibitory effect of c-Myc on p53-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Microarray analysis reveals defective induction of p53 target genes and upregulation of chaperone genes. Oncogene 24: 4559–4571.
17. Ceteci F, Ceteci S, Karreman C, Kramer BW, Asan E, Gotz R, Rapp UR. 2007. Disruption of tumor cell adhesion promotes angiogenic switch and progression to micrometastasis in RAF-driven murine lung cancer. Cancer Cell 12: 145–159.
18. Chambers AF, Groom AC, MacDonald IC. 2002. Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 563–572.
19. Chang TC, Wentzel EA, Kent OA, Ramachandran K, Mullendore M, Lee KH, Feldmann G, Yamakuchi M, Ferlito M, Lowenstein CJ, et al. 2007. Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Mol Cell 26: 745–752.
20. Chang TC, Yu D, Lee YS, Wentzel EA, Arking DE, West KM, Dang CV, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Mendell JT. 2008. Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 40: 43–50.
21. Chang TC, Zeitels LR, Hwang HW, Chivukula RR, Wentzel EA, Dews M, Jung J, Gao P, Dang CV, Beer MA, et al. 2009. Lin-28B transactivation is necessary for Myc-mediated let-7 repression and proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 3384–3389.
22. Chappell J, Dalton S. 2013. Roles for MYC in the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 3: a014381.
23. Choi YJ, Lin CP, Ho JJ, He X, Okada N, Bu P, Zhong Y, Kim SY, Bennett MJ, Chen C, et al. 2011. miR-34 miRNAs provide a barrier for somatic cell reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 13: 1353–1360.
24. Christoffersen NR, Shalgi R, Frankel LB, Leucci E, Lees M, Klausen M, Pilpel Y, Nielsen RC, Oren M, Lund AH. 2010. p53-independent upregulation of miR-34a during oncogene-induced senescence represses MYC. Cell Death Differ 17: 236–245.
25. Chung EY, Dews M, Cozma D, Yu D, Wentzel EA, Chang TC, Schelter JM, Cleary MA, Mendell JT, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2008. c-Myb oncoprotein is an essential target of the dleu2 tumor suppressor microRNA cluster. Cancer Biol Ther 7: 1758–1764.
26. Chung EY, Psathas JN, Yu D, Li Y, Weiss MJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2012. CD19 is a major B cell receptorindependent activator of MYC-driven B-lymphomagenesis. J Clin Invest 122: 2257–2266.
27. Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, Aqeilan RI, Zupo S, Dono M, et al. 2005. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102: 13944–13949.
28. Conacci-Sorrell M, McFerrin L, Eisenman RN. 2014. An overview of MYC and its interactome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4: a014357.
29. Croce CM. 2009. Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 10: 704–714.
30. Dang CV, O’Donnell KA, Juopperi T. 2005. The great MYC escape in tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 8: 177–178.
31. Dang CV, O’Donnell KA, Zeller KI, Nguyen T, Osthus RC, Li F. 2006. The c-Myc target gene network. Semin Cancer Biol 16: 253–264.
32. Dang CV, Le A, Gao P. 2009. MYC-induced cancer cell energy metabolism and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Cancer Res 15: 6479–6483.
33. Dangi-Garimella S, Yun J, Eves EM, Newman M, Erkeland SJ, Hammond SM, Minn AJ, Rosner MR. 2009. Raf kinase inhibitory protein suppresses a metastasis signalling cascade involving LIN28 and let-7. EMBO J 28: 347–358.
34. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y, Greenberg ME. 1997. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 91: 231–241.
35. Daye D, Wellen KE. 2012.Metabolic reprogramming in cancer: Unraveling the role of glutamine in tumorigenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 23: 362–369.
36. Dews M, Homayouni A, Yu D, Murphy D, Sevignani C, Wentzel E, Furth EE, Lee WM, Enders GH, Mendell JT, et al. 2006. Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nat Genet 38: 1060–1065.
37. Dews M, Fox JL, Hultine S, Sundaram P, Wang W, Liu YY, Furth E, Enders GH, El-Deiry W, Schelter JM, et al. 2010. The myc-miR-17_92 axis blunts TGF-b signaling and production of multiple TGF-b-dependent antiangiogenic factors. Cancer Res 70: 8233–8246.
38. Doebele C, Bonauer A, Fischer A, Scholz A, Reiss Y, Urbich C, Hofmann WK, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. 2010. Members of the microRNA-17-92 cluster exhibit a cell-intrinsic antiangiogenic function in endothelial cells. Blood 115: 4944–4950.
39. Donald SP, Sun XY, Hu CA, Yu J, Mei JM, Valle D, Phang JM. 2001. Proline oxidase, encoded by p53-induced gene-6, catalyzes the generation of proline-dependent reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res 61: 1810–1815.
40. Eilers M, Eisenman RN. 2008.Myc’s broad reach. Genes Dev 22: 2755–2766.
41. Ernst A, Campos B, Meier J, Devens F, Liesenberg F, Wolter M, Reifenberger G, Herold-Mende H, Lichter P, Radlwimmer B. 2010. De-repression of CTGF via the miR-17–92 cluster upon differentiation of human glioblastoma spheroid cultures. Oncogene 29: 3411–3422.
42. Fabbri M, Bottoni A, Shimizu M, Spizzo R, Nicoloso MS, Rossi S, Barbarotto E, Cimmino A, Adair B, Wojcik SE, et al. 2011. Association of a microRNA/TP53 feedback circuitry with pathogenesis and outcome of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. JAMA 305: 59–67.
43. Fan J, Zeller K, Chen YC, Watkins T, Barnes KC, Becker KG, Dang CV, Cheadle C. 2010. Time-dependent c-Myc transactomes mapped by Array-based nuclear run-on reveal transcriptional modules in human B cells. PLoS ONE 5: e9691.
44. Felsher DW, Bishop JM. 1999. Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages. Mol Cell 4: 199–207.
45. Fox JL, Dews M, Minn AJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2013. Targeting of TGF-b signature and its essential component CTGF by miR-18 correlates with improved survival in glioblastoma. RNA 19: 177–190.
46. Galaktionov K, Chen X, Beach D. 1996. Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382: 511–517.
47. Gao P, Tchernyshyov I, Chang TC, Lee YS, Kita K, Ochi T, Zeller KI, De Marzo AM, Van Eyk JE, Mendell JR, et al. 2009. c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mitochondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism. Nature 458: 762–765.
48. Gottardi CJ, Wong E, Gumbiner BM. 2001. E-cadherin suppresses cellular transformation by inhibiting b-catenin signaling in an adhesion-independent manner. J Cell Biol 153: 1049–1060.
49. Gregory PA, Bert AG, Paterson EL, Barry SC, Tsykin A, Farshid G, Vadas MA, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ. 2008. The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP1. Nat Cell Biol 10: 593–601.
50. Gupta PB, Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA. 2009. Cancer stem cells: Mirage or reality? Nat Med 15: 1010–1012.
51. Haupt Y, Maya R, Kazaz A, Oren M. 1997.Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53. Nature 387: 296–299.
52. He L, Thomson JM, Hemann MT, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S, Powers S, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, et al. 2005. A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature 435: 828–833.
53. He L, He X, Lim LP, de Stanchina E, Xuan Z, Liang Y, Xue W, Zender L, Magnus J, Ridzon D, et al. 2007. A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network. Nature 447: 1130–1134.
54. Helland A, Anglesio MS, George J, Cowin PA, Johnstone CN, House CM, Sheppard KE, Etemadmoghadam D, Melnyk N, Rustgi AK, et al. 2011. Deregulation of MYCN, LIN28B and LET7 in a molecular subtype of aggressive high-grade serous ovarian cancers. PLoS ONE 6: e18064.
55. Hemann MT, Bric A, Teruya-Feldstein J, Herbst A, Nilsson JA, Cordon-Cardo C, Cleveland JL, Tansey WP, Lowe SW. 2005. Evasion of the p53 tumour surveillance network by tumour-derived MYC mutants. Nature 436: 807–811.
56. Heo I, Joo C, Cho J, Ha M, Han J, Kim VN. 2008. Lin28 mediates the terminal uridylation of let-7 precursor MicroRNA. Mol Cell 32: 276–284.
57. Hermeking H, Rago C, Schuhmacher M, Li Q, Barrett JF, Obaya AJ, O’Connell BC, Mateyak MK, Tam W, Kohlhuber F, et al. 2000. Identification of CDK4 as a target of c-MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 2229–2234.
58. Honda R, Tanaka H, Yasuda H. 1997. Oncoprotein MDM2 is a ubiquitin ligase E3 for tumor suppressor p53. FEBS Lett 420: 25–27.
59. Hong H, Takahashi K, Ichisaka T, Aoi T, Kanagawa O, Nakagawa M, Okita K, Yamanaka S. 2009. Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53–p21 pathway. Nature 460: 1132–1135.
60. Hong L, Lai M, Chen M, Xie C, Liao R, Kang YJ, Xiao C, Hu WY, Han J, Sun P. 2010. The miR-17–92 cluster of micro-RNAs confers tumorigenicity by inhibiting oncogene-induced senescence. Cancer Res 70: 8547–8557.
61. Ivanovska I, Ball AS, Diaz RL, Magnus JF, Kibukawa M, Schelter JM, Kobayashi SV, Lim L, Burchard J, Jackson AL, et al. 2008. MicroRNAs in the miR-106b family regulate p21/CDKN1A and promote cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 28: 2167–2174.
62. Janz A, Sevignani C, Kenyon K, Ngo CV, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2000. Activation of the myc oncoprotein leads to increased turnover of thrombospondin-1 mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28: 2268–2275.
63. Jiang X, Huang H, Li Z, Li Y, Wang X, Gurbuxani S, Chen P, He C, You D, Zhang S, et al. 2012. Blockade of miR-150 maturation by MLL-fusion/MYC/LIN-28 is required for MLL-associated leukemia. Cancer Cell 22: 524–535.
64. Jin HY, Oda H, Lai M, Skalsky RL, Bethel K, Shepherd J, Kang SG, Liu WH, Sabouri-Ghomi M, Cullen BR, et al. 2013. MicroRNA-17 _ 92 plays a causative role in lymphomagenesis by coordinating multiple oncogenic pathways. EMBO J 32: 2377–2391.
65. Johnson CD, Esquela-Kerscher A, Stefani G, Byrom M, Kelnar K, Ovcharenko D, Wilson M, Wang X, Shelton J, Shingara J, et al. 2007. The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res 67: 7713–7722.
66. Judson RL, Babiarz JE, Venere M, Blelloch R. 2009. Embryonic stem cell-specific microRNAs promote induced pluripotency. Nat Biotechnol 27: 459–461.
67. Kang SG, Liu WH, Lu P, Jin HY, Lim HW, Shepherd J, Fremgen D, Verdin E, Oldstone MB, Qi H, et al. 2013. MicroRNAs of the miR-17_92 family are critical regulators of TFH differentiation. Nat Immunol 14: 849–857.
68. Kato GJ, Barrett J, Villa-Garcia M, Dang CV. 1990. An amino-terminal c-Myc domain required for neoplastic transformation activates transcription. Mol Cell Biol 10: 5914–5920.
69. Kato J, Matsushime H, Hiebert SW, Ewen ME, Sherr CJ. 1993. Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev 7: 331–342.
70. Katsuno Y, Lamouille S, Derynck R. 2013. TGF-b signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. Curr Opin Oncol 25: 76–84.
71. Kawamura T, Suzuki J, Wang YV, Menendez S, Morera LB, Raya A, Wahl GM, Izpisua Belmonte JC. 2009. Linking the p53 tumour suppressor pathway to somatic cell reprogramming. Nature 460: 1140–1144.
72. Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ. 2010. Myc-modulated miR-9 makes more metastases. Nat Cell Biol 12: 209–211.
73. King CE, Cuatrecasas M, Castells A, Sepulveda AR, Lee JS, Rustgi AK. 2011. LIN28B promotes colon cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 71: 4260–4268.
74. Klein U, Lia M, Crespo M, Siegel R, Shen Q, Mo T, Mbesi-Impiombato A, Califano A, Migliazza A, Bhagat G, et al. 2010. The DLEU2/miR-15a/16-1 cluster controls B cell proliferation and its deletion leads to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 17: 28–40.
75. Kong YW, Cannell IG, de Moor CH, Hill K, Garside PG, Hamilton TL, Meijer HA, Dobbyn HC, Stoneley M, Spriggs KA, et al. 2008. The mechanism of micro-RNAmediated translation repression is determined by the promoter of the target gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 8866–8871.
76. Korpal M, Lee ES, Hu G, Kang Y. 2008. The miR-200 family inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell migration by direct targeting of E-cadherin transcriptional repressors ZEB1 and ZEB2. J Biol Chem 283: 14910–14914.
77. Kota J, Chivukula RR, O’Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Montgomery CL, Hwang HW, Chang TC, Vivekanandan P, Torbenson M, Clark KR, et al. 2009. Therapeutic micro-RNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model. Cell 137: 1005–1017.
78. Kubbutat MH, Jones SN, Vousden KH. 1997. Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2. Nature 387: 299–303.
79. Landay M, Oster SK, Khosravi F, Grove LE, Yin X, Sedivy J, Penn LZ, Prochownik EV. 2000. Promotion of growth and apoptosis in c-myc nullizygous fibroblasts by other members of themyc oncoprotein family. Cell Death Differ 7: 697–705.
80. Lasorella A, Noseda M, Beyna M, Yokota Y, Iavarone A. 2000. Id2 is a retinoblastoma protein target and mediates signalling by Myc oncoproteins. Nature 407: 592–598.
81. Lauper N, Beck AR, Cariou S, Richman L, Hofmann K, Reith W, Slingerland JM, Amati B. 1998. Cyclin E2: A novel CDK2 partner in the late G1 and S phases of the mammalian cell cycle. Oncogene 17: 2637–2643.
82. Lee YS, Dutta A. 2007. The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 represses the HMGA2 oncogene. Genes Dev 21: 1025–1030.
83. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. 1993. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75: 843–854.
84. Legesse-Miller A, Elemento O, Pfau SJ, Forman JJ, Tavazoie S, Coller HA. 2009. let-7 Overexpression leads to an increased fraction of cells in G2/M, direct down-regulation of Cdc34, and stabilization of Wee1 kinase in primary fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 284: 6605–6609.
85. Li H, Collado M, Villasante A, Strati K, Ortega S, Canamero M, Blasco MA, Serrano M. 2009. The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming. Nature 460: 1136–1139.
86. Lin CH, Jackson AL, Guo J, Linsley PS, Eisenman RN. 2009. Myc-regulated microRNAs attenuate embryonic stem cell differentiation. EMBO J 28: 3157–3170.
87. Lin CY, Loven J, Rahl PB, Paranal RM, Burge CB, Bradner JE, Lee TI, Young RA. 2012. Transcriptional amplification in tumor cells with elevated c-Myc. Cell 151: 56–67.
88. Linsley PS, Schelter J, Burchard J, Kibukawa M, Martin MM, Bartz SR, Johnson JM, Cummins JM, Raymond CK, Dai H, et al. 2007. Transcripts targeted by the microRNA-16 family cooperatively regulate cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 27: 2240–2252.
89. Liu Q, Fu H, Sun F, Zhang H, Tie Y, Zhu J, Xing R, Sun Z, Zheng X. 2008. miR-16 family induces cell cycle arrest by regulating multiple cell cycle genes. Nucleic Acids Res 36: 5391–5404.
90. Liu W, Le A, Hancock C, Lane AN, Dang CV, Fan TW, Phang JM. 2012. Reprogramming of proline and glutamine metabolism contributes to the proliferative and metabolic responses regulated by oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109: 8983–8988.
91. Lowe SW, Cepero E, Evan G. 2004. Intrinsic tumour suppression. Nature 432: 307–315.
92. Ma L, Young J, Prabhala H, Pan E, Mestdagh P, Muth D, Teruya-Feldstein J, Reinhardt F, Onder TT, Valastyan S, et al. 2010. miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 12: 247–256.
93. Malumbres M, Barbacid M. 2009. Cell cycle, CDKs and cancer: A changing paradigm. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 153–166.
94. Malumbres M, Sotillo R, Santamaria D, Galan J, Cerezo A, Ortega S, Dubus P, Barbacid M. 2004. Mammalian cells cycle without the D-type cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4 and Cdk6. Cell 118: 493–504.
95. Marion RM, Strati K, Li H, Murga M, Blanco R, Ortega S, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Serrano M, Blasco MA. 2009. A p53-mediated DNA damage response limits reprogramming to ensure iPS cell genomic integrity. Nature 460: 1149–1153.
96. Marson A, Levine SS, Cole MF, Frampton GM, Brambrink T, Johnstone S, Guenther MG, Johnston WK, Wernig M, et al. 2008. Connecting microRNA genes to the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of embryonic stem cells. Cell 134: 521–533.
97. Mateyak MK, Obaya AJ, Adachi S, Sedivy JM. 1997. Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ 8: 1039–1048.
98. Mateyak MK, Obaya AJ, Sedivy JM. 1999. c-Myc regulates cyclin D-Cdk4 and -Cdk6 activity but affects cell cycle progression at multiple independent points. Mol Cell Biol 19: 4672–4683.
99. Matsushime H, Ewen ME, Strom DK, Kato JY, Hanks SK, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ. 1992. Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins. Cell 71: 323–334.
100. Mavrakis KJ, Wolfe AL, Oricchio E, Palomero T, de Keersmaecker K, McJunkin K, Zuber J, James T, Khan AA, Leslie CS, et al. 2010. Genome-wide RNA-mediated interference screen identifies miR-19 targets in Notchinduced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nat Cell Biol 12: 372–379.
101. Mayr C, Hemann MT, Bartel DP. 2007. Disrupting the pairing between let-7 and Hmga2 enhances oncogenic transformation. Science 315: 1576–1579.
102. Melton C, Judson RL, Blelloch R. 2010. Opposing micro-RNA families regulate self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 463: 621–626.
103. Mestdagh P, Bostrom AK, Impens F, Fredlund E, Van Peer G, De Antonellis P, von Stedingk SK, Ghesquiere B, Schulte S, Dews M, et al. 2010. The miR-17–92 microRNA cluster regulates multiple components of the TGF-b pathway in neuroblastoma. Mol Cell 40: 762–773.
104. Meyerson M, Harlow E. 1994. Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner. Mol Cell Biol 14: 2077–2086.
105. Miranda KC, Huynh T, Tay Y, Ang YS, Tam WL, Thomson AM, Lim B, Rigoutsos I. 2006. A pattern-based method for the identification of MicroRNA binding sites and their corresponding heteroduplexes. Cell 126: 1203–1217.
106. Mu P, Han YC, Betel D, Yao E, Squatrito M, Ogrodowski P, de Stanchina E, D’Andrea A, Sander C, Ventura A. 2009. Genetic dissection of the miR-17_92 cluster of micro-RNAs in Myc-induced B-cell lymphomas. Genes Dev 23: 2806–2811.
107. Nawrocki ST, Carew JS, Maclean KH, Courage JF, Huang P, Houghton JA, Cleveland JL, Giles FJ, McConkey DJ. 2008.Myc regulates aggresome formation, the induction of Noxa, and apoptosis in response to the combination of bortezomib and SAHA. Blood 112: 2917–2926.
108. Newman MA, Thomson JM, Hammond SM. 2008. Lin-28 interaction with the Let-7 precursor loop mediates regulated microRNA processing. RNA 14: 1539–1549.
109. Nie Z, Hu G, Wei G, Cui K, Yamane A, Resch W, Wang R, Green DR, Tessarollo L, Casellas R, et al. 2012. c-Myc is a universal amplifier of expressed genes in lymphocytes and embryonic stem cells. Cell 151: 68–79.
110. Nikiforov MA, Chandriani S, O’Connell B, Petrenko O, Kotenko I, Beavis A, Sedivy JM, Cole MD. 2002. A functional screen forMyc-responsive genes reveals serine hydroxymethyltransferase, a major source of the one-carbon unit for cell metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 22: 5793–5800.
111. Nikiforov MA, Riblett M, Tang WH, Gratchouck V, Zhuang D, Fernandez Y, Verhaegen M, Varambally S, Chinnaiyan AM, Jakubowiak AJ, et al. 2007. Tumor cell-selective regulation of NOXA by c-MYC in response to proteasome inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104: 19488–19493.
112. O’Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT. 2005. c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 435: 839–843.
113. Ogawa H, Ishiguro K, Gaubatz S, Livingston DM, Nakatani Y. 2002. A complex with chromatin modifiers that occupies E2F- and Myc-responsive genes in G0 cells. Science 296: 1132–1136.
114. Olive V, Bennett MJ, Walker JC, Ma C, Jiang I, Cordon-Cardo C, Li QJ, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, He L. 2009. miR-19 is a key oncogenic component of mir-17–92. Genes Dev 23: 2839–2849.
115. Osthus RC, Shim H, Kim S, Li Q, Reddy R, Mukherjee M, Xu Y, Wonsey D, Lee LA, Dang CV. 2000. Deregulation of glucose transporter 1 and glycolytic gene expression by c-Myc. J Biol Chem 275: 21797–21800.
116. Ota A, Tagawa H, Karnan S, Tsuzuki S, Karpas A, Kira S, Yoshida Y, Seto M. 2004. Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Res 64: 3087–3095.
117. Park SM, Gaur AB, Lengyel E, Peter ME. 2008. The miR-200 family determines the epithelial phenotype of cancer cells by targeting the E-cadherin repressors ZEB1 and ZEB2. Genes Dev 22: 894–907.
118. Pelengaris S, Khan M, Evan GI. 2002. Suppression of Mycinduced apoptosis in b cells exposes multiple oncogenic properties of Myc and triggers carcinogenic progression. Cell 109: 321–334.
119. Prendergast GC, Cole MD. 1989. Posttranscriptional regulation of cellular gene expression by the c-myc oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 9: 124–134.
120. Prendergast GC, Ziff EB. 1991. Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science 251: 186–189.
121. Prendergast GC, Diamond LE, Dahl D, Cole MD. 1990. The c-myc-regulated gene mrl encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Mol Cell Biol 10: 1265–1269.
122. Psathas JN, Doonan PJ, Raman P, Freedman BD, Minn AJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2013. TheMyc-miR-17–92 axis amplifies B-cell receptor signaling via inhibition of ITIM proteins: A novel lymphomagenic feed-forward loop. Blood 122: 4220–4229.
123. Qi Y, Gregory MA, Li Z, Brousal JP, West K, Hann SR. 2004. p19ARF directly and differentiallys controls the functions of c-Myc independently of p53. Nature 431: 712–717.
124. Qing G, Li B, Vu A, Skuli N, Walton ZE, Liu X, Mayes PA, Wise DR, Thompson CB, Maris JM, et al. 2012. ATF4 regulates MYC-mediated neuroblastoma cell death upon glutamine deprivation. Cancer Cell 22: 631–644.
125. Quelle DE, Ashmun RA, Shurtleff SA, Kato JY, Bar-Sagi D, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ. 1993. Overexpression of mouse Dtype cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes Dev 7: 1559–1571.
126. _ Rahl PB, Young RA. 2014. MYC and transcripton elongation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4: a020990.
127. Rak J, Yu JL. 2004. Oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis: The question of vascular “supply” and vascular “demand.” Semin Cancer Biol 14: 93–104.
128. Raver-Shapira N, Marciano E, Meiri E, Spector Y, Rosenfeld N, Moskovits N, Bentwich Z, Oren M. 2007. Transcriptional activation of miR-34a contributes to p53-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell 26: 731–743.
129. Reisman D, Rotter V. 1993. The helix-loop-helix containing transcription factor USF binds to and transactivates the promoter of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 345–350.
130. Rissland OS, Hong SJ, Bartel DP. 2011. MicroRNA destabilization enables dynamic regulation of the miR-16 family in response to cell-cycle changes. Mol Cell 43: 993–1004.
131. Robey RB, Hay N. 2009. Is Akt the“Warburg kinase?”—Aktenergy metabolism interactions and oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 19: 25–31.
132. Rogulski K, Li Y, Rothermund K, Pu L, Watkins S, Yi F, Prochownik EV. 2005. Onzin, a c-Myc-repressed target, promotes survival and transformation by modulating the Akt-Mdm2-p53 pathway. Oncogene 24: 7524–7541.
133. Sander S, Bullinger L, Klapproth K, Fiedler K, Kestler HA, Barth TF, Moller P, Stilgenbauer S, Pollack JR, Wirth T. 2008. MYC stimulates EZH2 expression by repression of its negative regulator miR-26a. Blood 112: 4202–4212.
134. Schuhmacher M, Kohlhuber F, Holzel M, Kaiser C, Burtscher H, Jarsch M, Bornkamm GW, Laux G, Polack A, Weidle UH, et al. 2001. The transcriptional program of a human B cell line in response to Myc. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 397–406.
135. Sears R, Ohtani K, Nevins JR. 1997. Identification of positively and negatively acting elements regulating expression of the E2F2 gene in response to cell growth signals. Mol Cell Biol 17: 5227–5235.
136. Sheiness D, Bishop JM. 1979. DNA and RNA from uninfected vertebrate cells contain nucleotide sequences related to the putative transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus. J Virol 31: 514–521.
137. Shortt J, Johnstone RW. 2012. Oncogenes in cell survival and cell death. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4: a009829.
138. Skurk C, Maatz H, Rocnik E, Bialik A, Force T, Walsh K. 2005. Glycogen-synthase kinase 3b/b-catenin axis promotes angiogenesis through activation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in endothelial cells. Circ Res 96: 308–318.
139. Sotillo E, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2011. Shielding the messenger (RNA): MicroRNA-based anticancer therapies. Pharmacol Ther 131: 18–32.
140. Sotillo E, Laver T, Mellert H, Schelter JM, Cleary MA, McMahon S, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2011. Myc overexpression brings out unexpected antiapoptotic effects of miR-34a. Oncogene 30: 2587–2594.
141. Strasser A, Harris AW, Bath ML, Cory S. 1990. Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature 348: 331–333.
142. Sun F, Fu H, Liu Q, Tie Y, Zhu J, Xing R, Sun Z, Zheng X. 2008. Downregulation of CCND1 and CDK6 by miR-34a induces cell cycle arrest. FEBS Lett 582: 1564–1568.
143. Sundaram P, Hultine S, Smith LM, Dews M, Fox JL, Biyashev D, Schelter JM, Huang Q, Cleary MA, Volpert OV, et al. 2011. p53-responsive miR-194 inhibits thrombospondin-1 and promotes angiogenesis in colon cancers. Cancer Res 71: 7490–7501.
144. Sylvestre Y, De Guire V, Querido E, Mukhopadhyay UK, Bourdeau V, Major F, Ferbeyre G, Chartrand P. 2007. An E2F/miR-20a autoregulatory feedback loop. J Biol Chem 282: 2135–2143.
145. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. 2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126: 663–676.
146. Tarasov V, Jung P, Verdoodt B, Lodygin D, Epanchintsev E, Menssen A, Meister G, Hermeking H. 2007. Differential regulation of microRNAs by p53 revealed by massively parallel sequencing: miR-34a is a p53 target that induces apoptosis and G1-arrest. Cell Cycle 6: 1586–1593.
147. Tazawa H, Tsuchiya N, Izumiya M, Nakagama H. 2007. Tumor-suppressive miR-34a induces senescence-like growth arrest through modulation of the E2F pathway in human colon cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104: 15472–15477.
148. Utikal J, Polo JM, Stadtfeld M, Maherali N, Kulalert W, Walsh RM, Khalil A, Rheinwald JG, Hochedlinger K. 2009. Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into iPS cells. Nature 460: 1145–1148.
149. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. 2009. Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324: 1029–1033.
150. Ventura A, Young AG, Winslow MM, Lintault L, Meissner A, Erkeland SJ, Newman J, Bronson RT, Crowley D, Stone JR, et al. 2008. Targeted deletion reveals essential and overlapping functions of the miR-17 through 92 family of miRNA clusters. Cell 132: 875–886.
151. Viswanathan SR, Daley GQ, Gregory RI. 2008. Selective blockade of microRNA processing by Lin28. Science 320: 97–100.
152. Wang Y, Baskerville S, Shenoy A, Babiarz JE, Baehner L, Blelloch R. 2008. Embryonic stem cell-specific micro-RNAs regulate the G1-S transition and promote rapid proliferation. Nat Genet 40: 1478–1483.
153. Wightman B, Ha I, Ruvkun G. 1993. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell 75: 855–862.
154. Winter J, Jung S, Keller S, Gregory RI, Diederichs S. 2009. Many roads to maturity: MicroRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation. Nat Cell Biol 11: 228–234.
155. Wise DR, DeBerardinis RJ, Mancuso A, Sayed N, Zhang XY, Pfeiffer HK, Nissim I, Daikhin E, Yudkoff M, McMahon SB, et al. 2008. Myc regulates a transcriptional program that stimulates mitochondrial glutaminolysis and leads to glutamine addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 18782–18787.
156. Wong AS, Gumbiner BM. 2003. Adhesion-independent mechanism for suppression of tumor cell invasion by E-cadherin. J Cell Biol 161: 1191–1203.
157. Wong P, Iwasaki M, Somervaille TC, Ficara F, Carico C, Arnold C, Chen CA, Cleary ML. 2010. The miR-17–92 microRNA polycistron regulates MLL leukemia stem cell potential by modulating p21 expression. Cancer Res 70: 3833–3842.
158. Woods K, Thomson JM, Hammond SM. 2007. Direct regulation of an oncogenic micro-RNA cluster by E2F transcription factors. J Biol Chem 282: 2130–2134.
159. Xiao C, Calado DP, Galler G, Thai TH, Patterson HC, Wang J, Rajewsky N, Bender TP, Rajewsky K. 2007. MiR-150 controls B cell differentiation by targeting the transcription factor c-Myb. Cell 131: 146–159.
160. Xiao C, Srinivasan L, Calado DP, Patterson HC, Zhang B, Wang J, Henderson JM, Kutok JL, Rajewsky K. 2008. Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17–92 expression in lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 9: 405–414.
161. Yamakuchi M, Ferlito M, Lowenstein CJ. 2008. miR-34a repression of SIRT1 regulates apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 13421–13426.
162. Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ. 1995. Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80: 285–291.
163. Yecies JL, Manning BD. 2011. mTOR links oncogenic signaling to tumor cell metabolism. J Mol Med (Berl) 89: 221–228.
164. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Ntosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir GA, Ruotti V, Stewart R, et al. 2007. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318: 1917–1920.
165. Zamore PD, Haley B. 2005. Ribo-gnome: The big world of small RNAs. Science 309: 1519–1524.
166. Zhang X, Chen X, Lin J, Lwin T, Wright G, Moscinski LC, Dalton WS, Seto E, Wright K, Sotomayor E, et al. 2012. Myc represses miR-15a/miR-16–1 expression through recruitment of HDAC3 in mantle cell and other non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 31: 3002–3008.
167. Zhao H, Kalota A, Jin S, Gewirtz AM. 2009. The c-myb proto-oncogene and microRNA-15a comprise an active autoregulatory feedback loop in human hematopoietic cells. Blood 113: 505–516.
168. Zhao ZN, Bai JX, Zhou Q, Yan B, Qin WW, Jia LT, Meng YL, Jin BQ, Yao LB, Wang T, et al. 2012. TSA suppresses miR-106b-93–25 cluster expression through downregulation of MYC and inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human EMC. PLoS ONE 7: e45133.
169. Zhong X, Li N, Liang S, Huang Q, Coukos G, Zhang L. 2010. Identification of microRNAs regulating reprogramming factor LIN28 in embryonic stem cells and cancer cells. J Biol Chem 285: 41961–41971.
170. Zhu Y, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Liu JJ, Li TJ, Yang JR, Zeng C, Zhuang SM. 2012. MicroRNA-26a/b and their host genes cooperate to inhibit the G1/S transition by activating the pRb protein. Nucleic Acids Res 40: 4615–4625.
171. Zindy F, Eischen CM, Randle DH, Kamijo T, Cleveland JL, Sherr CJ, Roussel MF. 1998. Myc signaling via the ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and immortalization. Genes Dev 12: 2424–2433.