Country Distance (COD): Development and Validation of a New Objective Measure

Journal of Small Business Management

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 102-125

  Martín Martín, Oscar ^a,b   Drogendijk, Rian ^b  

^a PUBLIC UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRE   (Spain)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887151612     PISSN: 00472778     EISSN: 1540627X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12035     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Armario, J. M., D. M. Ruiz, and E. M. Armario (2008). "Market Orientation and Internationalization in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, " Journal of Small Business Management 46(4), 485-511.
2. Arteaga-Ortiz, J., and R. Fernández-Ortiz (2010). "Why Don't We Use the Same Export Barrier Measurement Scale? An Empirical Analysis in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, " Journal of Small Business Management 48(3), 395-420.
3. Barraclough, G., Ed. (1988). Concise Atlas of World History. London: Times Books.
4. Barrett, D. B., Ed. (1982). World Christian Encyclopedia. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
5. Beckerman, W. (1956). "Distance and the Pattern of Intra-European Trade, " Review of Economics and Statistics 38(1), 31-40.
6. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
7. Brewer, P. A. (2007a). "Operationalizing Psychic Distance: A Revised Approach, " Journal of International Marketing 15(1), 44-66.
8. Brewer, P. A. (2007b). "Psychic Distance and Australian Export Market Selection, " Australian Journal of Management 32(1), 73-94.
9. Brouthers, L. E., and G. Nakos (2005). "The Role of Systematic International Market Selection on Small Firms' Export Performance, " Journal of Small Business Management 43(4), 363-381.
10. Cavusgil, S. T., T. Kiyak, and S. Yeniyurt (2004). "Complementary Approaches to Preliminary Foreign Market Opportunity Assessment: County Clustering and Country Ranking, " Industrial Marketing Management 33, 607-617.
11. Child, J., S. H. Ng, and C. Wong (2002). "Psychic Distance and Internationalization, " International Studies of Management and Organizations 32(1), 36-56.
12. Child, J., S. B. Rodrigues, and J. G. Frynas (2009). "Psychic Distance, Its Impact and Coping Modes: Interpretations of Smes Decision-Makers, " Management International Review 49(2), 199-224.
13. Chin, W. W. (1998). "The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling, " in Modern Methods for Business Research. Ed. G. A. Marcoulides Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publisher, 295-336.
14. Clark, T., and D. S. Pugh (2001). "Foreign Country Priorities in the Internationalization Process: A Measure and an Exploratory Test on British Firms, " International Business Review 10(3), 285-303.
15. Diamantopoulos, A., and J. A. Siguaw (2006). "Formative versus Reflective Indicators in Organizational Measure Development: A Comparison and Empirical Illustration, " British Journal of Management 17(4), 263-282.
16. Diamantopoulos, A., and H. Winklhofer (2001). "Index Construction with Formative Indicators: An Alternative to Scale Development, " Journal of Marketing Research 38(May), 269-277.
17. Dow, D. (2000). "A Note on Psychic Distance and Export Market Selection, " Journal of International Marketing 8(1), 51-64.
18. Dow, D., and A. Karunaratna (2006). "Developing a Multidimensional Instrument to Measure Psychic Distance Stimuli, " Journal of International Business Studies 37(5), 578-602.
19. Dow, D., and J. Larimo (2009). "Challenging the Conceptualization and Measurement of Distance and International Experience in Entry Mode Research, " Journal of International Marketing 17(2), 74-98.
20. Drogendijk, R., and A. Slangen (2006). "Hofstede, Schwartz, or Managerial Perceptions: The Effects of Various Cultural Distance Measures on Establishment Mode Choices by Multinational Enterprises, " International Business Review 15(4), 361-380.
21. Efron, B., and R. J. Tibshirani (1993). An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall.
22. Ellis, P. D. (2008). "Does Psychic Distance Moderate the Market Size-Entry Sequence Relationship?" Journal of International Business Studies 39, 351-369.
23. Ethnologue (2008). Statistical Summaries. https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/area. Accessed on May 3, 2013.
24. Evans, J. and F. T. Mavondo (2002). "Psychic Distance and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Examination of International Retailing Operations, " Journal of International Business Studies 33(3), 515-532.
25. Evans, J., A. Treadgold, and F. Mavondo (2000). "Explaining Export Development through Psychic Distance, " International Marketing Review 17(2), 164-169.
26. Fan, T., and P. Phan (2007). "International New Ventures: Revisiting the Influences behind the 'Born-Global' Firm, " Journal of International of Business Studies 38(7), 1113-1131.
27. Fornell, C. (1982). A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis, Vol. 1: Methods. New York: Praeger.
28. Fornell, C., and D. Larcker (1981). "Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, " Journal of Marketing Research 18(February), 39-50.
29. Freedom House (2000). Freedom in the World. http://www.freedomhouse.com/uploads/FIWrank7502.xls. Accessed on December 17, 2003.
30. Ghemawat, P. (2001). "Distance Still Matters; the Hard Reality of Global Expansion, " Harvard Business Review 79(8), 137-146.
31. Gleditsch, K. S. (2003). Modified Polity P4 and P4D Data. http://weber.ucsd.edu/Bkgledits/Polity.html. Accessed on December 17, 2003.
32. Gordon, R. G., Jr (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International.
33. Grimes, B., Ed. (1992). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 12th ed. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
34. Grimes, J. E., and B. F. Grimes, Eds. (1996). Ethnologue Language Family Index. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
35. Hair, J. F., R. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
36. Håkanson, L., and B. Ambos (2010). "The Antecedents of Psychic Distance, " Journal of International Management 16, 195-210.
37. Hashai, N., and T. Almor (2004). "Gradually Internationalizing 'Born Global' Firms: An Oxymoron?, " International Business Review 13(4), 465-483.
38. Henisz, W. J. (2000a). "The Institutional Environment for Multinational Investment, " Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 16(2), 334-364.
39. Henisz, W. J. (2000b). "The Institutional Environment for Economic Growth, " Economics and Politics 12(1), 1-31.
40. Henseler, J., B. Wilson, O. Götz, and C. Hautvast (2007). "Investigating the Moderating Role of Fit on Sports Sponsoring and Brand Equity: A Structural Model, " International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 8(4), 321-324.
41. Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultural Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
42. House, R. J., P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, and V. Gupta (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
43. Jarvis, C. B., S. B. MacKenzie, and P. M. Podsakoff (2003). "A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research, " Journal of Consumer Research 30(2), 199-218.
44. Johanson, J., and J.-E. Vahlne (1977). "The Internationalisation Process of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments, " Journal of International Business Studies 8(1), 23-32.
45. Johanson, J., and J.-E. Vahlne (1990). "The Mechanism of Internationalization, " International Marketing Review 7(4), 11-24.
46. Johanson, J., and F. Wiedersheim-Paul (1975). "The Internationalisation of the Firm: Four Swedish Cases, " Journal of Management Studies 12(October), 305-322.
47. Karagozoglu, N., and M. Lindell (1998). "Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Technology-Based Firms: An Exploratory Study, " Journal of Small Business Management 36(1), 44-59.
48. Katsikeas, C. S., D. A. Skarmeas, and D. C. Bello (2009). "Developing Successful Trust-Based International Exchange Relationships, " Journal of International Business Studies 40(1), 132-155.
49. Knight, G. (2000). "Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategy: The SME Under Globalization, " Journal of International Marketing 8(2), 12-32.
50. Kogut, B., and H. Singh (1988). "The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode, " Journal of International Business Studies 19(3), 411-432.
51. Kostova, T. (1999). "Transnational Transfer of Strategic Organizational Practices: A Contextual Perspective, " Academy of Management Review 24(2), 308-324.
52. Kuivalainen, O., S. Sundqvist, and P. Servais (2007). "Firms' Degree of Born-Globalness, International Entrepreneurial Orientation and Export Performance, " Journal of World Business 42(3), 253-267.
53. Lee, D.-J., and J.-I. Jang (1998). "The Role of Relational Exchange between Exporters and Importers, Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Australian Exporters, " Journal of Small Business Management 36(1), 12-23.
54. Leonidou, L. (2004). "An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development, " Journal of Small Business Management 42(3), 279-302.
55. Limão, N., and A. J. Venables (2001). "Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, Transport Costs, and Trade, " The World Bank Economic Review 15(3), 451-479.
56. Lu, J. W., and P. W. Beamish (2006). "SME Internationalization and Performance: Growth vs. Profitability, " Journal of International Entrepreneurship 4(1), 27-48.
57. Luo, Y. (2001). "Toward a Cooperative View of MNC-Host Government Relations: Building Blocks and Performance Implications, " Journal of International Business Studies 32(3), 401-419.
58. Malhotra, S., K. Sivakumar, and P. C. Zhu (2009). "Distance Factors and Target Market Selection: The Moderating Effect of Market Potential, " International Marketing Review 26(6), 651-673.
59. Mathieson, K., E. Peacock, and W. W. Chin (2001). "Extending the Technology Acceptance Model: The Influence of Perceived User Resources, " The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems 32(Summer), 86-112.
60. Meredith, M. (2005). The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Grp.
61. Nordström, K. A. (1991). The Internationalisation Process of the Firm: Searching for New Patterns and Explanations. PhD dissertation, Stockholm School of Economics.
62. Okeahalam, C. C., and S. Wood (2009). "Financing Internationalization: A Case Study of an African Retail Transnational Corporation, " Journal of Economic Geography 9, 511-537.
63. Papadopoulos, N., and O. Martín Martín (2010). "Toward a Model of the Relationship between Internationalization and Export Performance, " International Business Review 19(4), 388-406.
64. Papadopoulos, N., and O. Martín Martín (2011). "International Market Selection and Segmentation: Perspectives and Challenges, " International Marketing Review 28(2), 132-149.
65. Peng, M. W., and P. S. Heath (1996). "The Growth of the Firm in Planned Economies in Transition: Institutions, Organizations, and Strategic Choice, " Academy of Management Review 21, 492-528.
66. Quinn, J. B. (1980). "Managing Strategic Change, " Sloan Management Review 21(4), 3-20.
67. Rauch, J. E. (1999). "Networks versus Markets in International Trade, " Journal of International Economics 48(1), 7-35.
68. Ricks, D. A. (1993). Blunders in International Business. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd.
69. Ronen, S., and O. Shenkar (1985). "Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis, " Academy of Management Review 10(3), 435-454.
70. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). "Beyond Individualism/Collectivism, New Cultural Dimensions of Values, " in Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Eds. U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi and G. Yoon Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 85-119.
71. Shenkar, O. (2001). "Cultural Distance Revisited: Toward a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences, " Journal of International Business Studies 32(3), 519-536.
72. Sousa, C. M. P., and F. Bradley (2005). "Global Markets: Does Psychic Distance Matter?" Journal of Strategic Marketing 13(1), 43-59.
73. Sousa, C. M. P., and F. Bradley (2006). "Cultural Distance and Psychic Distance: Two Peas in a Pod?" Journal of International Marketing 14(1), 49-70.
74. Sousa, C. M. P., and L. F. Lages (2011). "The PD Scale: A Measure of Psychic Distance and Its Impact on International Marketing Strategy, " International Marketing Review 28(2), 201-222.
75. Stöttinger, B., and B. B. Schlegelmilch (1998). "Explaining Export Development through Psychic Distance: Enlightening or Elusive?" International Marketing Review 15(5), 357-372.
76. Tenenhaus, M., V. Esposito Vinzi, Y.-M. Chatelin, and C. Lauro (2005). "PLS Path Modeling, " Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 48, 159-205.
77. Tsang, E. W. K., and P. S. L. Yip (2007). "Economic Distance and the Survival of Foreign Direct Investments, " Academy of Management Journal 50(5), 1156-1168.
78. Vahlne, J.-E., and F. Wiedersheim-Paul (1977). "Psychic Distance: An Inhibiting Factor in International Trade, " Working paper No. 2, Centre for International Business Studies, Department of Business Administration, Uppsala University.
79. Welch, D. E., L. S. Welch, and R. Marschan-Piekkari (2001). "The Persistent Impact of Language on Global Operations, " Prometheus 19(3), 193-209.
80. Werts, C. E., R. L. Linn, and K. G. Jöreskog (1974). "Intraclass Reliability Estimates: Testing Structural Assumptions, " Educational and Psychological Measurement 34, 25-33.
81. West, J., and J. L. Graham (2004). "A Linguistic-Based Measure of Cultural Distance and Its Relationship to Managerial Values, " Management International Review 44(3), 239-260.
82. World Bank (2003). World Development Indicators 2003. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
83. World Bank (2011). World Development Indicators Database, World Bank, 14 April 2011. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table. Accessed Jun. 1, 2011.