The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 36, Issue , 2013, Pages 120-158

  Barrett, Brendan T ^a   Bradley, Arthur ^b   Candy, T Rowan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amblyopia; Anisometropia; Anisometropic amblyopia; Emmetropization; Refractive error; Visual development

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION; AMBLYOPIA; ANISOMETROPIA; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; CONVERGENT STRABISMUS; EMMETROPIA; EYE DEVELOPMENT; EYE EXAMINATION; EYE TRACKING; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; HYPERMETROPIA; INCIDENCE; LIGHT REFRACTION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MONOCULAR DEPRIVATION; MYOPIA; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRESBYOPIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REFRACTION ERROR; RETINOSCOPY; RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPECTACLES; STRABISMUS; STRIATE CORTEX; VISION TEST; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL DEPRIVATION; VISUAL SYSTEM;

AMBLYOPIA; ANISOMETROPIA; ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA; EMMETROPIZATION; REFRACTIVE ERROR; VISUAL DEVELOPMENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AMBLYOPIA; ANISOMETROPIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INFANT; PREVALENCE; REFRACTIVE ERRORS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84883246903     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: 18731635     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.05.001     Document Type: Review

References (406)

1. Abrahamsson M., Sjostrand J. Natural history of infantile anisometropia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1996, 80(10):860-863. (see comment).
2. Abrahamsson M., Fabian G., Andersson A.K., Sjostrand J. Alongitudinal study of a population based sample of astigmatic children. I. Refraction and amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmologica 1990, 68(4):428-434.
3. Abrahamsson M., Fabian G., Sjostrand J. Alongitudinal study of a population based sample of astigmatic children. II. The changeability of anisometropia. Acta Ophthalmologica 1990, 68(4):435-440.
4. Abrahamsson M., Fabian G., Sjostrand J. Refraction changes in children developing convergent or divergent strabismus. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1992, 76(12):723-727.
5. Adams R.J., Dalton S.M., Murphy A.M., Hall H.L., Courage M.L. Testing young infants with the Welch Allyn suresight non-cycloplegic autorefractor. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2002, 22(6):546-551.
6. Agervi P., Kugelberg U., Kugelberg M., Simonsson G., Fornander M., Zetterstrom C. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia with spectacles or in combination with translucent Bangerter filters. Ophthalmology 2009, 116(8):1475-1480.
7. Aine E. Refractive errors in a Finnish rural population. Acta Ophthalmologica (Copenhagen) 1984, 62:944-954.
8. Almeder L.M., Peck L.B., Howland H.C. Prevalence of anisometropia in volunteer laboratory and school screening populations. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1990, 31(11):2448-2455.
9. Anderson S.J., Swettenham J.B. Neuroimaging in human amblyopia. Strabismus 2006, 14:21-35.
10. Anker S., Atkinson J., Braddick O., Nardini M., Ehrlich D. Non-cycloplegic refractive screening can identify infants whose visual outcome at 4 years is improved by spectacle correction. Strabismus 2004, 12(4):227-245. 10.1080/09273970490517935.
11. Anton A., Andrada M.T., Mayo A., Portela J., Mareya J. Epidemiology of refractive errors in an adult population: the Segovia study. Ophthamic Epidemiology 2009, 16:231-237.
12. Archer S.M. Amblyopia?. Journal of AAPOS 2000, 4(5):257.
13. Archer S.M. Are amblyopia treatments really all equal? Is that even the right question?. American Orthoptic Journal 2012, 62:1-3.
14. Astle A.T., McGraw P.V., Webb B.S. Can human amblyopia be treated in adulthood?. Strabismus 2011, 19(3):99-109.
15. Atkinson J., Braddick O., Robier B., Anker S., Ehrlich D., King J., Moore A. Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo- and videorefractive screening. Eye 1996, 10(Pt 2):189-198.
16. Attebo K., Mitchell P., Smith W. Visual acuity and the causes of visuallossinAustralia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1996, 103(3):357-364.
17. Attebo K., Mitchell P., Cumming R., Smith W., Jolly N., Sparkes R. Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population. Ophthalmology 1998, 105(1):154-159.
18. Attebo K., Ivers R.Q., Mitchell P. Refractive errors in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1999, 106(6):1066-1072.
19. Aurell E., Norrsell K. Alongitudinal study of children with a family history of strabismus: factors determining the incidence of strabismus. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1990, 74:589-594.
20. Awaya S., Watanabe Y. Amblyopia. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1995, 6(5):9-14.
21. Bacal D.A. An argument against axial length-disc area ratio as the cause of esotropic amblyopia. Archives of Ophthalmology 2004, 122(11):1732-1733. (author reply).
22. Ball E.A. Astudy of consensual accommodation. American Journal of Optometry & Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1952, 29:561-574.
23. Banks M.S., Aslin R.N., Letson R.D. Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision. Science 1975, 190:675.
24. Barrett B.T., Pacey I.E., Bradley A., Thibos L.N., Morrill P. Nonveridical visual perception in human amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44(4):1555-1567.
25. Barrett B.T., Bradley A., McGraw P.V. Understanding the neural basis of amblyopia. Neuroscientist 2004, 10(2):106-117.
26. Barrett B.T., Candy T.R., McGraw P.V., Bradley A. Probing the causes of visual acuity loss in patients diagnosed with functional amblyopia. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2005, 25(3):175-178.
27. Bedell H.D., Flom M.C. Monocular spatial distortion in strabismic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1981, 20:263-268.
28. Bedell H.E., Flom M.C. Normal and abnormal space perception. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1983, 60:426-435.
29. Bharadwaj S.R., Candy T.R. Accommodative and vergence responses to conflicting blur and disparity stimuli during development. Journal of Vision 2009, 9(11). 4. 1-18. 10.1167/9.11.4.
30. Bharadwaj S.R., Candy T.R. The effect of lens-induced anisometropia on accommodation and vergence during human visual development. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52(6):3595-3603. 10.1167/iovs.10-6214.
31. Birch E.E., Stager D.R. Monocular acuity and stereopsis in infantile esotropia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1985, 26(11):1624-1630.
32. Birch E.E., Stager D.R. Prevalence of good visual acuity following surgery for congenital unilateral cataract. Archives of Ophthalmology 1988, 106(1):40-43.
33. Birch E.E., Swanson W.H. Hyperacuity deficits in anisometropic and strabismic amblyopes with known ages of onset. Vision Research 2000, 40(9):1035-1040.
34. Birch E.E., Stager D.R., Wang J., O'Connor A. Longitudinal changes in refractive error of children with infantile esotropia. Eye (London) 2010, 24:1814-1821.
35. Blakemore C., Garey L.J., Vital-Durand F. The physiological effects of monocular deprivation and their reversal in the monkey's visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 1978, 283:223-262.
36. Blatt N. Die Vererbung von Anisometropie. von Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1924, 114:604.
37. Bonneh Y.S., Sagi D., Polat U. Local and non-local deficits in amblyopia: acutiy and spatial interactions. Vision Research 2004, 44:3099-3110.
38. Borchert M., Tarczy-Hornoch K., Cotter S.A., Liu N., Azen S.P., Varma R. Anisometropia in Hispanic and African-American infants and young children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2010, 117:148-153. MEPEDS Group.
39. Bourne R.R., Dineen B.P., Ali S.M., Noorul Huq D.M., Johnson G.J. Prevalence of refractive error in Bangladeshi adults: results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh. Ophthalmology 2004, 111(6):1150-1160.
40. Bozkurt B., Irkeç M., Orhan M., Karaaǧaoǧlu E. Thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia. Strabismus 2003, 11(1):1-7.
41. Bradley A., Freeman R.D. Contrast sensitivity in anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1981, 21(3):467-476.
42. Bradley A., Rabin J., Freeman R.D. Non-optical determinants of aniseikonia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1983, 24:507-512.
43. Bradley D.V., Fernandes A., Tigges M., Boothe R.G. Diffuser contact lenses retard azial elongation in infant rhesus monkeys. Vision Research 1996, 36:509-514.
44. Brown S.A., Weih L.M., Fu C.L., Dimitrov P., Taylor H.R., McCarty C.A. Prevalence of amblyopia and associated refractive errors in an adult population in Victoria, Australia. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2000, 7:249-258.
45. Brown B., Feigl B., Gole G.A., Mullen K., Hess R.F. Assessment of neuroretinal function in a group of functional Amblyopes with documented LGN deficits. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2013, 33:138-149.
46. Bruce A., Pacey I.E., Bradbury J.A., Scally A.J., Barrett B.T. Bilateral changesinfoveal structure in individuals with amblyopia. Ophthalmology 2013, 120(2):395-403.
47. Bullimore M.A., Fusaro R.E., Adams C.W. The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction. Optometry & Vision Science 1998, 75(8):617-622.
48. Candy T.R. Which hyperopic patients are destined for trouble?. Journal of AAPOS 2012, 16(2):107-109. 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.02.004.
49. Cass K., Tromans C. Abiometric investigation of ocular components in amblyopia. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2008, 28:429-440.
50. Chandna A., Pennefather P.M., Kovács I., Norcia A.M. Contour integration deficits in anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2001, 42:875-878.
51. Chang C.H., Tsai R.K., Sheu M.M. Screening amblyopia of preschool childrenwith uncorrected vision and stereopsis tests in Eastern Taiwan. Eye 2007, 21:1482-1488.
52. Charman W.N. Keeping the world in focus: how might this be achieved?. Optometry & Vision Science 2011, 88(3):373-376. 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31820b052b.
53. Chen P.L., Chen J.T., Tai M.C., Fu J.J., Chang C.C., Lu D.W. Anisometropic amblyopia treated with spectacle correction alone: possible factors predicting success and time to start patching. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2007, 143(1):54-60.
54. Cheng C.-Y., Hsu W.-M., Liu J.-H., Tsai S.-Y., Chou P. Refractive errors in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai eye study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44(11):4630-4638. 10.1167/iovs.03-0169.
55. Chia A., Dirani M., Chan Y.H., Gazzard G., Au Eong K.G., Selvaraj P., Ling Y., Quah B.L., Young T.L., Mitchell P., Varma R., Wong T.Y., Saw S.M. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in young Singaporean Chinese children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51:3411-3417.
56. Ciuffreda K.J., Levi D.M., Selenow A. Amblyopia: Basic and Clinical Aspects 1991, Butterworth-Heineman, Boston; London.
57. Clarke M.P., Wright C.M., Hrisos S., Anderson J.D., Henderson J., Richardson S.R. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. British Medical Journal 2003, 327:1251.
58. Cobb C.J., Russell K., Cox A., MacEwen C.J. Factors influencing visual outcome in anisometropic amblyopes. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2002, 86(11):1278-1281.
59. Colburn J.D., Morrison D.G., Estes R.L., Li C., Lu P., Donahue S.P. Longitudinal follow-up of hypermetropic children identified during preschool vision screening. Journal of AAPOS 2010, 14:211-215.
60. Colen T.P., de Faber J.T., Lemij H.G. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in human strabismic amblyopia. Binocular Vision and Strabismus Quarterly 2000, 15(2):141-146.
61. Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine (CPAM), S.O.O. Eye examination and vision screening in infants, children and young adults. Pediatrics 1996, 98:153-157.
62. Cook R.C., Glasscock R.E. Refractive and ocular findings in the newborn. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1951, 34(10):1407-1413.
63. Copps L.A. Vision in anisometropia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1944, 27:641-644.
64. Cotter S.A., Edwards A.R., Wallace D.K., Beck R.W., Arnold R.W., Weise K.K. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology 2006, 113(6):895-903. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
65. Cotter S.A., Foster N.C., Holmes J.M., Melia B.M., Wallace D.K., Repka M.X., Suh D.W. Optical treatment of strabismic and combined strabismic-anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 2012, 119(1):150-158. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.043.
66. Crewther S.G., Nathan J., Kiely P.M., Brennan N.A., Crewther D.P. The effect of defocusing contact-lenses on refraction in Cynomolgus monkeys. Clinical Vision Sciences 1988, 3(3):221-228.
67. Czepita D., Goslawski W., Mojsa A. Occurrence of anisometropia among students ranging from 6 to 18 years of age. Klinika Oczna 2005, 107(4-6):297-299.
68. Daw N.W. Critical periods and amblyopia. Archives of Ophthalmology 1998, 116:502-505.
69. de Vries J. Anisometropia in children: analysis of a hospital population. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1985, 69(7):504-507.
70. De-Tong P.T.V.M., Oostra B.A., De Faber J.T.H.N. High symmetric anisometropia in monozygotic twins. Ophthalmic Paediatrics 1993, 14(1):29-32.
71. Deng L., Gwiazda J.E. Anisometropia in children from infancy to 15 years. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53(7):3782-3787.
72. Dirani M., Chan Y.H., Gazzard G., Hornbeak D.M., Leo S.W., Selvaraj P., Zhou B., Young T.L., MItchell P., Varma R., Wong T.Y., Saw S.M. Prevalence of refractive error in Singaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error in young Singaporean Children (STARS) study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51:1348-1355.
73. Dobson V., Miller J.M., CLifford-Donaldson C.E., Harvey E.M. Associations between anisometropia, amblyopia, and reduced stereoacuity in a school-aged population with a gigh prevalence of astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2008, 49:4427-4436.
74. Dobson V., Harvey E.M., Miller J.M., Clifford-Donaldson C.E. Anisometropia prevalence in a highly astigmatic school-aged population. Optometry & Vision Science 2008, 85:512-529.
75. Donahue S.P. Relationship between anisometropia, patient age, and the development of amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2006, 142(1):132-140. (see comment).
76. Donnelly U.M., Stewart N.M., Hollinger M. Prevalence and outcomes of childhood visual disorders. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2005, 12(4):243-250.
77. Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M., Friedman T., Naor J., Eibschitz N., Friedman Z. Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia. Journal of AAPOS 2000, 4(4):194-199.
78. Fabian G., Wendell M.E. Ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination of 1,200 children up to age 2. American Orthoptic Journal 1974, 24:86-90.
79. Faghihi M., Ostadimoghaddam H., Yekta A.A. Amblyopia and strabismus in Iranian schoolchildren, Mashhad. Strabismus 2011, 19(4):147-152.
80. Fielder A.R., Irwin M., Auld R., Cocker K.D., Jones H.S., Moseley M.J. Compliance in amblyopia therapy: objective monitoring of occlusion. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1995, 79(6):585-589.
81. Fielder A.R., Moseley M.J. Anisometropia and amblyopia-chicken or egg?. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1996, 80(10):857-858. (comment).
82. Fledelius H.C. Prevalences of astigmatism and anisometropia in adult Danes. With reference to presbyopes' possible use of supermarket standard glasses. Acta Ophthalmologica 1984, 62(3):391-400.
83. Flitcroft D.I., Judge S.J., Morley J.W. Binocular interactions in accommodation control: effects of anisometropic stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience 1992, 12(1):188-203.
84. Flom M.C., Bedell H.E. Identifying amblyopia using associated conditions, acuity, and nonacuity features. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1985, 62(3):153-160.
85. Flom M.C., Neumaier R.W. Prevalence of amblyopia. Public Health Reports 1966, 81(4):329-341.
86. Flynn J.T., Cassady J.C. Current trends in amblyopia therapy. Ophthalmology 1978, 85(5):428-450.
87. Fotouhi A., Hashemi H., Khabazkhoob M., Mohammad K. The prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2007, 91(3):287-292.
88. Freeman R.D. Asymmetries in human accomodation and visual experience. Vision Research 1975, 15(4):483-492.
89. Freeman R.D., Olson C. Brief periods of monocular deprivation in kittens: effects of delay prior to physiological study. Journal of Neurophysiology 1982, 47(2):139-150.
90. Frey T., Friendly D., Wyatt D. Re-evaluation of monocular cataracts in children. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1973, 76(3):381-388.
91. Friedman D.S., Repka M.X., Katz J., Giordano L., Ibironke J., Hawse P., Tielsch J.M. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in white and African American children aged 6 through 71 months the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology 2009, 116(11):2128-2134. e2121-2122.
92. Fronius M., Bachert I., Lüchtenberg M. Electronic monitoring of occlusion treatment for amblyopia in patients aged 7 to 16 years. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2009, 247(10):1401-1408.
93. Fronius M., Sireteanu R., Zubcov A. Deficits of spatial localization in children with strabismic amblyopia. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2004, 242(10):827-839.
94. Fulton A.B., Dobson V., Salem D., Mar C., Petersen R.A., Hansen R.M. Cycloplegic refractions in infants and young children. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1980, 90(2):239-247.
95. Gilbert C.E., Ellwein L.B. Prevalence and causes of functional low vision in school-age children: results from standardized population surveys in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2008, 49(3):877-881. Refractive Error Study in Children Study, G.
96. Giles G.H. The distribution of visual defects. British Journal of Physiological Optics 1950, 7(4):179-208.
97. Giordano L., Friedman D.S., Repka M.X., Katz J., Ibironke J., Hawes P., Tielsch J.M. Prevalence of refractive error among preschool children in an urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology 2009, 116(4):739-746.
98. Goh P.P., Abqariyah Y., Pokharel G.P., Ellwein L.B. Refractive error and visual impairment in school-age children in Gombak District, Malaysia. Ophthalmology 2005, 112(4):678-685.
99. Goldschmidt E., Lyhne N., Lam C.S. Ocular anisometropia and laterality. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2004, 82(2):175-178.
100. Goss D.A., Grosvenor T. Reliability of refraction - a literature review. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1996, 67(10):619-630.
101. Graham B., Judge S.J. The effects of spectacle wear in infancy on eye growth and refractive error in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Research 1999, 39(2):189-206.
102. Granet D.B., Christian W., Gomi C.E., Banuelos L., Castro E. Treatment options for anisohyperopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2006, 43(4):207-211. (quiz 231-202).
103. Greene P.R., Guyton D.L. Time course of rhesus lid-suture myopia. Experimental Eye Research 1986, 42(6):529-534.
104. Grönlund M.A., Andersson S., Aring E., Hård A.-L., Hellström A. Ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2006, 84(2):169-176. 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00615.x.
105. Gupta A., Casson R.J., Newland H.S., Muecke J., Landers J., Selva D., Aung T. Prevalence of refractive error in rural Myanmar: The Meiktila Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(1):26-32. e22.
106. Gusek-Schneider G.C., Martus P. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia in human congenital ptosis: a study of 100 patients. Strabismus 2000, 8(4):261-270.
107. Guzowski M., Fraser-Bell S., Rochtchina E., Wang J.J., Mitchell P. Asymmetric refraction in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2003, 136(3):551-553.
108. Haegerstrom-Portnoy G., Schneck M.E., Brabyn J.A., Lott L.A. Development of refractive errors into old age. Optometry & Vision Science 2002, 79(10):643-649.
109. Hardesty H.H. Occlusion amblyopia; report of a case. American Medical Association Archives of Ophthalmology 1959, 62(2):314-316.
110. Hardman Lea S.J., Loades J., Rubinstein M.P. The sensitive period for anisometropic amblyopia. Eye 1989, 3(Pt 6):783-790.
111. Harvey E.M., Miller J.M., Wagner L.K., Dobson V. Reproducibility and accuracy of measurements with a hand held autorefractor in children. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1997, 81(11):941-948.
112. Harwerth R.S., Crawford M.L., Smith E.L., Boltz R.L. Behavioral studies ofstimulus deprivation amblyopia in monkeys. Vision Research 1981, 21(6):779-789.
113. Harwerth R.S., Smith E.L., Boltz R.L., Crawford M.L., von Noorden G.K. Behavioral studies on the effect of abnormal early visual experience in monkeys: spatial modulation sensitivity. Vision Research 1983, 23(12):1501-1510.
114. Harwerth R.S., Smith E.L., Duncan G.C., Crawford M.L., von Noorden G.K. Multiple sensitive periods in the development of the primate visual system. Science 1986, 232(4747):235-238.
115. He M., Zeng J., Liu Y., Xu J., Pokharel G.P., Ellwein L.B. Refractive error and visual impairment in urban children in southern china. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45(3):793-799.
116. He M., Huang W., Zheng Y., Huang L., Ellwein L.B. Refractive error and visual impairment in school children in rural southern China. Ophthalmology 2007, 114(2):374-382.
117. Heath G.G. The influence of visual acuity on accommodative responses of the eye. Journal of Optometry & Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1956, 33(10):513-524.
118. Hebb D.O. The Organization of Behavior: a Neuropsychological Theory 1949, Wiley, New York.
119. Helveston E.M. The incidence of amblyopia Ex Anopsia in young adult males in Minnesota in 1962-63. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1965, 60:75-77.
120. Helveston E.M. Relationship between degree of anisometropia and depth of amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1966, 62(4):757-759.
121. Helveston E.M., Von Noorden G.K. Microtropia. A newly defined entity. Archives of Ophthalmology 1967, 78(3):272-281.
122. Hendricks T.J., de Brabander J., Vankan-Hendricks M.H., van der Horst F.G., Hendrikse F., Knottnerus J.A. Prevalence of habitual refractive errors and anisometropia among Dutch schoolchildren and hospital employees. Acta Ophthalmologica 2009, 87(5):538-543.
123. Hess R.F. Contrast sensitivity assessment of functional amblyopia in humans. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 1979, 99(3):391-397.
124. Hess R.F. Amblyopia: site unseen. Clinical & Experimental Optometry 2001, 84(6):321-336.
125. Hess R.F., Howell E.R. The threshold contrast sensitivity function in strabismic amblyopia: evidence for a two type classification. Vision Research 1977, 17(9):1049-1055.
126. Hess R.F., Pointer J.S. Differences in the neural basis of human amblyopia: the distribution of the anomaly across the visual field. Vision Research 1985, 25(11):1577-1594.
127. Hess R.F., Campbell F.W., Greenhalgh T. On the nature of the neural abnormality in human amblyopia; neural aberrations and neural sensitivity loss. Pflugers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 1978, 377(3):201-207.
128. Hess R.F., Wang Y.Z., Demanins R., Wilkinson F., Wilson H.R. Adeficit in strabismic amblyopia for global shape detection. Vision Research 1999, 39(5):901-914.
129. Hess R.F., Thompson B., Gole G., Mullen K.T. Deficient responses from the lateral geniculate nucleus in humans with amblyopia. European Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29(5):1064-1070.
130. Hess R.F., Li X., Lu G., Thompson B., Hansen B.C. The contrast dependence of the cortical fMRI deficit in amblyopia; a selective loss at higher contrasts. Human Brain Mapping 2010, 31(8):1233-1248.
131. Hess R.F., Thompson B., Gole G.A., Mullen K.T. The amblyopic deficit and its relationship to geniculo-cortical processing streams. Journal of Neurophysiology 2010, 104(1):475-483.
132. Hess R.F., Mansouri B., Thompson B. Restoration of binocular vision in amblyopia. Strabismus 2011, 19(3):110-118.
133. Hirsch M.J. Anisometropia: a preliminary report of the Ojai Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Optometry & Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1967, 44(9):581-585.
134. Hodi S., Wood I.C. Comparison of the techniques of videorefraction and static retinoscopy in the measurement of refractive error in infants. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1994, 14(1):20-24.
135. Holmes J.M., Beck R.W., Repka M.X., Leske D.A., Kraker R.T., Blair R.C., Moke P.S., Birch E.E., Saunders R.A., Hertle R.W., Quinn G.E., Simons K.A., Miller J.M. The amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol. Archives of Ophthalmology 2001, 119(9):1345-1353. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
136. Holmes J.M., Repka M.X., Kraker R.T., Clarke M.P. The treatment of amblyopia. Strabismus 2006, 14(1):37-42.
137. Holmes J.M., Lazar E.L., Melia B.M., Astle W.F., Dagi L.R., Donahue S.P., Weise K.K. Effect of age on response to amblyopia treatment in children. Archives ofOphthalmology 2011, 129(11):1451-1457. 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.179.
138. Holmstrom M., el Azazi M., Kugelberg U. Ophthalmological long-term follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of the refraction and its development. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1998, 82(11):1265-1271.
139. Horwich H. Anisometropia amblyopia. American Orthoptic Journal 1964, 14:99-104.
140. Horwood A.M., Riddell P.M. Independent and reciprocal accommodation in anisometropic amblyopia. Journal of AAPOS 2010, 14(5):447-449.
141. Hoyt C.S. Amblyopia: a neuro-ophthalmic view. Journal of Neuroophthalmology 2005, 25(3):227-231.
142. Hoyt C.S., Stone R.D., Fromer C., Billson F.A. Monocular axial myopia associated with neonatal eyelid closure in human infants. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1981, 91(2):197-200.
143. Huang J., Hung L.F., Ramamirtham R., Blasdel T.L., Humbird T.L., Bockhorst K.H., Smith E.L. Effects of form deprivation on peripheral refractions and ocular shape in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009, 50(9):4033-4044.
144. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N. The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. Journal of Physiology 1970, 206(2):419-436.
145. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N., LeVay S. Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences 1977, 278(961):377-409.
146. Hung L.F., Crawford M.L., Smith E.L. Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and the refractive status of young monkeys. Nature Medicine 1995, 1(8):761-765.
147. Hussein M.A., Coats D.K., Muthialu A., Cohen E., Paysse E.A. Risk factors for treatment failure of anisometropic amblyopia. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2004, 8(5):429-434.
148. Huynh S.C., Wang X.Y., Ip J., Robaei D., Kifley A., Rose K.A., Mitchell P. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2006, 90(5):597-601.
149. Hwang D.J., Kim Y.J., Lee J.Y. Effect and sustainability of part-time occlusion therapy for patients with anisometropic amblyopia aged ≥ or= 8 years. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 94(9):1160-1164.
150. Inatomi M., Kora Y., Kinohira Y., Yaguchi S. Long-term follow-up of eye growth in pediatric patients after unilateral cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Journal of AAPOS 2004, 8(1):50-55.
151. Ingram R.M. Refraction as a basis for screening children for squint and amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1977, 61(1):8-15.
152. Ingram R.M. Refraction of 1-year-old children after atropine cycloplegia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1979, 63(5):343-347.
153. Ingram R.M., Barr A. Refraction of 1-year-old children after cycloplegia with 1% cyclopentolate: comparison with findings after atropinisation. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1979, 63(5):348-352.
154. Ingram R.M., Barr A. Changes in refraction between the ages of 1 and 3.5 years. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1979, 63(5):339-342.
155. Ingram R.M., Traynar M.J., Walker C., Wilson J.M. Screening for refractive errors at age 1 year: a pilot study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1979, 63(4):243-250.
156. Ingram R.M., Arnold P.E., Dally S., Lucas J. Results of a randomised trial of treating abnormal hypermetropia from the age of 6 months. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1990, 74(3):158-159.
157. Ingram R.M., Gill L.E., Goldacre M.J. Emmetropisation and accommodation in hypermetropic children before they show signs of squint-a preliminary analysis. Bulletin de la Societe Belge d Ophtalmologie 1994, 253:41-56.
158. Ingram R.M., Gill L.E., Lambert T.W. Emmetropisation in normal and strabismic children and the associated changes of anisometropia. Strabismus 2003, 11(2):71-84.
159. Ingram R.M., Lambert T.W., Gill L.E. Visual outcome in 879 children treated for strabismus: insufficient accommodation and vision deprivation, deficient emmetropisation and anisometropia. Strabismus 2009, 17(4):148-157.
160. Ip J.M., Robaei D., Kifley A., Wang J.J., Rose K.A., Mitchell P. Prevalence of hyperopia and associations with eye findings in 6- and 12-year-olds. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(4):678-685. e671.
161. Jamali P., Fotouhi A., Hashemi H., Younesian M., Jafari A. Refractive errors and amblyopia in children entering school: Shahrood, Iran. Optometry & Vision Science 2009, 86(4):364-369.
162. Jampolsky A., Flom B.C., Weymouth F.W., Moses L.E. Unequal corrected visual acuity as related to anisometropia. Archives of Ophthalmology 1955, 54(6):893-905.
163. Jiang L., Schaeffel F., Zhou X., Zhang S., Jin X., Pan M., Qu J. Spontaneous axial myopia and emmetropization in a strain of wild-type guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009, 50(3):1013-1019.
164. Kanonidou E. Amblyopia: a mini review of the literature. International Ophthalmology 2011, 31(3):249-256.
165. Katz J., Tielsch J.M., Sommer A. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in an adult inner city population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1997, 38(2):334-340.
166. Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao-Grider Y., Roorda A., Smith E.L. Effects of optically imposed astigmatism on emmetropization in infant monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45(6):1647-1659.
167. Kempen J.H., Mitchell P., Lee K.E., Tielsch J.M., Broman A.T., Taylor H.R., Ikram M.K., Congdon N.G., O'Colmain B.J. The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Archives of Ophthalmology 2004, 122:495-505.
168. Kind P.C. Cortical plasticity: is it time for a change?. Current Biology 1999, 9(17):640-643.
169. Kiorpes L. Effect of strabismus on the development of vernier acuity and grating acuity in monkeys. Visual Neuroscience 1992, 9(3-4):253-259.
170. Kiorpes L., McKee S.P. Neural mechanisms underlying amblyopia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1999, 9(4):480-486.
171. Kiorpes L., Movshon J.A. Differential development of two visual functions in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989, 86(22):8998-9001.
172. Kiorpes L., Wallman J. Does experimentally-induced amblyopia cause hyperopia in monkeys?. Vision Research 1995, 35(9):1289-1297.
173. Kiorpes L., Boothe R.G., Hendrickson A.E., Movshon J.A., Eggers H.M., Gizzi M.S. Effects of early unilateral blur on the macaque's visual system. I. Behavioral observations. Journal of Neuroscience 1987, 7(5):1318-1326.
174. Kiorpes L., Kiper D.C., Movshon J.A. Contrast sensitivity and vernier acuity in amblyopic monkeys. Vision Research 1993, 33(16):2301-2311.
175. Kiorpes L., Kiper D.C., O'Keefe L.P., Cavanaugh J.R., Movshon J.A. Neuronal correlates of amblyopia in the visual cortex of macaque monkeys with experimental strabismus and anisometropia. Journal of Neuroscience 1998, 18(16):6411-6424.
176. Kivlin J.D., Flynn J.T. Therapy of anisometropic amblyopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1981, 18(5):47-56.
177. Klein R., Wang Q., Klein B.E., Moss S.E., Meuer S.M. The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1995, 36(1):182-191.
178. Knox-Laird I. Anisometropia. Refractive Anomalies: Research and Clinical Applications 1991, 174-198. Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA. T. Grosvenor, M.C. Flom (Eds.).
179. Koh L.H., Charman W.N. Accommodative responses to anisoaccommodative targets. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1998, 18(3):254-262.
180. Kovacs I., Polat U., Pennefather P.M., Chandna A., Norcia A.M. Anew test of contour integration deficits in patients with a history of disrupted binocular experience during visual development. Vision Research 2000, 40(13):1775-1783.
181. Krishnaiah S., Srinivas M., Khanna R.C., Rao G.N. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population: the Andhra Pradesh Eye disease study. Clinical Ophthalmology 2009, 3:17-27.
182. Kulp M.T., Foster N.C., Holmes J.M., Kraker R.T., Melia B.M., Repka M.X., Tien D.R. Effect of ocular alignment on emmetropization in children <10 years with amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012, 154(2):297-302. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
183. Kuo A., Sinatra R.B., Donahue S.P. Distribution of refractive error in healthy infants. Journal of AAPOS: American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 2003, 7(3):174-177.
184. Kutschke P.J., Scott W.E., Keech R.V. Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1991, 98(2):258-263.
185. Kutschke P.J., Scott W.E., Keech R.V. Depth of anisometropic amblyopia and difference in refraction. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1994, 117(5):681-682. (comment).
186. Kvarnstrom G., Jakobsson P., Lennerstrand G. Screening for visual and ocular disorders in children, evaluation of the system in Sweden. Acta Paediatrica 1998, 87(11):1173-1179.
187. Kvarnstrom G., Jakobsson P., Lennerstrand G. Visual screening of Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2001, 79(3):240-244.
188. Lagreze W.D., Sireteanu R. Two-dimensional spatial distortions in human strabismic amblyopia. Vision Research 1991, 31(7-8):1271-1288.
189. Larsson E.K., Rydberg A.C., Holmstrom G.E. Apopulation-based study of the refractive outcome in 10-year-old preterm and full-term children. Archives of Ophthalmology 2003, 121(10):1430-1436.
190. Lavery J.R., Gibson J.M., Shaw D.E., Rosenthal A.R. Refraction and refractive errors in an elderly population. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1988, 8(4):394-396.
191. Lempert P. Optic nerve hypoplasia and small eyes in presumed amblyopia. Journal of AAPOS 2000, 4(5):258-266. (see comment).
192. Lempert P. Axial length-disc area ratio in esotropic amblyopia. Archives of Ophthalmology 2003, 121(6):821-824. (see comment).
193. Lempert P. The axial length/disc area ratio in anisometropic hyperopic amblyopia: a hypothesis for decreased unilateral vision associated with hyperopic anisometropia. Ophthalmology 2004, 111(2):304-308.
194. Lempert P. Relationship between anisometropia, patient age, and the development of amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2006, 142(5):891-892. 891; author reply.
195. Lempert P. Optic disc area and retinal area in amblyopia. Seminars in Ophthalmology 2008, 23(5):302-306.
196. Lempert P. Retinal area and optic disc rim area in amblyopic, fellow, and normal hyperopic eyes: a hypothesis for decreased acuity in amblyopia. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(12):2259-2261.
197. Lempert P., Porter L. Dysversion of the optic disc and axial length measurements in a presumed amblyopic population. Journal of AAPOS: American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 1998, 2(4):207-213.
198. Leon A., Donahue S.P., Morrison D.G., Estes R.L., Li C. The age-dependent effect of anisometropia magnitude on anisometropic amblyopia severity. Journal of AAPOS 2008, 12(2):150-156.
199. Lepard C.W. Comparative changes in the error of refraction between fixing and amblyopic eyes during growth and development. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1975, 80(3 Pt 2):485-490.
200. Levi D.M. The Glenn A. Fry award lecture: the "spatial grain" of the amblyopic visual system. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1988, 65(10):767-786.
201. Levi D.M. Visual processing in amblyopia: human studies. Strabismus 2006, 14(1):11-19.
202. Levi D.M. Prentice award lecture: removing the brakes on plasticity in the amblyopic brain. Optometry & Vision Science 2011, 89(6):827-838.
203. Levi D.M., Carkeet A.D. Amblyopia: a consequence of abnormal visual development. Early Visual Develeopment, Normal and Abnormal 1993, 391-408. Oxford University Press, New York. K. Simons (Ed.).
204. Levi D.M., Harwerth R.S. Spatio-temporal interactions in anisometropic andstrabismic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1977, 16(1):90-95.
205. Levi D.M., Klein S. Differences in vernier discrimination for grating between strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1982, 23(3):398-407.
206. Levi D.M., Klein S. Hyperacuity and amblyopia. Nature 1982, 298(5871):268-270.
207. Levi D.M., Klein S.A. Spatial localization in normal and amblyopic vision. Vision Research 1983, 23(10):1005-1017.
208. Levi D.M., Klein S.A. Vernier acuity, crowding and amblyopia. Vision Research 1985, 25(7):979-991.
209. Levi D.M., Li R.W. Perceptual learning as a potential treatment for amblyopia: a mini-review. Vision Research 2009, 49(21):2535-2549.
210. Levi D.M., Klein S.A., Aitsebaomo A.P. Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification. Vision Research 1985, 25(7):963-977.
211. Levi D.M., Klein S.A., Yap Y.L. Positional uncertainty in peripheral and amblyopic vision. Vision Research 1987, 27(4):581-597.
212. Levi D.M., Yu C., Kuai S.G., Rislove E. Global contour processing in amblyopia. Vision Research 2007, 47(4):512-524.
213. Levi D.M., McKee S.P., Movshon J.A. Visual deficits in anisometropia. Vision Research 2011, 51(1):48-57.
214. Liang Y.B., Wong T.Y., Sun L.P., Tao Q.S., Wang J.J., Yang X.H., Friedman D.S. Refractive errors in a rural Chinese adult population the Handan eye study. Ophthalmology 2009, 116(11):2119-2127.
215. Lim H.T., Yu Y.S., Park S.H., Ahn H., Kim S., Lee M., Koo B.S. The Seoul Metropolitan preschool vision screening programme: results from South Korea. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2004, 88(7):929-933.
216. Lin L.L., Shih Y.F., Tsai C.B., Chen C.J., Lee L.A., Hung P.T., Hou P.K. Epidemiologic study of ocular refraction among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995. Optometry & Vision Science 1999, 76(5):275-281.
217. Linke S.J., Baviera J., Richard G., Katz T. Association between ocular dominance and spherical/astigmatic anisometropia, age and sex: analysis of 1274 hyperopic individuals. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53(9):5362-5369.
218. Lithander J. Prevalence of amblyopia with anisometropia or strabismus among schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 1998, 76(6):658-662.
219. Lithander J., Sjöstrand J. Anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia in the age group 2 years and above: a prospective study of the results of treatment. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1991, 75(2):111-116.
220. Loudon S.E., Polling J.R., Simonsz H.J. Electronically measured compliance with occlusion therapy for amblyopia is related to visual acuity increase. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2003, 241(3):176-180.
221. Loudon S.E., Rook C.A., Nassif D.S., Piskun N.V., Hunter D.G. Rapid, high-accuracy detection of strabismus and amblyopia using the pediatric vision scanner. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52(8):5043-5048.
222. Macias E.P., Lee D.A., Oelrich F.O. Refractive errors and visual acuity impairment among self-selected Hispanic, white, and black adults examined by the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1999, 70(11):724-734.
223. MacKenzie G.E. Reproducibility of sphero-cylindrical prescriptions. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2008, 28(2):143-150.
224. Maguire G.W., Smith E.L., Harwerth R.S., Crawford M.L. Optically induced anisometropia in kittens. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1982, 23(2):253-264.
225. Malik S.R., Gupta A.K., Choudhry S. Anisometropia - its relation to amblyopia and eccentric fixation. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1968, 52(10):773-776.
226. Marran L., Schor C.M. Lens induced aniso-accommodation. Vision Research 1998, 38(22):3601-3619.
227. Marran L., Schor C.M. The effect of target proximity on the aniso-accommodative response. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1999, 19(5):376-392.
228. Maul E., Barroso S., Munoz S.R., Sperduto R.D., Ellwein L.B. Refractive error study in children: results from La Florida, Chile. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2000, 129(4):445-454.
229. Mayer D.L., Hansen R.M., Moore B.D., Kim S., Fulton A.B. Cycloplegic refractions in healthy children aged 1 through 48 months. Archives of Ophthalmology 2001, 119(11):1625-1628.
230. McKee S.P., Levi D.M., Movshon J.A. The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia. Journal of Vision 2003, 3(5):380-405.
231. McMullen W.H. Some points in anisometropia in discussion on problem of refraction. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 1939, 59:119.
232. Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(7):1229-1236. e1221.
233. Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in African-American and Hispanic preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2009, 116(10):1990-2000. e1991.
234. Miller-Meeks M.J., Bennett S.R., Keech R.V., Blodi C.F. Myopia induced by vitreous hemorrhage. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1990, 109(2):199-203.
235. Mitchell D.E., Gingras G. Visual recovery after monocular deprivation is driven by absolute, rather than relative, visually evoked activity levels. Current Biology 1998, 8(21):1179-1182.
236. Mitchell D.E., Gingras G., Kind P.C. Initial recovery of vision after early monocular deprivation in kittens is faster when both eyes are open. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2001, 98(20):11662-11667.
237. Mohney B.G. Axial myopia associated with dense vitreous hemorrhage of the neonate. Journal of AAPOS 2002, 6(6):348-353.
238. Moseley M.J., Neufeld M., McCarry B., Charnock A., McNamara R., Rice T., Fielder A. Remediation of refractive amblyopia by optical correction alone. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2002, 22(4):296-299.
239. Mutti D.O. To emmetropize or not to emmetropize? the question for hyperopic development. Optometry & Vision Science 2007, 84(2):97-102.
240. Mutti D.O., Mitchell G.L., Jones L.A., Friedman N.E., Frane S.L., Lin W.K., Zadnik K. Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005, 46(9):3074-3080.
241. Mutti D.O., Mitchell G.L., Jones L.A., Friedman N.E., Frane S.L., Lin W.K., Zadnik K. Accommodation, acuity, and their relationship to emmetropization in infants. Optometry & Vision Science 2009, 86(6):666-676.
242. Nastri G., Perugini G.C., Savastano S., Polzella A., Sbordone G. The evolution of refraction in the fixing and the amblyopic eye. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1984, 56(3):265-274.
243. Nathan J., Kiely P.M., Crewther S.G., Crewther D.P. Disease-associated visual image degradation and spherical refractive errors in children. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1985, 62(10):680-688.
244. National Eye Institute.Office of, B., & Epidemiology Report on the National Eye Institute's Visual Acuity Impairment Survey Pilot Study 1984, Office of Biometry and Epidemiology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
245. National Society to Prevent Blindness Vision Problems in the U.S.: Data Analysis 1980.
246. Nowak M.S., Gos R., Jurowski P., Smigielski J. Correctable and non-correctable visual impairment among young males: a 12-year prevalence study of the Military Service in Poland. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2009, 29(4):443-448.
247. O'Connor A.R., Birch E.E., Anderson S., Draper H., Group F.R. The functional significance of stereopsis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51(4):2019-2023.
248. O'Leary D.J., Millodot M. Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans. Experientia 1979, 35(11):1478-1479.
249. Ohlsson J., Villarreal G., Sjostrom A., Abrahamsson M., Sjostrand J. Visual acuity, residual amblyopia and ocular pathology in a screened population of 12-13-year-old children in Sweden. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2001, 79(6):589-595.
250. Ohlsson J., Villarreal G., Sjöström A., Cavazos H., Abrahamsson M., Sjöstrand J. Visual acuity, amblyopia, and ocular pathology in 12- to 13-year-old children in Northern Mexico. Journal of AAPOS 2003, 7(1):47-53.
251. Okamoto F., Nonoyama T., Hommura S. Mirror image myopic anisometropia in two pairs of monozygotic twins. Ophthalmologica 2001, 215(6):435-438.
252. Oliver M., Nawratzki I. Screening of pre-school children for ocular anomalies. II. Amblyopia. Prevalence and therapeutic results at different ages. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1971, 55(7):467-471.
253. Oliver M., Neumann R., Chaimovitch Y., Gotesman N., Shimshoni M. Compliance and results of treatment for amblyopia in children more than 8 years old. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1986, 102(3):340-345.
254. Olson C.R., Freeman R.D. Progressive changes in kitten striate cortex during monocular vision. Journal of Neurophysiology 1975, 38(1):26-32.
255. Oral Y., Ozgur O.R., Akcay L., Ozbas M., Dogan O.K. Congenital ptosis and amblyopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2010, 47(2):101-104.
256. Ostadimoghaddam H., Fotouhi A., Hashemi H., Yekta A.A., Heravian J., Hemmati B., Jafarzadehpur E., Rezvan F., Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of anisometropia in population base study. Strabismus 2012, 20(4):152-157.
257. Otsuka J., Sato Y. Comparison of refraction in orthophoric hyperopic eyes and accommodative esotropic eyes. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi - Acta Societatis Ophthalmologicae Japonicae 1984, 88(1):58-64.
258. O'Donoghue L., McClelland J.F., Logan N.S., Rudnicka A.R., Owen C.G., Saunders K.J. Refractive error and visual impairment in school children in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 94(9):1155-1159.
259. O'Donoghue L., Rudnicka A.R., McClelland J.F., Logan N.S., Owen C.G., Saunders K.J. Refractive and corneal astigmatism in white school children in Northern Ireland. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52(7):4048-4053.
260. O'Donoghue L., McClelland J.F., Logan N.S., Rudnicka A.R., Owen C.G., Saunders K.J. Profile of Anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in children: prevalence and association with age, ocular biometric measures and refractive status. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2013, 21(1):602-608.
261. Pai A.S., Wang J.J., Samarawickrama C., Burlutsky G., Rose K.A., Varma R., Mitchell P. Prevalence and risk factors for visual impairment in preschool children the Sydney paediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2011, 118(8):1495-1500.
262. Pai A.S., Rose K.A., Leone J.F., Sharbini S., Burlutsky G., Varma R., Mitchell P. Amblyopia prevalence and risk factors in Australian preschool children. Ophthalmology 2012, 119(1):138-144.
263. Pan C.W., Wong T.Y., Lavanya R., Wu R.Y., Zheng Y.F., Lin X.Y., Saw S.M. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in Indians: the Singapore Indian Eye Study (SINDI). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52(6):3166-3173.
264. Parssinen O. Anisometropia and changes in anisometropia in school myopia. Optometry & Vision Science 1990, 67(4):256-259.
265. Pennie F.C., Wood I.C., Olsen C., White S., Charman W.N. Alongitudinal study of the biometric and refractive changes in full-term infants during the first year of life. Vision Research 2001, 41(21):2799-2810.
266. Phelps W.L., Muir J. Anisometropia and strabismus. American Orthoptic Journal 1977, 27:131-133.
267. Phillips C.I. Strabismus, anisometropia, and amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1959, 43:449-460.
268. Phillips J.R. Monovision slows juvenile myopia progression unilaterally. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2005, 89(9):1196-1200.
269. Pineles S.L., Demer J.L. Bilateral abnormalities of optic nerve size and eye shape in unilateral amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2009, 148(4):551-557.
270. Piotrowski J.T., Diehl N.N., Mohney B.G. Neonatal dacryostenosis as a risk factor for anisometropia. Archives of Ophthalmology 2010, 128(9):1166-1169. 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.184.
271. Pointer J.S., Gilmartin B. Clinical characteristics of unilateral myopic anisometropia in a juvenile optometric practice population. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2004, 24:458-463.
272. Polat U., Bonneh Y., Ma-Naim T., Belkin M., Sagi D. Spatial interactions in amblyopia: effects of stimulus parameters and amblyopia type. Vision Research 2005, 45(11):1471-1479.
273. Preslan M.W., Novak A. Baltimore vision screening project. Ophthalmology 1996, 103(1):105-109.
274. Preslan M.W., Novak A. Baltimore vision screening project. Phase 2. Ophthalmology 1998, 105(1):150-153.
275. Pugh M. Visual distortion in amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1958, 42(8):449-460.
276. Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F., Kee C.S., Ramamirtham R., Smith E.L. Recovery from form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45(10):3361-3372.
277. Qin X.J., Margrain T.H., To C.H., Bromham N., Guggenheim J.A. Anisometropia is independently associated with both spherical and cylindrical ametropia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005, 46(11):4024-4031.
278. Quah B.L., Tay M.T., Chew S.J., Lee L.K. Astudy of amblyopia in 18-19 year old males. Singapore Medical Journal 1991, 32(3):126-129.
279. Quek T.P.L., Chua C.G., Chong C.S., Chong J.H., Hey H.W., Lee J., Saw S.-M. Prevalence of refractive errors in teenage high school students in Singapore. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2004, 24(1):47-55. 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00166.x.
280. Quinn G.E. Personal Communication 2010.
281. Quinn G.E., Dobson V., Repka M.X., Reynolds J., Kivlin J., Davis B., Palmer E.A. Development of myopia in infants with birth weights less than 1251 grams. The Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology 1992, 99(3):329-340.
282. Quinn G.E., Dobson V., Kivlin J., Kaufman L.M., Repka M.X., Reynolds J.D., Stone R.A. Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 1/2 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology 1998, 105(7):1292-1300.
283. Rabin J., Van Sluyters R.C., Malach R. Emmetropization: a vision-dependent phenomenon. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1981, 20(4):561-564.
284. Rabin J., Bradley A., Freeman R.D. On the relation between aniseikonia and axial anisometropia. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1983, 60(7):553-558.
285. Raviola E., Wiesel T.N. Effect of dark-rearing on experimental myopia in monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1978, 17(6):485-488.
286. Raviola E., Wiesel T.N. An animal model of myopia. New England Journal of Medicine 1985, 312(25):1609-1615.
287. Raviola E., Wiesel T.N. Neural control of eye growth and experimental myopia in primates. Ciba Foundation Symposium 1990, 155:22-38. (discussion 39-44).
288. Reinecke R.D. Stereoacuity assessment in amblyopia. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 1979, 99(3):398-400.
289. Repka M.X., Holmes J.M. Lessons from the amblyopia treatment studies. Ophthalmology 2012, 119(4):657-658.
290. Repka M.X., Wallace D.K., Beck R.W., Kraker R.T., Birch E.E., Cotter S.A., Donahue S., Everett D.F., Hertle R.W., Holmes J.M., Quinn G.E., Scheiman M.M., Weakley D.R. Two-year follow-up of a 6-month randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Archives of Ophthalmology 2005, 123(2):149-157. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
291. Repka M.X., Kraker R.T., Beck R.W., Holmes J.M., Cotter S.A., Birch E.E., Astle W.F., Chandler D.L., Felius J., Arnold R.W., Tien D.R., Glaser S.R. Arandomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Archives of Ophthalmology 2008, 126(8):1039-1044. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
292. Repka M.X., Simons K., Kraker R. Laterality of amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 150(2):270-274. 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.040.
293. Rezvan F., Khabazkhoob M., Fotouhi A., Hashemi H., Ostadimoghaddam H., Heravian J., Yekta A.A. Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Northeastern Iran. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2012, 32(1):25-30. 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00879.x.
294. Robaei D., Rose K., Ojaimi E., Kifley A., Huynh S., Mitchell P. Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Ophthalmology 2005, 112(7):1275-1282.
295. Robaei D., Rose K.A., Ojaimi E., Kifley A., Martin F.J., Mitchell P. Causes and associations of amblyopia in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Archives of Ophthalmology 2006, 124(6):878-884.
296. Robb R.M. Refractive errors associated with hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in infancy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1977, 83(1):52-58.
297. Rosman M., Wong T.Y., Koh C.L., Tan D.T. Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in a population-based study of young adult men in Singapore. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2005, 140(3):551-552.
298. Rutstein R.P., Corliss D. Relationship between anisometropia, amblyopia, and binocularity. Optometry & Vision Science 1999, 76(4):229-233. (see comment).
299. Rutstein R.P., Corliss D.A. Long-term changes in visual acuity and refractive error in amblyopes. Optometry & Vision Science 2004, 81(7):510-515.
300. Sachsenweger R. Problems of organic lesions in functional amblyopia. International Strabismus Symposium (University of Giessen, 1966) 1968, 63. S Karger AG, Basel and New York. A. Arruga (Ed.).
301. Salleras A., JC O.D.Z. Recessive sex-linked inheritance of external ophthalmoplegia and myopia coincident with other dysplasias. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1950, 34(11):662-667.
302. Saunders K.J. Early refractive development in humans. Survey of Ophthalmology 1995, 40(3):207-216.
303. Saunders K.J. Personal Communication 2012.
304. Saunders K.J., Westall C.A. Comparison between near retinoscopy and cycloplegic retinoscopy in the refraction of infants and children. Optometry & Vision Science 1992, 69(8):615-622.
305. Saunders K.J., Woodhouse J.M., Westall C.A. Emmetropisation in human infancy: rate of change is related to initial refractive error. Vision Research 1995, 35(9):1325-1328.
306. Saw S.M. Asynopsis of the prevalence rates and environmental risk factors for myopia. Clinical & Experimental Optometry 2003, 86(5):289-294.
307. Saw S.M., Gazzard G., Koh D., Farook M., Widjaja D., Lee J., Tan D.T. Prevalence rates of refractive errors in Sumatra, Indonesia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2002, 43(10):3174-3180.
308. Saw S.M., Chan Y.H., Wong W.L., Shankar A., Sandar M., Aung T., Wong T.Y. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the Singapore Malay Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(10):1713-1719.
309. Sawada A., Tomidokoro A., Araie M., Iwase A., Yamamoto T., Tajimi Study G. Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(2):363-370. e363.
310. Schaffer D.B., Quinn G.E., Johnson L. Sequelae of arrested mild retinopathy of prematurity. Archives of Ophthalmology 1984, 102(3):373-376.
311. Schapero M. Amblyopia 1971, Chilton Co, Philidelphia.
312. Scheiman M.M., Hertle R.W., Beck R.W., Edwards A.R., Birch E., Cotter S.A., Crouch E.R., Cruz O.A., Davitt B.V., Donahue S., Holmes J.M., Lyon D.W., Repka M.X., Sala N.A., Silbert D.I., Suh D.W., Tamkins S.M., Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Archives of Ophthalmology 2005, 123(4):437-447.
313. Scheiman M.M., Hertle R.W., Kraker R.T., Beck R.W., Birch E.E., Felius J., Tamkins S.M. Patching vs atropine to treat amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years: a randomized trial. Archives of Ophthalmology 2008, 126(12):1634-1642.
314. Schmid K.L., Wildsoet C.F. The sensitivity of the chick eye to refractive defocus. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1997, 17(1):61-67.
315. Schmid K.L., Wildsoet C.F. Natural and imposed astigmatism and their relation to emmetropization in the chick. Experimental Eye Research 1997, 64(5):837-847.
316. Sen D.K. Anisometropic amblyopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1980, 17(3):180-184.
317. Shah R., Edgar D.F., Rabbetts R., Harle D.E., Evans B.J. Standardized patient methodology to assess refractive error reproducibility. Optometry & Vision Science 2009, 86(5):517-528.
318. Shankar S., Bobier W.R. Corneal and lenticular components of total astigmatism in a preschool sample. Optometry & Vision Science 2004, 81(7):536-542.
319. Shaw D.E., Fielder A.R., Minshull C., Rosenthal A.R. Amblyopia-factors influencing age of presentation. Lancet 1988, 2(8604):207-209.
320. Shih Y.F., Lin L.L., Peng Y., Ko L.S. Clinical observations on occlusion myopia. Taiwan i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih - Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1989, 88(2):164-168.
321. Shotton K., Powell C., Voros G., Hatt S.R. Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, (4), CD005137.
322. Simons K. Amblyopia characterization, treatment, and prophylaxis. Survey of Ophthalmology 2005, 50(2):123-166.
323. Simons K., Preslan M. Natural history of amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1999, 83(5):582-587.
324. Sireteanu R., Thiel A., Fikus S., Iftime A. Patterns of spatial distortions in human amblyopia are invariant to stimulus duration and instruction modality. Vision Research 2008, 48(9):1150-1163.
325. Smith E.L., Hung L.F. The role of optical defocus in regulating refractive development in infant monkeys. Vision Research 1999, 39(8):1415-1435.
326. Smith E.L., Hung L.F. Form-deprivation myopia in monkeys is a graded phenomenon. Vision Research 2000, 40(4):371-381.
327. Smith E.L., Harwerth R.S., Crawford M.L. Spatial contrast sensitivity deficits in monkeys produced by optically induced anisometropia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1985, 26(3):330-342.
328. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Harwerth R.S. Effects of optically induced blur on the refractive status of young monkeys. Vision Research 1994, 34(3):293-301.
329. Smith L.K., Thompson J.R., Woodruff G., Hiscox F. Social deprivation and age at presentation in amblyopia. Journal of Public Health Medicine 1994, 16(3):348-351.
330. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Harwerth R.S. Developmental visual system anomalies and the limits of emmetropization. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1999, 19(2):90-102.
331. Smith E.L., Ramamirtham R., Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F., Huang J., Kee C.S., Paysse E. Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2007, 48(9):3914-3922.
332. Smith E.L., Huang J., Hung L.F., Blasdel T.L., Humbird T.L., Bockhorst K.H. Hemiretinal form deprivation: evidence for local control of eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009, 50(11):5057-5069.
333. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Huang J., Blasdel T.L., Humbird T.L., Bockhorst K.H. Effects of optical defocus on refractive development in monkeys: evidence for local, regionally selective mechanisms. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51(8):3864-3873. 10.1167/iovs.09-4969.
334. Snir M., Nissenkorn I., Sherf I., Cohen S., Ben Sira I. Visual acuity, strabismus, and amblyopia in premature babies with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Annals of Ophthalmology 1988, 20(7):256-258.
335. Sorsby A., Sheridan M., Leary G.A. Vision, visual acuity and ocular refraction of young men. British Medical Journal 1960, 1:1394-1398.
336. Sorsby A., Leary G.A., Richards M.J. Correlation ametropia and component ametropia. Vision Research 1962, 2:309-313.
337. Sorsby A., Leary G.A., Richards M.J. The optical components in anisometropia. Vision Research 1962, 2:43-51.
338. Sorsby A., Sheridan M., Leary G.A. Refraction and Its Components in Twins. Spec Res Ser No. 303 1963, 43. Medical Research Council. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
339. Stanković-Babić G., Vujanović M., Cekić S. Identical twins with "mirror image" anisometropia and esotropia. Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 2011, 139(9-10):661-665.
340. Stark N., Walther C. Refractive errors, amblyopia and strabismus in congenital ptosis. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 1984, 184(1):37-39.
341. Steele A.L., Bradfield Y.S., Kushner B.J., France T.D., Struck M.C., Gangnon R.E. Successful treatment of anisometropic amblyopia with spectacles alone. Journal of AAPOS 2006, 10(1):37-43.
342. Stewart C.E., Moseley M.J., Stephens D.A., Fielder A.R. Treatment dose-response in amblyopia therapy: the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45(9):3048-3054.
343. Stewart C.E., Fielder A.R., Stephens D.A., Moseley M.J. Treatment of unilateral amblyopia: factors influencing visual outcome. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005, 46(9):3152-3160. 10.1167/iovs.05-0357.
344. Stewart C.E., Stephens D.A., Fielder A.R., Moseley M.J. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. British Medical Journal 2007, 335(7622):707. 10.1136/bmj.39301.460150.55.
345. Stigmar G., Crawford J.S., Ward C.M., Thomson H.G. Ophthalmic sequelae of infantile hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1978, 85(6):806-813.
346. Tan C.S., Chan Y.H., Wong T.Y., Gazzard G., Niti M., Ng T.P., Saw S.M. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors and ocular biometry parameters in an elderly Asian population: the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS). Eye 2011, 25(10):1294-1301.
347. Tanlamai T., Goss D.A. Prevalence of monocular amblyopia among anisometropes. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1979, 56(11):704-715.
348. Tanner J.M. Physical growth and development. Textbook of Paediatrics 1978, Churchill Livingstone, London. second ed. J.O. Forfar, G.C. Arneil (Eds.).
349. Tarczy-Hornoch K., Varma R., Cotter S.A., McKean-Cowdin R., Lin J.H., Borchert M.S., Giordano L. Risk factors for decreased visual acuity in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies. Ophthalmology 2011, 118(11):2262-2273.
350. Taylor K., Powell C., Hatt S.R., Stewart C. Interventions for unilateral and bilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, 18(4). CD005137. 10.1002/14651858.CD005137.
351. Arandomised trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Archives of Ophthalmology 2002, 120:268-278. The Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG).
352. Thibos L.N., Wheeler W., Horner D. Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optometry & Vision Science 1997, 74(6):367-375.
353. Thiel A., Sireteanu R. Strabismic amblyopes show a bilateral rightward bias in a line bisection task: evidence for a visual attention deficit. Vision Research 2009, 49(3):287-294. 10.1016/j.visres.2008.08.005.
354. Thomas S., Schaeffel F. Developmental compensation of imposed astigmatism is not initiated by astigmatic accommodation in chickens. Vision Research 2000, 40(26):3553-3558.
355. Tian Y., Tarrant J., Wildsoet C.F. Optical and biometric characteristics of anisomyopia in human adults. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2011, 31(5):540-549.
356. Tigges M., Tigges J., Fernandes A., Eggers H.M., Gammon J.A. Postnatal axial eye elongation in normal and visually deprived rhesus monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1990, 31(6):1035-1046.
357. Tong L., Saw S.M., Chia K.S., Tan D. Anisometropia in Singapore school children. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2004, 137(3):474-479.
358. Tong L., Chan Y.H., Gazzard G., Tan D., Saw S.M. Longitudinal study of anisometropia in Singaporean school children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2006, 47(8):3247-3252.
359. Townshend A.M., Holmes J.M., Evans L.S. Depth of anisometropic amblyopia and difference in refraction. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1993, 116(4):431-436. (see comment).
360. Townshend A.M., Holmes J.M., Evans L.S. Depth of anisometropic amblyopia and difference in refraction - reply. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1994, 117(5):681-682.
361. Troilo D., Judge S.J. Ocular development and visual deprivation myopia in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Research 1993, 33(10):1311-1324.
362. Troilo D., Totonelly K., Harb E. Imposed anisometropia, accommodation, and regulation of refractive state. Optometry & Vision Science 2009, 86(1):E31-E39.
363. Vaegan, Taylor D. Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 1979, 99(3):432-439.
364. Vanathi M., Tandon R., Titiyal J.S., Vajpayee R.B. Case series of 12 children with progressive axial myopia following unilateral cataract extraction. Journal of AAPOS 2002, 6(4):228-232.
365. Varghese R.M., Sreenivas V., Puliyel J.M., Varughese S. Refractive status at birth: its relation to newborn physical parameters at birth and gestational age. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(2):e4469. (Electronic Resource).
366. Vincent S., Collins M., Read S., Carney L., Yap M. Interocular symmetry in myopic anisometropia. Optometry & Vision Science 2011, 88(12):1454-1462.
367. von Noorden G.K. Mechanisms of amblyopia. Advanced Ophthalmology 1977, 34:93-115.
368. von Noorden G.K. Application of basic research data to clinical amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1978, 85(5):496-504.
369. von Noorden G.K. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility Theory and Management of Strabismus 2002, E.C. Campos (Ed.).
370. von Noorden G.K., Crawford M.L. The sensitive period. Transactions Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom 1979, 99(3):442-446.
371. von Noorden G.K., Lewis R.A. Ocular axial length in unilateral congenital cataracts and blepharoptosis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1987, 28(4):750-752.
372. Voo I., Lee D.A., Oelrich F.O. Prevalences of ocular conditions among Hispanic, white, Asian, and black immigrant students examined by the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1998, 69(4):255-261.
373. Wallace D.K., Edwards A.R., Cotter S.A., Beck R.W., Arnold R.W., Weise K.K. Arandomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 2006, 113(6):904-912. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
374. Wallman J., Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron 2004, 43(4):447-468.
375. Wallman J., Gottlieb M.D., Rajaram V., Fugate-Wentzek L.A. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science 1987, 237(4810):73-77.
376. Wang Y., Liang Y.B., Sun L.P., Duan X.R., Yuan R.Z., Wong T.Y., Wang J.J. Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in a rural adult population of Chinese the Handan Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2011, 118(2):279-283. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.05.026.
377. Weakley D.R. The association between anisometropia, amblyopia, and binocularity in the absence of strabismus. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 1999, 97:987-1021.
378. Weakley D.R. The association between nonstrabismic anisometropia, amblyopia, and subnormal binocularity. Ophthalmology 2001, 108(1):163-171. (see comment).
379. Weakley D.R., Birch E. The role of anisometropia in the development of accommodative esotropia. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2000, 98:71-76. (discussion 76-79).
380. Weakley D.R., Birch E., Kip K. The role of anisometropia in the development of accommodative esotropia. Journal of AAPOS 2001, 5(3):153-157.
381. Weale R.A. On the age-related prevalence of anisometropia. Ophthalmic Research 2002, 34(6):389-392.
382. Weale R.A. Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia. Survey of Ophthalmology 2003, 48(5):515-543.
383. Wiesel T.N., Hubel D.H. Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. Journal of Neurophysiology 1963, 26:1003-1017.
384. Wiesel T.N., Hubel D.H. Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. Journal of Neurophysiology 1965, 28(6):1029-1040.
385. Wiesel T.N., Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1977, 266(5597):66-68.
386. Wiesel T.N., Raviola E. Increase in axial length of the macaque monkey eye after corneal opacification. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1979, 18(12):1232-1236.
387. Wildsoet C. Neural pathways subserving negative lens-induced emmetropization in chicks-insights from selective lesions of the optic nerve and ciliary nerve. Current Eye Research 2003, 27(6):371-385.
388. Williams C., Harrad R.A., Sparrow J.M., Harvey I., Golding J. Future of preschool vision screening. Conclusions for or against services are invalid without appropriate research evidence. British Medical Journal 1998, 316(7135):937.
389. Williams C., Northstone K., Harrad R.A., Sparrow J.M., Harvey I., Team A.S. Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial. British Medical Journal 2002, 324(7353):1549.
390. Williams C., Northstone K., Howard M., Harvey I., Harrad R.A., Sparrow J.M. Prevalence and risk factors for common vision problems in children: data from the ALSPAC study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2008, 92(7):959-964. 10.1136/bjo.2007.134700.
391. Williamson T.H., Andrews R., Dutton G.N., Murray G., Graham N. Assessment of an inner city visual screening programme for preschool children. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1995, 79(12):1068-1073.
392. Wilson J.R., Fernandes A., Chandler C.V., Tigges M., Boothe R.G., Gammon J.A. Abnormal development of the axial length of aphakic monkey eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1987, 28(12):2096-2099.
393. Wong T.Y., Foster P.J., Hee J., Ng T.P., Tielsch J.M., Chew S.J., Seah S.K. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2000, 41(9):2486-2494.
394. Wood I.C., Hodi S., Morgan L. Longitudinal change of refractive error in infants during the first year of life. Eye (London) 1995, 9(Pt 5):551-557. 10.1038/eye.1995.138.
395. Woodruff M.E., Samek M.J. Astudy of the prevalence of spherical equivalent refractive states and anisometropia in Amerind populations in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1977, 68(5):414-424.
396. Woodruff G., Hiscox F., Thompson J.R., Smith L.K. The presentation of children with amblyopia. Eye (London) 1994, 8(Pt 6):623-626. 10.1038/eye.1994.156.
397. Wu H.M., Casson R.J., Newland H.S., Muecke J., Selva D., Aung T. Anisometropia in an adult population in rural myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2008, 15(3):162-166. 10.1080/09286580701843796.
398. Yamashita T., Watanabe S., Ohba N. Alongitudinal study of cycloplegic refraction in a cohort of 350 Japanese schoolchildren. Anisometropia. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1999, 19(1):30-33.
399. Yassur Y., Yassur S., Zaifrani S., Sachs U., Ben-Sira I. Amblyopia among African pupils in Rwanda. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1972, 56(4):368-370.
400. Yekta A., Fotouhi A., Hashemi H., Dehghani C., Ostadimoghaddam H., Heravian J., Khabazkhoob M. Prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Shiraz, Iran. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2010, 38(3):242-248.
401. Yen M.Y., Cheng C.Y., Wang A.G. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45(7):2224-2230.
402. Zaka-Ur-Rab S. Evaluation of relationship of ocular parameters and depth of anisometropic amblyopia with the degree of anisometropia. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2006, 54(2):99-103.
403. Zhang M.-Z., Saw S.-M., Hong R.-Z., Fu Z.-F., Yang H., Shui Y.-B., Chew S.-J. Refractive errors in Singapore and Xiamen, China - a comparative study in school children aged 6 to 7 years. Optometry & Vision Science 2000, 77(6):302-308.
404. Zhao J., Pan X., Sui R., Munoz S.R., Sperduto R.D., Ellwein L.B. Refractive error study in children: results from Shunyi District, China. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2000, 129(4):427-435.
405. Zhong X., Ge J., Nie H., Smith E.L. Compensation for experimentally inducedhyperopic anisometropia in Adolescent monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45(10):3373-3379. 10.1167/iovs.04-0226.
406. Zonis S., Miller B. Refractions in Israeli newborn. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1974, 11(2):77-81.