Molecular biomarkers in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal adenocarcinoma

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 140, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 133-147

  Tänzer, Marc ^a   Liebl, Magdalena ^a   Quante, Michael ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Cancer; Colon; Esophagus; Stomach

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DNA; FLUOROURACIL; RNA;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; DISEASE COURSE; DYSPLASIA; EPIGENETICS; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT; METAPLASIA; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STOMACH ADENOCARCINOMA; TUMOR BIOPSY;

BIOMARKERS; CANCER; COLON; ESOPHAGUS; STOMACH;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ANIMALS; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84885188509     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (291)

1. M.R. Abbaszadegan, O. Moaven, H.R. Sima, K. Ghafarzadegan, A. A'Rabi, and M.N. Forghani P16 promoter hypermethylation: a useful serum marker for early detection of gastric cancer World J Gastroenterol 14 13 2008 2055 2060
2. V.A. Acciari, E. Aliu, T. Arlen, M. Bautista, M. Beilicke, and W. Benbow Radio imaging of the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission region in the central engine of a radio galaxy Science 325 5939 2009 444 448 10.1126/science.1175406 (1175406 [pii])
3. D.A. Ahlquist, J.E. Skoletsky, K.A. Boynton, J.J. Harrington, D.W. Mahoney, and W.E. Pierceall Colorectal cancer screening by detection of altered human DNA in stool: feasibility of a multitarget assay panel Gastroenterology 119 5 2000 1219 1227 (doi: S0016508500895268 [pii])
4. D.A. Ahlquist, D.J. Sargent, C.L. Loprinzi, T.R. Levin, D.K. Rex, and D.J. Ahnen Stool DNA and occult blood testing for screen detection of colorectal neoplasia Ann Intern Med 149 7 2008 441 450 (W481. doi: 149/7/441 [pii])
5. F.E. Ahmed, P. Vos, S. iJames, D.T. Lysle, R.R. Allison, and G. Flake Transcriptomic molecular markers for screening human colon cancer in stool and tissue Cancer Genomics Proteomics 4 1 2007 1 20
6. Y. Akatsu, Y. Saikawa, T. Kubota, T. Akatsu, M. Yoshida, and Y. Kitagawa Predictive value of gadd153, p21 and c-jun for chemotherapy response in gastric cancer Cancer Sci 98 5 2007 707 715 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00435.x (CAS435 [pii])
7. P. Alhopuro, H. Alazzouzi, H. Sammalkorpi, V. Davalos, R. Salovaara, and A. Hemminki Smad4 levels and response to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer Clin Cancer Res 11 17 2005 6311 6316 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0244 (11/17/6311 [pii])
8. C. An, I.S. Choi, J.C. Yao, S. Worah, K. Xie, and P.F. Mansfield Prognostic significance of cpg island methylator phenotype and microsatellite instability in gastric carcinoma Clin Cancer Res 11 2 Pt 1 2005 656 663 (doi: 11/2/656 [pii])
9. G.K. Anagnostopoulos, D. Stefanou, E. Arkoumani, L. Chalkley, J. Karagiannis, and K. Paraskeva Expression of BAX protein in gastric carcinomas. A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study Acta Gastroenterol Belg 70 3 2007 285 289
10. A. Andermann, I. Blancquaert, S. Beauchamp, and V. Dery Revisiting WILSON and JUNGNER in the genomic age: a review of screening criteria over the past 40 years Bull World Health Organ 86 4 2008 317 319 (doi: S0042-96862008000400018 [pii])
11. Y.H. Baek, E. Chang, Y.J. Kim, B.K. Kim, J.H. Sohn, and D.I. Park Stool methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of colorectal neoplasia in Korean patients Dis Colon Rectum 52 8 2009 1452 1459 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181a79533 (discussion 1459-1463. 00003453-200908000-00015 [pii])
12. S.G. Baker, B.S. Kramer, M. McIntosh, B.H. Patterson, Y. Shyr, and S. Skates Evaluating markers for the early detection of cancer: overview of study designs and methods Clin Trials 3 1 2006 43 56
13. A.T. Bamias, M.C. Bai, N.J. Agnantis, M.C. Michael, Y.P. Alamanos, and S.V. Stefanaki Prognostic significance of the deleted in colorectal cancer gene protein expression in high-risk resected gastric carcinoma Cancer Invest 21 3 2003 333 340
14. Y.J. Bang, E. Van Cutsem, A. Feyereislova, H.C. Chung, L. Shen, and A. Sawaki Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of her2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (toga): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial Lancet 376 9742 2010 687 697 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61121-X (S0140-6736(10)61121-X [pii])
15. K. Bani-Hani, I.G. Martin, L.J. Hardie, N. Mapstone, J.A. Briggs, and D. Forman Prospective study of cyclin d1 overexpression in Barrett's esophagus: association with increased risk of adenocarcinoma J Natl Cancer Inst 92 16 2000 1316 1321
16. L. Barault, C. Charon-Barra, V. Jooste, M.F. de la Vega, L. Martin, and P. Roignot Hypermethylator phenotype in sporadic colon cancer: study on a population-based series of 582 cases Cancer Res 68 20 2008 8541 8546 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1171 (68/20/8541 [pii])
17. S. Beghelli, G. de Manzoni, S. Barbi, A. Tomezzoli, F. Roviello, and C. Di Gregorio Microsatellite instability in gastric cancer is associated with better prognosis in only stage II cancers Surgery 139 3 2006 347 356 10.1016/j.surg.2005.08.021 (S0039-6060(05)00504-0 [pii])
18. B.M. Berger, and D.A. Ahlquist Stool DNA screening for colorectal neoplasia: biological and technical basis for high detection rates Pathology 44 2 2012 80 88 10.1097/PAT.0b013e3283502fdf
19. C. Bernal, F. Aguayo, C. Villarroel, M. Vargas, I. Diaz, and F.J. Ossandon Reprimo as a potential biomarker for early detection in gastric cancer Clin Cancer Res 14 19 2008 6264 6269 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4522 (14/19/6264 [pii])
20. M.M. Bertagnolli, D. Niedzwiecki, C.C. Compton, H.P. Hahn, M. Hall, and B. Damas Microsatellite instability predicts improved response to adjuvant therapy with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in stage iii colon cancer: cancer and leukemia group b protocol 89803 J Clin Oncol 27 11 2009 1814 1821 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.2071 (JCO.2008.18.2071 [pii])
21. E.L. Bird-Lieberman, J.M. Dunn, H.G. Coleman, P. Lao-Sirieix, D. Oukrif, and C.E. Moore Population-based study reveals new risk-stratification biomarker panel for Barrett's esophagus Gastroenterology 143 4 2012 927 935 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.041 (e923. S0016-5085(12)00944-4 [pii])
22. L.J. Bosch, B. Carvalho, R.J. Fijneman, C.R. Jimenez, H.M. Pinedo, and M. van Engeland Molecular tests for colorectal cancer screening Clin Colorectal Cancer 10 1 2011 8 23 10.3816/CCC.2011.n.002 (S1533-0028(11)70058-5 [pii])
23. L.J. Bosch, F.A. Oort, M. Neerincx, C.A. Khalid-de Bakker, J.S. Terhaar sive Droste, and V. Melotte DNA methylation of phosphatase and actin regulator 3 detects colorectal cancer in stool and complements fit Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 5 3 2012 464 472 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0315 (1940-6207.CAPR-11-0315 [pii])
24. J. Brabender, D. Arbab, X. Huan, D. Vallbohmer, P. Grimminger, and F. Ling Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) promoter methylation and response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in esophageal cancer Ann Surg Oncol 16 5 2009 1378 1383 10.1245/s10434-009-0356-1
25. M. Bretthauer Colorectal cancer screening J Intern Med 270 2 2011 87 98 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02399.x
26. M. Bretthauer, and M. Kalager Principles, effectiveness and caveats in screening for cancer Br J Surg 100 1 2013 55 65 10.1002/bjs.8995
27. T.P. Brien, R.D. Odze, C.E. Sheehan, B.J. McKenna, and J.S. Ross Her-2/neu gene amplification by fish predicts poor survival in Barrett's esophagus-associated adenocarcinoma Hum Pathol 31 1 2000 35 39
28. M.V. Brock, M. Gou, Y. Akiyama, A. Muller, T.T. Wu, and E. Montgomery Prognostic importance of promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in esophageal adenocarcinoma Clin Cancer Res 9 8 2003 2912 2919
29. T.E. Buffart, N.C. van Grieken, M. Tijssen, J. Coffa, B. Ylstra, and H.I. Grabsch High resolution analysis of DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 8, 13, and 20 in gastric cancers Virchows Arch 455 3 2009 213 223 10.1007/s00428-009-0814-y
30. R.R. Burbano, P.P. Assumpcao, M.F. Leal, D.Q. Calcagno, A.C. Guimaraes, and A.S. Khayat C-myc locus amplification as metastasis predictor in intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinomas: CGH study in Brazil Anticancer Res 26 4B 2006 2909 2914
31. D.Q. Calcagno, M.F. Leal, A.D. Seabra, A.S. Khayat, E.S. Chen, and S. Demachki Interrelationship between chromosome 8 aneuploidy, c-myc amplification and increased expression in individuals from northern brazil with gastric adenocarcinoma World J Gastroenterol 12 38 2006 6207 6211
32. D. Calistri, C. Rengucci, R. Bocchini, L. Saragoni, W. Zoli, and D. Amadori Fecal multiple molecular tests to detect colorectal cancer in stool Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 1 5 2003 377 383 (doi: S1542356503001861 [pii])
33. M. Campan, M. Moffitt, S. Houshdaran, H. Shen, M. Widschwendter, and G. Daxenbichler Genome-scale screen for DNA methylation-based detection markers for ovarian cancer PLoS One 6 12 2011 e28141 10.1371/journal.pone.0028141 (PONE-D-11-08732 [pii])
34. B. Carvalho, T.E. Buffart, R.M. Reis, T. Mons, C. Moutinho, and P. Silva Mixed gastric carcinomas show similar chromosomal aberrations in both their diffuse and glandular components Cell Oncol 28 5-6 2006 283 294
35. A.O. Chan, K.M. Chu, S.K. Lam, B.C. Wong, K.F. Kwok, and S. Law Soluble E-cadherin is an independent pretherapeutic factor for long-term survival in gastric cancer J Clin Oncol 21 12 2003 2288 2293 10.1200/JCO.2003.08.078 (JCO.2003.08.078 [pii])
36. S.C. Chang, J.K. Lin, S.H. Yang, H.S. Wang, A.F. Li, and C.W. Chi Relationship between genetic alterations and prognosis in sporadic colorectal cancer Int J Cancer 118 7 2006 1721 1727 10.1002/ijc.21563
37. W.D. Chen, Z.J. Han, J. Skoletsky, J. Olson, J. Sah, and L. Myeroff Detection in fecal DNA of colon cancer-specific methylation of the nonexpressed vimentin gene J Natl Cancer Inst 97 15 2005 1124 1132 10.1093/jnci/dji204 (97/15/1124 [pii])
38. Z. Chen, J.Q. Fan, J. Li, Q.S. Li, Z. Yan, and X.K. Jia Promoter hypermethylation correlates with the Hsulf-1 silencing in human breast and gastric cancer Int J Cancer 124 3 2009 739 744 10.1002/ijc.23960
39. C.C. Chien, S.H. Chen, C.C. Liu, C.L. Lee, R.N. Yang, and S.H. Yang Correlation of K-ras codon 12 mutations in human feces and ages of patients with colorectal cancer (crc) Transl Res 149 2 2007 96 102 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.09.006 (S1931-5244(06)00379-3 [pii])
40. W.C. Chung, K.M. Lee, B.I. Lee, J.S. Chun, S.Y. Lee, and U.I. Chang P53 genetic polymorphism of gastric cancer in Korea Korean J Intern Med 21 1 2006 28 32
41. T.R. Church, M. Wandell, C. Lofton-Day, S.J. Mongin, M. Burger, and S.R. Payne Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer Gut 2013 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304149 (gutjnl-2012-304149 [pii])
42. G. Clement, R. Braunschweig, N. Pasquier, F.T. Bosman, and J. Benhattar Methylation of APC, TIMP3, and TERT: a new predictive marker to distinguish Barrett's oesophagus patients at risk for malignant transformation J Pathol 208 1 2006 100 107 10.1002/path.1884
43. G. Corso, C. Pedrazzani, D. Marrelli, V. Pascale, E. Pinto, and F. Roviello Correlation of microsatellite instability at multiple loci with long-term survival in advanced gastric carcinoma Arch Surg 144 8 2009 722 727 10.1001/archsurg.2009.42 (144/8/722 [pii])
44. G. Corso, S. Velho, J. Paredes, C. Pedrazzani, D. Martins, and F. Milanezi Oncogenic mutations in gastric cancer with microsatellite instability Eur J Cancer 47 3 2011 443 451 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.008 (S0959-8049(10)00873-7 [pii])
45. J. Cronin, E. McAdam, A. Danikas, C. Tselepis, P. Griffiths, and J. Baxter Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and may represent a biomarker of histological progression in Barrett's esophagus (BE) Am J Gastroenterol 106 1 2011 46 56 10.1038/ajg.2010.433 (ajg2010433 [pii])
46. D. Cunningham, W. Atkin, H.J. Lenz, H.T. Lynch, B. Minsky, and B. Nordlinger Colorectal cancer Lancet 375 9719 2010 1030 1047 10.1016/S0140- 6736(10)60353-4 (S0140-6736(10)60353-4 [pii])
47. Y.Y. Dan, J.B. So, and K.G. Yeoh Endoscopic screening for gastric cancer Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 6 2006 709 716
48. N. Dandachi, M. Balic, S. Stanzer, M. Halm, M. Resel, and T.A. Hinterleitner Critical evaluation of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the quantitative detection of cytokeratin 20 mRNA in colorectal cancer patients J Mol Diagn 7 5 2005 631 637 10.1016/S1525-1578(10) 60597-1 (S1525-1578(10)60597-1 [pii])
49. T. deVos, R. Tetzner, F. Model, G. Weiss, M. Schuster, and J. Distler Circulating methylated SEPT9 DNA in plasma is a biomarker for colorectal cancer Clin Chem 55 2009 1337 1346 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115808 (clinchem.2008.115808 [pii])
50. F. Di Nicolantonio, M. Martini, F. Molinari, A. Sartore-Bianchi, S. Arena, and P. Saletti Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 26 35 2008 5705 5712 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.0786 (JCO.2008.18.0786 [pii])
51. F. Diehl, K. Schmidt, M.A. Choti, K. Romans, S. Goodman, and M. Li Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics Nat Med 14 9 2008 985 990 10.1038/nm.1789 (nm.1789 [pii])
52. F. Diehl, K. Schmidt, K.H. Durkee, K.J. Moore, S.N. Goodman, and A.P. Shuber Analysis of mutations in DNA isolated from plasma and stool of colorectal cancer patients Gastroenterology 135 2 2008 489 498 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05. 039 (S0016-5085(08)00860-3 [pii])
53. R. Douard, S. Moutereau, V. Serru, J.P. Sales, P. Wind, and P.H. Cugnenc Immunobead multiplex RT-PCR detection of carcinoembryonic genes expressing cells in the blood of colorectal cancer patients Clin Chem Lab Med 43 2 2005 127 132 10.1515/CCLM.2005.021
54. U. Drebber, S.E. Baldus, B. Nolden, G. Grass, E. Bollschweiler, and H.P. Dienes The overexpression of c-met as a prognostic indicator for gastric carcinoma compared to p53 and p21 nuclear accumulation Oncol Rep 19 6 2008 1477 1483
55. S.E. Duff, C. Li, M. Jeziorska, S. Kumar, M.P. Saunders, and D. Sherlock Vascular endothelial growth factors c and d and lymphangiogenesis in gastrointestinal tract malignancy Br J Cancer 89 3 2003 426 430 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601145 (6601145 [pii])
56. C.G. Elsik, R.L. Tellam, K.C. Worley, R.A. Gibbs, D.M. Muzny, and G.M. Weinstock The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution Science 324 5926 2009 522 528 10.1126/science.1169588 (324/5926/522 [pii])
57. M. Esteller Relevance of DNA methylation in the management of cancer Lancet Oncol 4 6 2003 351 358 (doi: S147020450301115X [pii])
58. T. Etoh, Y. Kanai, S. Ushijima, T. Nakagawa, Y. Nakanishi, and M. Sasako Increased DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein expression correlates significantly with poorer tumor differentiation and frequent DNA hypermethylation of multiple CpG islands in gastric cancers Am J Pathol 164 2 2004 689 699 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63156-2 (S0002-9440(10)63156-2 [pii])
59. H.H. Ezzeldin, and R.B. Diasio Predicting fluorouracil toxicity: can we finally do it? J Clin Oncol 26 13 2008 2080 2082 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.5481 (JCO.2007.15.5481 [pii])
60. M. Falchetti, C. Saieva, R. Lupi, G. Masala, P. Rizzolo, and I. Zanna Gastric cancer with high-level microsatellite instability: target gene mutations, clinicopathologic features, and long-term survival Hum Pathol 39 6 2008 925 932 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.10.024 (S0046-8177(07)00577-1 [pii])
61. M. Fang, E. Lew, M. Klein, T. Sebo, Y. Su, and R. Goyal DNA abnormalities as marker of risk for progression of Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma: image cytometric DNA analysis in formalin-fixed tissues Am J Gastroenterol 99 10 2004 1887 1894 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30886.x (AJG30886 [pii])
62. R.M. Feakins, C.D. Nickols, H. Bidd, and S.J. Walton Abnormal expression of prb, p16, and cyclin d1 in gastric adenocarcinoma and its lymph node metastases: relationship with pathological features and survival Hum Pathol 34 12 2003 1276 1282 (doi: S0046817703004726 [pii])
63. C.M. Fenoglio-Preiser, J. Wang, G.N. Stemmermann, and A. Noffsinger Tp53 and gastric carcinoma: a review Hum Mutat 21 3 2003 258 270 10.1002/humu.10180
64. A.J. French, G. Petroni, S.N. Thibideau, M. Smolkin, E. Bissonette, and F. Roviello Allelic imbalance of 8p indicates poor survival in gastric cancer J Mol Diagn 6 3 2004 243 252 10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60517-X (S1525-1578(10)60517-X [pii])
65. E.G. Fritcher, S.M. Brankley, B.R. Kipp, J.S. Voss, M.B. Campion, and L.E. Morrison A comparison of conventional cytology, DNA ploidy analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus Hum Pathol 39 8 2008 1128 1135 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.02.003 (S0046-8177(08)00068-3 [pii])
66. P.C. Galipeau, X. Li, P.L. Blount, C.C. Maley, C.A. Sanchez, and R.D. Odze Nsaids modulate CDKN2A, TP53, and DNA content risk for progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma PLoS Med 4 2 2007 e67 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040067 (06-PLME-RA-0387R2 [pii])
67. V. Garcia, J.M. Garcia, C. Pena, J. Silva, G. Dominguez, and A. Hurtado Thymidylate synthase messenger RNA expression in plasma from patients with colon cancer: prognostic potential Clin Cancer Res 12 7 Pt 1 2006 2095 2100 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1644 (12/7/2095 [pii])
68. J.M. Garcia, C. Pena, V. Garcia, G. Dominguez, C. Munoz, and J. Silva Prognostic value of LISCH7 mRNA in plasma and tumor of colon cancer patients Clin Cancer Res 13 21 2007 6351 6358 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0882 (13/21/6351 [pii])
69. G. Gargano, D. Calcara, S. Corsale, V. Agnese, C. Intrivici, and F. Fulfaro Aberrant methylation within RUNX3 CpG island associated with the nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellite instability in sporadic gastric cancers. Results of a goim (gruppo oncologico dell'italia meridionale) prospective study Ann Oncol 18 Suppl. 6 2007 vi103 vi109 10.1093/annonc/mdm236 (18/suppl-6/vi103 [pii])
70. R. Gertler, D. Doll, M. Maak, M. Feith, and R. Rosenberg Telomere length and telomerase subunits as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in Barrett carcinoma Cancer 112 10 2008 2173 2180 10.1002/cncr.23419
71. G. Giribaldi, S. Procida, D. Ulliers, F. Mannu, R. Volpatto, and G. Mandili Specific detection of cytokeratin 20-positive cells in blood of colorectal and breast cancer patients by a high sensitivity real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method J Mol Diagn 8 1 2006 105 112 10.2353/jmoldx.2006.050054 (S1525-1578(10)60299-1 [pii])
72. S.C. Glockner, M. Dhir, J.M. Yi, K.E. McGarvey, L. Van Neste, and J. Louwagie Methylation of TFPI2 in stool DNA: a potential novel biomarker for the detection of colorectal cancer Cancer Res 69 11 2009 4691 4699 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0142 (0008-5472.CAN-08-0142 [pii])
73. E. Goekkurt, S. Hoehn, C. Wolschke, C. Wittmer, C. Stueber, and D.K. Hossfeld Polymorphisms of glutathione s-transferases (gst) and thymidylate synthase (ts)-novel predictors for response and survival in gastric cancer patients Br J Cancer 94 2 2006 281 286 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602891 (6602891 [pii])
74. A. Gologan, A. Krasinskas, J. Hunt, D.L. Thull, L. Farkas, and A.R. Sepulveda Performance of the revised Bethesda guidelines for identification of colorectal carcinomas with a high level of microsatellite instability Arch Pathol Lab Med 129 11 2005 1390 1397 10.1043/1543-2165(2005)129[1390:POTRBG]2.0. CO;2 (OA5476 [pii])
75. W.M. Grady, and J.M. Carethers Genomic and epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis Gastroenterology 135 4 2008 1079 1099 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.076 (S0016-5085(08)01451-0 [pii])
76. C. Gravalos, and A. Jimeno HER2 in gastric cancer: a new prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target Ann Oncol 19 9 2008 1523 1529 10.1093/annonc/mdn169 (mdn169 [pii])
77. F. Graziano, F. Arduini, A. Ruzzo, I. Bearzi, B. Humar, and H. More Prognostic analysis of E-cadherin gene promoter hypermethylation in patients with surgically resected, node-positive, diffuse gastric cancer Clin Cancer Res 10 8 2004 2784 2789
78. R. Grutzmann, B. Molnar, C. Pilarsky, J.K. Habermann, P.M. Schlag, and H.D. Saeger Sensitive detection of colorectal cancer in peripheral blood by septin 9 DNA methylation assay PLoS One 3 11 2008 e3759 10.1371/journal.pone. 0003759
79. J.P. Hamilton, F. Sato, B.D. Greenwald, M. Suntharalingam, M.J. Krasna, and M.J. Edelman Promoter methylation and response to chemotherapy and radiation in esophageal cancer Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 6 2006 701 708 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.03.007 (S1542-3565(06)00233-3 [pii])
80. J.P. Hamilton, F. Sato, Z. Jin, B.D. Greenwald, T. Ito, and Y. Mori Reprimo methylation is a potential biomarker of Barrett's-associated esophageal neoplastic progression Clin Cancer Res 12 22 2006 6637 6642 10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-06-1781 (12/22/6637 [pii])
81. M. Han, C.T. Liew, H.W. Zhang, S. Chao, R. Zheng, and K.T. Yip Novel blood-based, five-gene biomarker set for the detection of colorectal cancer Clin Cancer Res 14 2 2008 455 460 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1801 (1078-0432.CCR-07- 1801 [pii])
82. M. Hatakeyama, and H. Higashi Helicobacter pylori cagA: a new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis Cancer Sci 96 12 2005 835 843 10.1111/j.1349-7006. 2005.00130.x (CAS [pii])
83. J. He, and J.E. Efron Screening for colorectal cancer Adv Surg 45 2011 31 44
84. Y. He, J. Wu, D.C. Dressman, C. Iacobuzio-Donahue, S.D. Markowitz, and V.E. Velculescu Heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in normal and tumour cells Nature 464 7288 2010 610 614 10.1038/nature08802 (nature08802 [pii])
85. A. Herbst, K. Rahmig, P. Stieber, A. Philipp, A. Jung, and A. Ofner Methylation of NEUROG1 in serum is a sensitive marker for the detection of early colorectal cancer Am J Gastroenterol 106 6 2011 1110 1118 10.1038/ajg.2011.6 (ajg20116 [pii])
86. J.G. Herman, and S.B. Baylin Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation N Engl J Med 349 21 2003 2042 2054 10.1056/NEJMra023075 (349/21/2042 [pii])
87. E. Hitre, B. Budai, V. Adleff, F. Czegledi, Z. Horvath, and F. Gyergyay Influence of thymidylate synthase gene polymorphisms on the survival of colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant 5-fluorouracil Pharmacogenet Genomics 15 10 2005 723 730 (doi: 01213011-200510000-00006 [pii])
88. A.C. Hoffmann, D. Vallbohmer, K. Prenzel, R. Metzger, M. Heitmann, and S. Neiss Methylated DAPK and APC promoter DNA detection in peripheral blood is significantly associated with apparent residual tumor and outcome J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 135 9 2009 1231 1237 10.1007/s00432-009-0564-x
89. M. Holdhoff, K. Schmidt, R. Donehower, and L.A. Diaz Jr. Analysis of circulating tumor DNA to confirm somatic KRAS mutations J Natl Cancer Inst 101 18 2009 1284 1285 10.1093/jnci/djp240 (djp240 [pii])
90. A. How Kit, H.M. Nielsen, and J. Tost DNA methylation based biomarkers: practical considerations and applications Biochimie 94 11 2012 2314 2337 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.014 (S0300-9084(12)00296-9 [pii])
91. P.I. Hsu, H.L. Hsieh, J. Lee, L.F. Lin, H.C. Chen, and P.J. Lu Loss of RUNX3 expression correlates with differentiation, nodal metastasis, and poor prognosis of gastric cancer Ann Surg Oncol 16 6 2009 1686 1694 10.1245/s10434-009-0428-2
92. P. Huang, J. Wang, Y. Guo, and W. Xie Molecular detection of disseminated tumor cells in the peripheral blood in patients with gastrointestinal cancer J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 129 3 2003 192 198 10.1007/s00432-003-0425-y
93. Z.H. Huang, L.H. Li, F. Yang, and J.F. Wang Detection of aberrant methylation in fecal DNA as a molecular screening tool for colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions World J Gastroenterol 13 6 2007 950 954
94. F. Hvid-Jensen, L. Pedersen, A.M. Drewes, H.T. Sorensen, and P. Funch-Jensen Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett's esophagus N Engl J Med 365 15 2011 1375 1383 10.1056/NEJMoa1103042
95. B. Iacopetta, K. Kawakami, and T. Watanabe Predicting clinical outcome of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colon cancer patients: is the CpG island methylator phenotype the 5-fluorouracil-responsive subgroup? Int J Clin Oncol 13 6 2008 498 503 10.1007/s10147-008-0854-3
96. D. Ichikawa, H. Koike, H. Ikoma, D. Ikoma, N. Tani, and E. Otsuji Detection of aberrant methylation as a tumor marker in serum of patients with gastric cancer Anticancer Res 24 4 2004 2477 2481
97. W. Ichikawa, T. Takahashi, K. Suto, Y. Shirota, Z. Nihei, and M. Shimizu Simple combinations of 5-FU pathway genes predict the outcome of metastatic gastric cancer patients treated by S-1 Int J Cancer 119 8 2006 1927 1933 10.1002/ijc.22080
98. H. Ikoma, D. Ichikawa, H. Koike, D. Ikoma, N. Tani, and K. Okamoto Correlation between serum DNA methylation and prognosis in gastric cancer patients Anticancer Res 26 3B 2006 2313 2316
99. H. Ikoma, D. Ichikawa, I. Daito, T. Nobuyuki, H. Koike, and K. Okamoto Clinical application of methylation specific-polymerase chain reaction in serum of patients with gastric cancer Hepatogastroenterology 54 75 2007 946 950
100. K. Imai, and H. Yamamoto Carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability: the interrelationship between genetics and epigenetics Carcinogenesis 29 4 2008 673 680 10.1093/carcin/bgm228 (bgm228 [pii])
101. A. Ismail, S. Bandla, M. Reveiller, L. Toia, Z. Zhou, and W.E. Gooding Early g(1) cyclin-dependent kinases as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in esophageal adenocarcinoma Clin Cancer Res 17 13 2011 4513 4522 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0244 (1078-0432.CCR-11-0244 [pii])
102. S.H. Itzkowitz, L. Jandorf, R. Brand, L. Rabeneck, P.C. Schroy III, and S. Sontag Improved fecal DNA test for colorectal cancer screening Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 1 2007 111 117 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.10.006 (S1542-3565(06)01044-5 [pii])
103. S. Itzkowitz, R. Brand, L. Jandorf, K. Durkee, J. Millholland, and L. Rabeneck A simplified, noninvasive stool DNA test for colorectal cancer detection Am J Gastroenterol 103 11 2008 2862 2870 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008. 02088.x (AJG2088 [pii])
104. C.D. Jee, M.A. Kim, E.J. Jung, J. Kim, and W.H. Kim Identification of genes epigenetically silenced by cpg methylation in human gastric carcinoma Eur J Cancer 45 7 2009 1282 1293 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.12.027 (S0959-8049(08)01057-5 [pii])
105. A. Jemal, M.M. Center, C. DeSantis, and E.M. Ward Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19 8 2010 1893 1907 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0437 (1055-9965.EPI-10-0437 [pii])
106. A. Jemal, F. Bray, M.M. Center, J. Ferlay, E. Ward, and D. Forman Global cancer statistics CA Cancer J Clin 61 2 2011 69 90 10.3322/caac.20107 (caac.20107 [pii])
107. Z. Jin, Y. Mori, J. Yang, F. Sato, T. Ito, and Y. Cheng Hypermethylation of the nel-like 1 gene is a common and early event and is associated with poor prognosis in early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma Oncogene 26 43 2007 6332 6340 10.1038/sj.onc.1210461 (1210461 [pii])
108. Z. Jin, A. Olaru, J. Yang, F. Sato, Y. Cheng, and T. Kan Hypermethylation of tachykinin-1 is a potential biomarker in human esophageal cancer Clin Cancer Res 13 21 2007 6293 6300 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0818 (13/21/6293 [pii])
109. Z. Jin, J.P. Hamilton, J. Yang, Y. Mori, A. Olaru, and F. Sato Hypermethylation of the AKAP12 promoter is a biomarker of Barrett's-associated esophageal neoplastic progression Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17 2008 111 117 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0407 (17/1/111 [pii])
110. Z. Jin, Y. Cheng, W. Gu, Y. Zheng, F. Sato, and Y. Mori A multicenter, double-blinded validation study of methylation biomarkers for progression prediction in Barrett's esophagus Cancer Res 69 10 2009 4112 4115 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0028 (0008-5472.CAN-09-0028 [pii])
111. Y.E. Joo, I.J. Chung, Y.K. Park, Y.S. Koh, J.H. Lee, and C.H. Park Expression of cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and Ki-67 in gastric cancer J Korean Med Sci 21 5 2006 871 876 (doi: 200610871 [pii])
112. S. Junnila, A. Kokkola, T. Mizuguchi, K. Hirata, M.L. Karjalainen-Lindsberg, and P. Puolakkainen Gene expression analysis identifies over-expression of CXCL1, SPARC, SPP1, and SULF1 in gastric cancer Genes Chromosomes Cancer 49 1 2010 28 39 10.1002/gcc.20715
113. H. Kamiyama, H. Noda, O. Takata, K. Suzuki, Y. Kawamura, and F. Konishi Promoter hypermethylation of tumor-related genes in peritoneal lavage and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer J Surg Oncol 100 1 2009 69 74 10.1002/jso.21291
114. A. Kaneda, and K. Yagi Two groups of DNA methylation markers to classify colorectal cancer into three epigenotypes Cancer Sci 102 1 2011 18 24 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01712.x
115. Y.H. Kang, H.S. Lee, and W.H. Kim Promoter methylation and silencing of PTEN in gastric carcinoma Lab Invest 82 3 2002 285 291
116. C.S. Karapetis, S. Khambata-Ford, D.J. Jonker, C.J. O'Callaghan, D. Tu, and N.C. Tebbutt K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 359 17 2008 1757 1765 10.1056/NEJMoa0804385 (359/17/1757 [pii])
117. K. Kato, S. Iida, H. Uetake, Y. Takagi, T. Yamashita, and M. Inokuchi Methylated TMS1 and DAPK genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in gastric cancer Int J Cancer 122 3 2008 603 608 10.1002/ijc.23143
118. K. Kawakami, J. Brabender, R.V. Lord, S. Groshen, B.D. Greenwald, and M.J. Krasna Hypermethylated APC DNA in plasma and prognosis of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma J Natl Cancer Inst 92 22 2000 1805 1811
119. S.E. Kern Why your new cancer biomarker may never work: recurrent patterns and remarkable diversity in biomarker failures Cancer Res 72 23 2012 6097 6101 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3232 (0008-5472.CAN-12-3232 [pii])
120. T.Y. Kim, H.J. Lee, K.S. Hwang, M. Lee, J.W. Kim, and Y.J. Bang Methylation of RUNX3 in various types of human cancers and premalignant stages of gastric carcinoma Lab Invest 84 4 2004 479 484 10.1038/labinvest.3700060 (3700060 [pii])
121. Y. Kimura, T. Noguchi, K. Kawahara, K. Kashima, T. Daa, and S. Yokoyama Genetic alterations in 102 primary gastric cancers by comparative genomic hybridization: gain of 20q and loss of 18q are associated with tumor progression Mod Pathol 17 11 2004 1328 1337 10.1038/modpathol.3800180 (3800180 [pii])
122. R.D. King, J. Rowland, S.G. Oliver, M. Young, W. Aubrey, and E. Byrne Make way for robot scientists Science 325 5943 2009 945 10.1126/science.325-945a (325/5943/945-a [pii])
123. Y. Kitajima, K. Ohtaka, M. Mitsuno, M. Tanaka, S. Sato, and Y. Nakafusa Helicobacter pylori infection is an independent risk factor for RUNX3 methylation in gastric cancer Oncol Rep 19 1 2008 197 202
124. Y. Kitayama, H. Igarashi, F. Watanabe, Y. Maruyama, M. Kanamori, and H. Sugimura Nonrandom chromosomal numerical abnormality predicting prognosis of gastric cancer: a retrospective study of 51 cases using pathology archives Lab Invest 83 9 2003 1311 1320
125. Y. Kodera, S. Ito, M. Fujiwara, Y. Mochizuki, G. Nakayama, and N. Ohashi Gene expression of 5-fluorouracil metabolic enzymes in primary gastric cancer: correlation with drug sensitivity against 5-fluorouracil Cancer Lett 252 2 2007 307 313 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.01.006 (S0304-3835(07)00011-0 [pii])
126. Y. Koga, M. Yasunaga, Y. Moriya, T. Akasu, S. Fujita, and S. Yamamoto Detection of colorectal cancer cells from feces using quantitative real-time RT-PCR for colorectal cancer diagnosis Cancer Sci 99 10 2008 1977 1983 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00954.x (CAS954 [pii])
127. H. Koike, D. Ichikawa, H. Ikoma, E. Otsuji, K. Kitamura, and H. Yamagishi Comparison of methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in peripheral blood of gastric cancer patients J Surg Oncol 87 4 2004 182 186 10.1002/jso.20106
128. H. Koike, D. Ichikawa, H. Ikoma, N. Tani, D. Ikoma, and E. Otsuji Comparison of serum aberrant methylation and conventional tumor markers in gastric cancer patients Hepatogastroenterology 52 64 2005 1293 1296
129. S.H. Koo, T.E. Jeong, J. Kang, K.C. Kwon, J.W. Park, and S.M. Noh Prognostic implications for gastric carcinoma based on loss of heterozygosity genotypes correlation with clinicopathologic variables Cancer Genet Cytogenet 153 1 2004 26 31 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.12.020 (S0165460803005466 [pii])
130. J. Kountouras, C. Zavos, D. Chatzopoulos, and P. Katsinelos New aspects of Helicobacter pylori infection involvement in gastric oncogenesis J Surg Res 146 1 2008 149 158 10.1016/j.jss.2007.06.011 (S0022-4804(07)00426-X [pii])
131. G. Kouraklis, I.E. Katsoulis, S. Theocharis, G. Tsourouflis, N. Xipolitas, and A. Glinavou Does the expression of cyclin E, pRb, and p21 correlate with prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma? Dig Dis Sci 54 5 2009 1015 1020 10.1007/s10620-008-0464-y
132. F. Ksiaa, S. Ziadi, K. Amara, S. Korbi, and M. Trimeche Biological significance of promoter hypermethylation of tumor-related genes in patients with gastric carcinoma Clin Chim Acta 404 2 2009 128 133 10.1016/j.cca.2009.03. 044 (S0009-8981(09)00153-3 [pii])
133. K. Kunii, L. Davis, J. Gorenstein, H. Hatch, M. Yashiro, and A. Di Bacco FGFR2-amplified gastric cancer cell lines require Fgfr2 and Erbb3 signaling for growth and survival Cancer Res 68 7 2008 2340 2348 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5229 (68/7/2340 [pii])
134. M. Kusano, M. Toyota, H. Suzuki, K. Akino, F. Aoki, and M. Fujita Genetic, epigenetic, and clinicopathologic features of gastric carcinomas with the cpg island methylator phenotype and an association with Epstein-Barr virus Cancer 106 7 2006 1467 1479 10.1002/cncr.21789
135. L. Laghi, P. Bianchi, and A. Malesci Differences and evolution of the methods for the assessment of microsatellite instability Oncogene 27 49 2008
136. P. Lao-Sirieix, L. Lovat, and R.C. Fitzgerald Cyclin a immunocytology as a risk stratification tool for Barrett's esophagus surveillance Clin Cancer Res 13 2 Pt 1 2007 659 665 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1385 (13/2/659 [pii])
137. P. Lao-Sirieix, A. Boussioutas, S.R. Kadri, M. O'Donovan, I. Debiram, and M. Das Non-endoscopic screening biomarkers for Barrett's oesophagus: from microarray analysis to the clinic Gut 58 11 2009 1451 1459 10.1136/gut.2009. 180281 (gut.2009.180281 [pii])
138. R.J. Leary, I. Kinde, F. Diehl, K. Schmidt, C. Clouser, and C. Duncan Development of personalized tumor biomarkers using massively parallel sequencing Sci Transl Med 2 20 2010 20ra14 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000702 (2/20/20ra14 [pii])
139. J.K. Lee, and A.T. Chan Molecular prognostic and predictive markers in colorectal cancer: current status Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 7 2 2011 136 144 10.1007/s11888-011-0091-4
140. H.S. Lee, H.K. Lee, H.S. Kim, H.K. Yang, and W.H. Kim Tumour suppressor gene expression correlates with gastric cancer prognosis J Pathol 200 1 2003 39 46 10.1002/path.1288
141. H.K. Lee, H.S. Lee, H.K. Yang, W.H. Kim, K.U. Lee, and K.J. Choe Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 and p53 expression in gastric cancer Int J Colorectal Dis 18 6 2003 518 525 10.1007/s00384-003-0491-2
142. B.B. Lee, E.J. Lee, E.H. Jung, H.K. Chun, D.K. Chang, and S.Y. Song Aberrant methylation of APC, MGMT, RASSF2A, and Wif-1 genes in plasma as a biomarker for early detection of colorectal cancer Clin Cancer Res 15 19 2009 6185 6191 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0111 (1078-0432.CCR-09-0111 [pii])
143. W.K. Leung, K.F. To, E.S. Chu, M.W. Chan, A.H. Bai, and E.K. Ng Potential diagnostic and prognostic values of detecting promoter hypermethylation in the serum of patients with gastric cancer Br J Cancer 92 12 2005 2190 2194 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602636 (6602636 [pii])
144. W.K. Leung, K.F. To, E.P. Man, M.W. Chan, A.H. Bai, and A.J. Hui Quantitative detection of promoter hypermethylation in multiple genes in the serum of patients with colorectal cancer Am J Gastroenterol 100 10 2005 2274 2279 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.50412.x (AJG50412 [pii])
145. W.K. Leung, K.F. To, E.P. Man, M.W. Chan, A.J. Hui, and S.S. Ng Detection of hypermethylated DNA or cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA in fecal samples of patients with colorectal cancer or polyps Am J Gastroenterol 102 5 2007 1070 1076 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01108.x (AJG1108 [pii])
146. W.K. Leung, M.S. Wu, Y. Kakugawa, J.J. Kim, K.G. Yeoh, and K.L. Goh Screening for gastric cancer in Asia: current evidence and practice Lancet Oncol 9 3 2008 279 287
147. M. Li, W. Liu, Y.F. Zhu, Y.L. Chen, B.Z. Zhang, and R. Wang Correlation of COX-2 and K-ras expression to clinical outcome in gastric cancer Acta Oncol 45 8 2006 1115 1119 10.1080/02841860601043066 (H0H660W10Q341523 [pii])
148. M. Li, W.D. Chen, N. Papadopoulos, S.N. Goodman, N.C. Bjerregaard, and S. Laurberg Sensitive digital quantification of DNA methylation in clinical samples Nat Biotechnol 27 9 2009 858 863 10.1038/nbt.1559 (nbt.1559 [pii])
149. J.T. Liang, K.C. Huang, H.S. Lai, P.H. Lee, Y.M. Cheng, and H.C. Hsu High-frequency microsatellite instability predicts better chemosensitivity to high-dose 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin chemotherapy for stage IV sporadic colorectal cancer after palliative bowel resection Int J Cancer 101 6 2002 519 525 10.1002/ijc.10643
150. F. Linkov, Z. Yurkovetsky, and A. Lokshin Biomarker approaches to the development of cancer screening tests: can cancer blood tests become a routine health check-up? Future Oncol 3 3 2007 295 298 10.2217/14796694.3.3.295
151. J.M. Liou, M.S. Wu, C.T. Shun, H.M. Chiu, M.J. Chen, and C.C. Chen Mutations in BRAF correlate with poor survival of colorectal cancers in Chinese population Int J Colorectal Dis 26 11 2011 1387 1395 10.1007/s00384-011-1229-1
152. J.W. Liu, M.S. Kim, J. Nagpal, K. Yamashita, L. Poeta, and X. Chang Quantitative hypermethylation of NMDAR2B in human gastric cancer Int J Cancer 121 9 2007 1994 2000 10.1002/ijc.22934
153. C. Lofton-Day, and R. Lesche DNA methylation markers in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Current understanding, potential applications for disease management and development of diagnostic tools Dig Dis 21 4 2003 299 308 (doi: 75352 75352 [pii])
154. C. Lofton-Day, F. Model, T. Devos, R. Tetzner, J. Distler, and M. Schuster DNA methylation biomarkers for blood-based colorectal cancer screening Clin Chem 54 2 2008 414 423 10.1373/clinchem.2007.095992 (clinchem.2007.095992 [pii])
155. J. Ma, L. Zhang, G.Q. Ru, Z.S. Zhao, and W.J. Xu Upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha mRNA is associated with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor expression and excessive angiogenesis and predicts a poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma World J Gastroenterol 13 11 2007 1680 1686
156. K. Madani, R. Zhao, H.J. Lim, and A.G. Casson Prognostic value of p53 mutations in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: final results of a 15-year prospective study Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 37 6 2010 1427 1432 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.12.018 (S1010-7940(09)01196-8 [pii])
157. A. Malesci, and L. Laghi Novel prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer Dig Dis 30 3 2012 296 303 10.1159/000336996 (000336996 [pii])
158. C.C. Maley, P.C. Galipeau, X. Li, C.A. Sanchez, T.G. Paulson, and P.L. Blount The combination of genetic instability and clonal expansion predicts progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma Cancer Res 64 20 2004 7629 7633 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1738 (64/20/7629 [pii])
159. A. Mantovani, A. Sica, P. Allavena, C. Garlanda, and M. Locati Tumor-associated macrophages and the related myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a paradigm of the diversity of macrophage activation Hum Immunol 70 5 2009 325 330 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.02.008 (S0198-8859(09)00048-2 [pii])
160. S.D. Markowitz, and M.M. Bertagnolli Molecular origins of cancer: molecular basis of colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 361 25 2009 2449 2460 10.1056/NEJMra0804588 (361/25/2449 [pii])
161. K.W. Marshall, S. Mohr, F.E. Khettabi, N. Nossova, S. Chao, and W. Bao A blood-based biomarker panel for stratifying current risk for colorectal cancer Int J Cancer 126 5 2010 1177 1186 10.1002/ijc.24910
162. J. Matsubara, Y. Yamada, Y. Hirashima, D. Takahari, N.T. Okita, and K. Kato Impact of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and HER2 expressions on outcomes of patients with gastric cancer Clin Cancer Res 14 10 2008 3022 3029 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1898 (14/10/3022 [pii])
163. K. Matsuzaki, G. Deng, H. Tanaka, S. Kakar, S. Miura, and Y.S. Kim The relationship between global methylation level, loss of heterozygosity, and microsatellite instability in sporadic colorectal cancer Clin Cancer Res 11 24 Pt 1 2005 8564 8569 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0859 (11/24/8564 [pii])
164. L.M. McShane, D.G. Altman, W. Sauerbrei, S.E. Taube, M. Gion, and G.M. Clark Reporting recommendations for tumour marker prognostic studies (remark) Br J Cancer 93 4 2005 387 391 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602678 (6602678 [pii])
165. L.M. Merlo, N.A. Shah, X. Li, P.L. Blount, T.L. Vaughan, and B.J. Reid A comprehensive survey of clonal diversity measures in Barrett's esophagus as biomarkers of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3 11 2010 1388 1397 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0108 (1940-6207.CAPR-10-0108 [pii])
166. T. Mikeska, C. Bock, H. Do, and A. Dobrovic DNA methylation biomarkers in cancer: progress towards clinical implementation Expert Rev Mol Diagn 12 5 2012 473 487 10.1586/erm.12.45
167. K. Miki Gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method Gastric Cancer 9 4 2006 245 253
168. E. Miotto, S. Sabbioni, A. Veronese, G.A. Calin, S. Gullini, and A. Liboni Frequent aberrant methylation of the CDH4 gene promoter in human colorectal and gastric cancer Cancer Res 64 22 2004 8156 8159 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3000 (64/22/8156 [pii])
169. F. Model, N. Osborn, D. Ahlquist, R. Gruetzmann, B. Molnar, and F. Sipos Identification and validation of colorectal neoplasia-specific methylation markers for accurate classification of disease Mol Cancer Res 5 2 2007 153 163 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0034 (5/2/153 [pii])
170. A.J. Munro, S. Lain, and D.P. Lane P53 abnormalities and outcomes in colorectal cancer: a systematic review Br J Cancer 92 3 2005 434 444 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602358 (6602358 [pii])
171. L. Murray, A. Sedo, M. Scott, D. McManus, J.M. Sloan, and L.J. Hardie Tp53 and progression from Barrett's metaplasia to oesophageal adenocarcinoma in a UK population cohort Gut 55 10 2006 1390 1397 10.1136/gut.2005.083295 (gut.2005.083295 [pii])
172. T. Nagasaka, N. Tanaka, H.M. Cullings, D.S. Sun, H. Sasamoto, and T. Uchida Analysis of fecal DNA methylation to detect gastrointestinal neoplasia J Natl Cancer Inst 101 18 2009 1244 1258 10.1093/jnci/djp265 (djp265 [pii])
173. R. Napieralski, K. Ott, M. Kremer, K. Specht, H. Vogelsang, and K. Becker Combined GADD45A and thymidine phosphorylase expression levels predict response and survival of neoadjuvant-treated gastric cancer patients Clin Cancer Res 11 8 2005 3025 3031 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1605 (11/8/3025 [pii])
174. G. Nesi, L. Bruno, C. Saieva, A. Caldini, L.R. Girardi, and I. Zanna DNA ploidy and s-phase fraction as prognostic factors in surgically resected gastric carcinoma: a 7-year prospective study Anticancer Res 27 6C 2007 4435 4441
175. D. Nitti, C. Belluco, E. Mammano, A. Marchet, A. Ambrosi, and R. Mencarelli Low level of p27(Kip1) protein expression in gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with disease progression and poor outcome J Surg Oncol 81 4 2002 167 175 10.1002/jso.10172 (discussion 175-166)
176. S. Nobili, L. Bruno, I. Landini, C. Napoli, P. Bechi, and F. Tonelli Genomic and genetic alterations influence the progression of gastric cancer World J Gastroenterol 17 3 2011 290 299 10.3748/wjg.v17.i3.290
177. S. Ogino, T. Kawasaki, G.J. Kirkner, M. Loda, and C.S. Fuchs CpG island methylator phenotype-low (CIMP-low) in colorectal cancer: possible associations with male sex and KRAS mutations J Mol Diagn 8 5 2006 582 588 10.2353/jmoldx.2006.060082 (S1525-1578(10)60348-0 [pii])
178. S. Ogino, J.A. Meyerhardt, N. Irahara, D. Niedzwiecki, D. Hollis, and L.B. Saltz Kras mutation in stage III colon cancer and clinical outcome following intergroup trial calgb 89803 Clin Cancer Res 15 23 2009 7322 7329 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1570 (1078-0432.CCR-09-1570 [pii])
179. S. Ogino, K. Nosho, N. Irahara, K. Shima, Y. Baba, and G.J. Kirkner Prognostic significance and molecular associations of 18q loss of heterozygosity: a cohort study of microsatellite stable colorectal cancers J Clin Oncol 27 27 2009 4591 4598 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.8858 (JCO.2009.22.8858 [pii])
180. S. Ogino, K. Nosho, G.J. Kirkner, T. Kawasaki, J.A. Meyerhardt, and M. Loda Cpg island methylator phenotype, microsatellite instability, BRAF mutation and clinical outcome in colon cancer Gut 58 1 2009 90 96 10.1136/gut.2008.155473 (gut.2008.155473 [pii])
181. T. Ohno, R. Aihara, Y. Kamiyama, E. Mochiki, T. Asao, and H. Kuwano Prognostic significance of combined expression of MUC1 and adhesion molecules in advanced gastric cancer Eur J Cancer 42 2 2006 256 263 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.10. 017 (S0959-8049(05)00950-0 [pii])
182. T. Okuyama, Y. Maehara, A. Kabashima, I. Takahashi, Y. Kakeji, and K. Sugimachi Combined evaluation of expressions of p53 and p21 proteins as prognostic factors for patients with gastric carcinoma Oncology 63 4 2002 353 361 (doi: 66223 [pii] 66223)
183. K.M. Oliver, P.H. Degnan, M.S. Hunter, and N.A. Moran Bacteriophages encode factors required for protection in a symbiotic mutualism Science 325 5943 2009 992 994 10.1126/science.1174463 (325/5943/992 [pii])
184. A. Ooki, K. Yamashita, S. Kikuchi, S. Sakuramoto, N. Katada, and K. Kokubo Potential utility of hop homeobox gene promoter methylation as a marker of tumor aggressiveness in gastric cancer Oncogene 29 22 2010 3263 3275 10.1038/onc.2010.76 (onc201076 [pii])
185. Y. Oshimo, N. Oue, Y. Mitani, H. Nakayama, Y. Kitadai, and K. Yoshida Frequent loss of RUNX3 expression by promoter hypermethylation in gastric carcinoma Pathobiology 71 3 2004 137 143 10.1159/000076468 (76468 [pii])
186. T. Otsubo, Y. Akiyama, K. Yanagihara, and Y. Yuasa Sox2 is frequently downregulated in gastric cancers and inhibits cell growth through cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis Br J Cancer 98 4 2008 824 831 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604193 (6604193 [pii])
187. A.D. Panani Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of gastric cancer: clinical implications Cancer Lett 266 2 2008 99 115 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.053 (S0304-3835(08)00167-5 [pii])
188. J. Park, S.H. Song, T.Y. Kim, M.C. Choi, H.S. Jong, and J.W. Lee Aberrant methylation of integrin alpha4 gene in human gastric cancer cells Oncogene 23 19 2004 3474 3480 10.1038/sj.onc.1207470 (1207470 [pii])
189. T.G. Paulson, C.C. Maley, X. Li, H. Li, C.A. Sanchez, and D.L. Chao Chromosomal instability and copy number alterations in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma Clin Cancer Res 15 10 2009 3305 3314 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2494 (1078-0432.CCR-08-2494 [pii])
190. N. Pawa, T. Arulampalam, and J.D. Norton Screening for colorectal cancer: established and emerging modalities Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8 12 2011 711 722 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.205 (nrgastro.2011.205 [pii])
191. D.F. Peng, H. Sugihara, K. Mukaisho, Y. Tsubosa, and T. Hattori Alterations of chromosomal copy number during progression of diffuse-type gastric carcinomas: metaphase- and array-based comparative genomic hybridization analyses of multiple samples from individual tumours J Pathol 201 3 2003 439 450 10.1002/path.1459
192. M.S. Pepe, R. Etzioni, Z. Feng, J.D. Potter, M.L. Thompson, and M. Thornquist Phases of biomarker development for early detection of cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 93 14 2001 1054 1061
193. G.I. Perez-Perez, F.J. Bosques-Padilla, M.L. Crosatti, R. Tijerina-Menchaca, and E. Garza-Gonzalez Role of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in the risk of development of distal gastric cancer Scand J Gastroenterol 40 1 2005 56 60
194. A.J. Peterson, T.R. Menheniott, L. O'Connor, A.K. Walduck, J.G. Fox, and K. Kawakami Helicobacter pylori infection promotes methylation and silencing of trefoil factor 2, leading to gastric tumor development in mice and humans Gastroenterology 139 6 2010 2005 2017 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.043 (S0016-5085(10)01292-8 [pii])
195. S. Popat, and R.S. Houlston A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between chromosome 18q genotype, DCC status and colorectal cancer prognosis Eur J Cancer 41 14 2005 2060 2070 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.039 (S0959-8049(05)00547-2 [pii])
196. S. Popat, R. Hubner, and R.S. Houlston Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis J Clin Oncol 23 3 2005 609 618 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.086 (23/3/609 [pii])
197. S. Popat, D. Zhao, Z. Chen, H. Pan, Y. Shao, and I. Chandler Relationship between chromosome 18q status and colorectal cancer prognosis: a prospective, blinded analysis of 280 patients Anticancer Res 27 1B 2007 627 633
198. G.A. Prasad, K.K. Wang, K.C. Halling, N.S. Buttar, L.M. Wongkeesong, and A.R. Zinsmeister Utility of biomarkers in prediction of response to ablative therapy in Barrett's esophagus Gastroenterology 135 2 2008 370 379 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.036 (S0016-5085(08)00777-4 [pii])
199. M. Quante, G. Bhagat, J.A. Abrams, F. Marrache, P. Good, and M.D. Lee Bile acid and inflammation activate gastric cardia stem cells in a mouse model of Barrett-like metaplasia Cancer Cell 21 1 2012 36 51
200. P.S. Rabinovitch, G. Longton, P.L. Blount, D.S. Levine, and B.J. Reid Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus III: baseline flow cytometric variables Am J Gastroenterol 96 11 2001 3071 3083 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001. 05261.x (S0002-9270(01)03823-0 [pii])
201. B.J. Reid, D.S. Levine, G. Longton, P.L. Blount, and P.S. Rabinovitch Predictors of progression to cancer in Barrett's esophagus: baseline histology and flow cytometry identify low- and high-risk patient subsets Am J Gastroenterol 95 7 2000 1669 1676 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02196.x (S0002-9270(00)00988-6 [pii])
202. B.J. Reid, L.J. Prevo, P.C. Galipeau, C.A. Sanchez, G. Longton, and D.S. Levine Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus ii: baseline 17p (p53) loss of heterozygosity identifies a patient subset at increased risk for neoplastic progression Am J Gastroenterol 96 10 2001 2839 2848 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04236.x (S0002-9270(01)02798-8 [pii])
203. R.A. Risques, T.L. Vaughan, X. Li, R.D. Odze, P.L. Blount, and K. Ayub Leukocyte telomere length predicts cancer risk in Barrett's esophagus Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 12 2007 2649 2655 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0624 (16/12/2649 [pii])
204. J. Rodriguez, J. Frigola, E. Vendrell, R.A. Risques, M.F. Fraga, and C. Morales Chromosomal instability correlates with genome-wide DNA demethylation in human primary colorectal cancers Cancer Res 66 17 2006 8462 9468 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0293 (66/17/8462 [pii])
205. A.D. Roth, S. Tejpar, M. Delorenzi, P. Yan, R. Fiocca, and D. Klingbiel Prognostic role of KRAS and BRAF in stage ii and iii resected colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60-00 trial J Clin Oncol 28 3 2010 466 474 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.3452 (JCO.2009.23.3452 [pii])
206. A. Russo, V. Bazan, B. Iacopetta, D. Kerr, T. Soussi, and N. Gebbia The tp53 colorectal cancer international collaborative study on the prognostic and predictive significance of p53 mutation: Influence of tumor site, type of mutation, and adjuvant treatment J Clin Oncol 23 30 2005 7518 7528 10.1200/JCO.2005.00.471 (JCO.2005.00.471 [pii])
207. A.M. Rygiel, F. Milano, F.J. Ten Kate, J.G. de Groot, M.P. Peppelenbosch, and J.J. Bergman Assessment of chromosomal gains as compared to DNA content changes is more useful to detect dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus brush cytology specimens Genes Chromosomes Cancer 47 5 2008 396 404 10.1002/gcc.20543
208. C. Sakakura, T. Hamada, K. Miyagawa, M. Nishio, A. Miyashita, and H. Nagata Quantitative analysis of tumor-derived methylated RUNX3 sequences in the serum of gastric cancer patients Anticancer Res 29 7 2009 2619 2625 (doi: 29/7/2619 [pii])
209. W.S. Samowitz, C. Sweeney, J. Herrick, H. Albertsen, T.R. Levin, and M.A. Murtaugh Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite-stable colon cancers Cancer Res 65 14 2005 6063 6069 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0404 (65/14/6063 [pii])
210. I. Sanchez-Perez, P. Garcia Alonso, and C. Belda Iniesta Clinical impact of aneuploidy on gastric cancer patients Clin Transl Oncol 11 8 2009 493 498 (doi: 1228 [pii])
211. D.J. Sargent, S. Marsoni, G. Monges, S.N. Thibodeau, R. Labianca, and S.R. Hamilton Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer J Clin Oncol 28 20 2010 3219 3226 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.1825 (JCO.2009.27.1825 [pii])
212. K. Schulmann, A. Sterian, A. Berki, J. Yin, F. Sato, and Y. Xu Inactivation of p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 occurs early in Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression and predicts progression risk Oncogene 24 25 2005 4138 4148 10.1038/sj.onc.1208598 (1208598 [pii])
213. H. Schwarzenbach, D.S. Hoon, and K. Pantel Cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in cancer patients Nat Rev Cancer 11 6 2011 426 437 10.1038/nrc3066 (nrc3066 [pii])
214. Y.H. Seo, Y.E. Joo, S.K. Choi, J.S. Rew, C.S. Park, and S.J. Kim Prognostic significance of p21 and p53 expression in gastric cancer Korean J Intern Med 18 2 2003 98 103
215. N.J. Shaheen, and J.E. Richter Barrett's oesophagus Lancet 373 9666 2009 850 861 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60487-6 (S0140-6736(09)60487-6 [pii])
216. L. Shen, M. Toyota, Y. Kondo, E. Lin, L. Zhang, and Y. Guo Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis identifies three different subclasses of colon cancer Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 47 2007 18654 18659 10.1073/pnas.0704652104 (0704652104 [pii])
217. C. Shen, L. Hu, L. Xia, and Y. Li Quantitative real-time RT-PCR detection for survivin, CK20 and cea in peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients Jpn J Clin Oncol 38 11 2008 770 776 10.1093/jjco/hyn105 (hyn105 [pii])
218. C. Shen, L. Hu, L. Xia, and Y. Li The detection of circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients by using multimarker (survivin, hTERT and HMAM) quantitative real-time PCR Clin Biochem 42 3 2009 194 200 10.1016/j.clinbiochem. 2008.10.016 (S0009-9120(08)00553-5 [pii])
219. R. Siegel, C. DeSantis, K. Virgo, K. Stein, A. Mariotto, and T. Smith Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012 CA Cancer J Clin 62 4 2012 220 241 10.3322/caac.21149
220. M. Sikkema, P.J. de Jonge, E.W. Steyerberg, and E.J. Kuipers Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and mortality in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8 3 2010 235 244 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.010 (quiz e232. S1542-3565(09)01045-3 [pii])
221. F.A. Sinicrope, R.L. Rego, K.C. Halling, N. Foster, D.J. Sargent, and B. La Plant Prognostic impact of microsatellite instability and DNA ploidy in human colon carcinoma patients Gastroenterology 131 3 2006 729 737 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.06.005 (S0016-5085(06)01234-0 [pii])
222. F.A. Sinicrope, N.R. Foster, S.N. Thibodeau, S. Marsoni, G. Monges, and R. Labianca DNA mismatch repair status and colon cancer recurrence and survival in clinical trials of 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy J Natl Cancer Inst 103 11 2011 863 875 10.1093/jnci/djr153 (djr153 [pii])
223. M.G. Smith, G.L. Hold, E. Tahara, and E.M. El-Omar Cellular and molecular aspects of gastric cancer World J Gastroenterol 12 19 2006 2979 2990
224. R. Soong, N. Shah, M. Salto-Tellez, B.C. Tai, R.A. Soo, and H.C. Han Prognostic significance of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase protein expression in colorectal cancer patients treated with or without 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy Ann Oncol 19 5 2008 915 919 10.1093/annonc/mdm599 (mdm599 [pii])
225. T. Sugai, W. Habano, Y.F. Jiao, M. Suzuki, A. Takagane, and S. Nakamura Analysis of genetic alterations associated with DNA diploidy, aneuploidy and multiploidy in gastric cancers Oncology 68 4-6 2005 548 557 10.1159/000086999 (86999 [pii])
226. H. Sugita, S. Iida, M. Inokuchi, K. Kato, M. Ishiguro, and T. Ishikawa Methylation of BNIP3 and DAPK indicates lower response to chemotherapy and poor prognosis in gastric cancer Oncol Rep 25 2 2011 513 518 10.3892/or.2010.1085
227. Y. Sumiyoshi, Y. Kakeji, A. Egashira, K. Mizokami, H. Orita, and Y. Maehara Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and p53 is a marker for an unfavorable prognosis in gastric cancer Clin Cancer Res 12 17 2006 5112 5117 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2382 (12/17/5112 [pii])
228. K. Suzuki, S. Ohnami, C. Tanabe, H. Sasaki, J. Yasuda, and H. Katai The genomic damage estimated by arbitrarily primed PCR DNA fingerprinting is useful for the prognosis of gastric cancer Gastroenterology 125 5 2003 1330 1340 (doi: S0016508503013519 [pii])
229. S. Suzuki, K. Egami, K. Sasajima, M. Ghazizadeh, H. Shimizu, and H. Watanabe Comparative study between DNA copy number aberrations determined by quantitative microsatellite analysis and clinical outcome in patients with stomach cancer Clin Cancer Res 10 9 2004 3013 3019
230. K. Suzuki, I. Suzuki, A. Leodolter, S. Alonso, S. Horiuchi, and K. Yamashita Global DNA demethylation in gastrointestinal cancer is age dependent and precedes genomic damage Cancer Cell 9 3 2006 199 207 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02. 016 (S1535-6108(06)00053-5 [pii])
231. E. Tahara Genetic pathways of two types of gastric cancer IARC Sci Publ 157 2004 327 349
232. H. Takada, N. Wakabayashi, O. Dohi, K. Yasui, C. Sakakura, and S. Mitsufuji Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2) is frequently silenced by aberrant promoter hypermethylation in gastric cancer Cancer Genet Cytogenet 197 1 2010 16 24 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.11.004 (S0165-4608(09)00641-4 [pii])
233. T. Takahashi, M. Suzuki, H. Shigematsu, N. Shivapurkar, C. Echebiri, and M. Nomura Aberrant methylation of reprimo in human malignancies Int J Cancer 115 4 2005 503 510 10.1002/ijc.20910
234. T. Takai, S. Kanaoka, K. Yoshida, Y. Hamaya, M. Ikuma, and N. Miura Fecal cyclooxygenase 2 plus matrix metalloproteinase 7 mRNA assays as a marker for colorectal cancer screening Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18 6 2009 1888 1893 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0937 (18/6/1888 [pii])
235. S.H. Tan, H. Ida, Q.C. Lau, B.C. Goh, W.S. Chieng, and M. Loh Detection of promoter hypermethylation in serum samples of cancer patients by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for tumour suppressor genes including RUNX3 Oncol Rep 18 5 2007 1225 1230
236. L.P. Tang, C.H. Cho, W.M. Hui, C. Huang, K.M. Chu, and H.H. Xia An inverse correlation between interleukin-6 and select gene promoter methylation in patients with gastric cancer Digestion 74 2 2006 85 90 10.1159/000097623 (97623 [pii])
237. H. Tang, J. Wang, F. Bai, H. Zhai, J. Gao, and L. Hong Positive correlation of osteopontin, cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in gastric cancer Cancer Invest 26 1 2008 60 67 10.1080/07357900701519279 (788752951 [pii])
238. M. Tanner, M. Hollmen, T.T. Junttila, A.I. Kapanen, S. Tommola, and Y. Soini Amplification of HER-2 in gastric carcinoma: association with topoisomerase II alpha gene amplification, intestinal type, poor prognosis and sensitivity to trastuzumab Ann Oncol 16 2 2005 273 278 10.1093/annonc/mdi064 (16/2/273 [pii])
239. J.M. Teodoridis, C. Hardie, and R. Brown CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in cancer: causes and implications Cancer Lett 268 2 2008 177 186 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.022 (S0304-3835(08)00225-5 [pii])
240. M. Terashima, T. Irinoda, H. Fujiwara, T. Nakaya, A. Takagane, and K. Abe Roles of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in tumor progression and sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in human gastric cancer Anticancer Res 22 2A 2002 761 768
241. L. Terrin, E. Rampazzo, S. Pucciarelli, M. Agostini, R. Bertorelle, and G. Esposito Relationship between tumor and plasma levels of htert mRNA in patients with colorectal cancer: implications for monitoring of neoplastic disease Clin Cancer Res 14 22 2008 7444 7451 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0478 (14/22/7444 [pii])
242. K. Tomii, K. Tsukuda, S. Toyooka, H. Dote, T. Hanafusa, and H. Asano Aberrant promoter methylation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 gene in human cancers Int J Cancer 120 3 2007 566 573 10.1002/ijc.22341
243. C. Tonus, M. Sellinger, K. Koss, and G. Neupert Faecal pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 for colorectal cancer screening: a meta-analysis World J Gastroenterol 18 30 2012 4004 4011 10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.4004
244. T. Toyokawa, M. Yashiro, and K. Hirakawa Co-expression of keratinocyte growth factor and K-sam is an independent prognostic factor in gastric carcinoma Oncol Rep 21 4 2009 875 880
245. T. Ushijima, and M. Sasako Focus on gastric cancer Cancer Cell 5 2 2004 121 125 (doi: S1535610804000339 [pii])
246. S. Varghese, P. Lao-Sirieix, and R.C. Fitzgerald Identification and clinical implementation of biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus Gastroenterology 142 3 2012 435 441 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.013 (e432. S0016-5085(12)00081-9 [pii])
247. A. Varis, A. Zaika, P. Puolakkainen, B. Nagy, I. Madrigal, and A. Kokkola Coamplified and overexpressed genes at ERBB2 locus in gastric cancer Int J Cancer 109 4 2004 548 553 10.1002/ijc.20001
248. O. Vidal, J.P. Metges, I. Elizalde, M. Valentini, A. Volant, and R. Molina High preoperative serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels predict poor clinical outcome after curative resection of gastric cancer Br J Surg 96 12 2009 1443 1451 10.1002/bjs.6780
249. V.V. Vlassov, P.P. Laktionov, and E.Y. Rykova Circulating nucleic acids as a potential source for cancer biomarkers Curr Mol Med 10 2 2010 142 165 (doi: CMM # 20 [pii])
250. P. Vogiatzi, C. Vindigni, F. Roviello, A. Renieri, and A. Giordano Deciphering the underlying genetic and epigenetic events leading to gastric carcinogenesis J Cell Physiol 211 2 2007 287 295 10.1002/jcp.20982
251. T. Waki, G. Tamura, M. Sato, M. Terashima, S. Nishizuka, and T. Motoyama Promoter methylation status of DAP-kinase and RUNX3 genes in neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelia Cancer Sci 94 4 2003 360 364
252. A. Walther, R. Houlston, and I. Tomlinson Association between chromosomal instability and prognosis in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis Gut 57 7 2008 941 950 10.1136/gut.2007.135004 (gut.2007.135004 [pii])
253. A. Walther, E. Johnstone, C. Swanton, R. Midgley, I. Tomlinson, and D. Kerr Genetic prognostic and predictive markers in colorectal cancer Nat Rev Cancer 9 7 2009 489 499 10.1038/nrc2645 (nrc2645 [pii])
254. A. Wanajo, A. Sasaki, H. Nagasaki, S. Shimada, T. Otsubo, and S. Owaki Methylation of the calcium channel-related gene, CACNA2D3, is frequent and a poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer Gastroenterology 135 2 2008 580 590 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.041 (S0016-5085(08)00862-7 [pii])
255. J.Y. Wang, J.S. Hsieh, M.Y. Chang, T.J. Huang, F.M. Chen, and T.L. Cheng Molecular detection of APC, K-ras, and p53 mutations in the serum of colorectal cancer patients as circulating biomarkers World J Surg 28 7 2004 721 726 10.1007/s00268-004-7366-8
256. J.Y. Wang, C.H. Wu, C.Y. Lu, J.S. Hsieh, D.C. Wu, and S.Y. Huang Molecular detection of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer using RT-PCR: significance of the prediction of postoperative metastasis World J Surg 30 6 2006 1007 1013 10.1007/s00268-005- 0485-z
257. Y.C. Wang, Z.H. Yu, C. Liu, L.Z. Xu, W. Yu, and J. Lu Detection of RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation in serum from gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma patients World J Gastroenterol 14 19 2008 3074 3080
258. J.S. Wang, M. Guo, E.A. Montgomery, R.E. Thompson, H. Cosby, and L. Hicks DNA promoter hypermethylation of p16 and APC predicts neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus Am J Gastroenterol 104 9 2009 2153 2160 10.1038/ajg.2009.300 (ajg2009300 [pii])
259. J.D. Warren, W. Xiong, A.M. Bunker, C.P. Vaughn, L.V. Furtado, and W.L. Roberts Septin 9 methylated DNA is a sensitive and specific blood test for colorectal cancer BMC Med 9 2011 133 10.1186/1741-7015-9-133 (1741-7015-9-133 [pii])
260. H. Watabe, T. Mitsushima, Y. Yamaji, M. Okamoto, R. Wada, and T. Kokubo Predicting the development of gastric cancer from combining Helicobacter pylori antibodies and serum pepsinogen status: a prospective endoscopic cohort study Gut 54 6 2005 764 768
261. D. Wei, W. Gong, M. Kanai, C. Schlunk, L. Wang, and J.C. Yao Drastic down-regulation of Kruppel-like factor 4 expression is critical in human gastric cancer development and progression Cancer Res 65 7 2005 2746 2754 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3619 (65/7/2746 [pii])
262. D. Wei, W. Gong, S.C. Oh, Q. Li, W.D. Kim, and L. Wang Loss of RUNX3 expression significantly affects the clinical outcome of gastric cancer patients and its restoration causes drastic suppression of tumor growth and metastasis Cancer Res 65 11 2005 4809 4816 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3741 (65/11/4809 [pii])
263. D.J. Weisenberger, K.D. Siegmund, M. Campan, J. Young, T.I. Long, and M.A. Faasse CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer Nat Genet 38 7 2006 787 793 10.1038/ng1834 (ng1834 [pii])
264. M.M. Weiss, E.J. Kuipers, C. Postma, A.M. Snijders, I. Siccama, and D. Pinkel Genomic profiling of gastric cancer predicts lymph node status and survival Oncogene 22 12 2003 1872 1879 10.1038/sj.onc.1206350 (1206350 [pii])
265. A.P. Weston, S.K. Banerjee, P. Sharma, T.M. Tran, R. Richards, and R. Cherian P53 protein overexpression in low grade dysplasia (lgd) in Barrett's esophagus: immunohistochemical marker predictive of progression Am J Gastroenterol 96 5 2001 1355 1362 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03851.x (S0002927001024145 [pii])
266. J.P. Wiksten, J. Lundin, S. Nordling, A. Kokkola, K. von Boguslawski, and C. Haglund The prognostic value of p27 in gastric cancer Oncology 63 2 2002 180 184 (doi: ocl63180 [pii])
267. J.P. Wiksten, J. Lundin, S. Nordling, A. Kokkola, and C. Haglund Comparison of the prognostic value of a panel of tissue tumor markers and established clinicopathological factors in patients with gastric cancer Anticancer Res 28 4C 2008 2279 2287
268. C.W. Wu, G.D. Chen, C.S. Fann, A.F. Lee, C.W. Chi, and J.M. Liu Clinical implications of chromosomal abnormalities in gastric adenocarcinomas Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35 3 2002 219 231 10.1002/gcc.10106
269. K. Yamashita, H.L. Park, M.S. Kim, M. Osada, Y. Tokumaru, and H. Inoue Pgp9.5 methylation in diffuse-type gastric cancer Cancer Res 66 7 2006 3921 3927 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1511 (66/7/3921 [pii])
270. K. Yamashita, S. Sakuramoto, N. Katada, N. Futawatari, H. Moriya, and K. Hirai Diffuse type advanced gastric cancer showing dismal prognosis is characterized by deeper invasion and emerging peritoneal cancer cell: the latest comparative study to intestinal advanced gastric cancer Hepatogastroenterology 56 89 2009 276 281
271. K. Yamashita, S. Sakuramoto, and M. Watanabe Genomic and epigenetic profiles of gastric cancer: potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications Surg Today 41 1 2011 24 38 10.1007/s00595-010-4370-5
272. K. Yanaoka, M. Oka, N. Yoshimura, C. Mukoubayashi, S. Enomoto, and M. Iguchi Risk of gastric cancer in asymptomatic, middle-aged Japanese subjects
273. D. Yao, J. Shi, B. Shi, N. Wang, W. Liu, and G. Zhang Quantitative assessment of gene methylation and their impact on clinical outcome in gastric cancer Clin Chim Acta 413 7-8 2012 787 794 10.1016/j.cca.2012.01.013 (S0009-8981(12)00034-4 [pii])
274. W. Yasui, K. Sentani, N. Sakamoto, K. Anami, Y. Naito, and N. Oue Molecular pathology of gastric cancer: research and practice Pathol Res Pract 207 10 2011 608 612 10.1016/j.prp.2011.09.006 (S0344-0338(11)00210-X [pii])
275. C.S. Yeh, J.Y. Wang, C.H. Wu, I.W. Chong, F.Y. Chung, and Y.H. Wang Molecular detection of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer by using membrane array with a multiple mRNA marker panel Int J Oncol 28 2 2006 411 420
276. J.M. Yeh, C. Hur, K.M. Kuntz, M. Ezzati, and S.J. Goldie Cost-effectiveness of treatment and endoscopic surveillance of precancerous lesions to prevent gastric cancer Cancer 116 12 2010 2941 2953 10.1002/cncr.25030
277. S.Y. Yi, and W.J. Lee A p53 genetic polymorphism of gastric cancer: difference between early gastric cancer and advanced gastric cancer World J Gastroenterol 12 40 2006 6536 6539
278. S.M. Yie, B. Lou, S.R. Ye, M. Cao, X. He, and P. Li Detection of survivin-expressing circulating cancer cells (CCCs) in peripheral blood of patients with gastric and colorectal cancer reveals high risks of relapse Ann Surg Oncol 15 11 2008 3073 3082 10.1245/s10434-008-0069-x
279. K.T. Yip, P.K. Das, D. Suria, C.R. Lim, G.H. Ng, and C.C. Liew A case-controlled validation study of a blood-based seven-gene biomarker panel for colorectal cancer in Malaysia J Exp Clin Cancer Res 29 2010 128 10.1186/1756-9966-29-128 (1756-9966-29-128 [pii])
280. Y.J. Yu, A.P. Majumdar, J.M. Nechvatal, J.L. Ram, M.D. Basson, and L.K. Heilbrun Exfoliated cells in stool: a source for reverse transcription-PCR-based analysis of biomarkers of gastrointestinal cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17 2 2008 455 458 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2515 (17/2/455 [pii])
281. J. Yu, Y.Y. Cheng, Q. Tao, K.F. Cheung, C.N. Lam, and H. Geng Methylation of protocadherin 10, a novel tumor suppressor, is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer Gastroenterology 136 2 2009 640 651 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.050 (e641. S0016-5085(08)01888-X [pii])
282. J. Yu, Q. Tao, Y.Y. Cheng, K.Y. Lee, S.S. Ng, and K.F. Cheung Promoter methylation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling antagonist Dkk-3 is associated with poor survival in gastric cancer Cancer 115 1 2009 49 60 10.1002/cncr.23989
283. K. Zafirellis, A. Karameris, N. Milingos, and G. Androulakis Molecular markers in gastric cancer: can p53 and Bcl-2 protein expressions be used as prognostic factors? Anticancer Res 25 5 2005 3629 3636
284. H.K. Zhang, Q.M. Zhang, T.H. Zhao, Y.Y. Li, and Y.F. Yi Expression of mucins and E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma and their clinical significance World J Gastroenterol 10 20 2004 3044 3047
285. X.W. Zhang, H.Y. Yang, P. Fan, L. Yang, and G.Y. Chen Detection of micrometastasis in peripheral blood by multi-sampling in patients with colorectal cancer World J Gastroenterol 11 3 2005 436 438
286. X.L. Zhang, Y.S. Yang, D.P. Xu, J.H. Qu, M.Z. Guo, and Y. Gong Comparative study on overexpression of HER2/neu and HER3 in gastric cancer World J Surg 33 10 2009 2112 2118 10.1007/s00268-009-0142-z
287. W. Zhao, T.L. Chan, K.M. Chu, A.S. Chan, M.R. Stratton, and S.T. Yuen Mutations of BRAF and KRAS in gastric cancer and their association with microsatellite instability Int J Cancer 108 1 2004 167 169 10.1002/ijc.11553
288. P. Zhao, W. Liu, and Y.L. Lu Clinicopathological significance of FHIT protein expression in gastric adenocarcinoma patients World J Gastroenterol 11 36 2005 5735 5738
289. Z.S. Zhao, Y.Y. Wang, Y.Q. Chu, Z.Y. Ye, and H.Q. Tao SPARC is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor survival of patients Clin Cancer Res 16 1 2010 260 268 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1247 (1078-0432.CCR-09-1247 [pii])
290. I. Zlobec, and A. Lugli Prognostic and predictive factors in colorectal cancer Postgrad Med J 84 994 2008 403 411 10.1136/jcp.2007.054858 (84/994/403 [pii])
291. B. Zou, C.S. Chim, H. Zeng, S.Y. Leung, Y. Yang, and S.P. Tu Correlation between the single-site CpG methylation and expression silencing of the XAF1 gene in human gastric and colon cancers Gastroenterology 131 6 2006 1835 1843 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.050 (S0016-5085(06)02218-9 [pii])