Prevalence of Amblyopia and Strabismus in White and African American Children Aged 6 through 71 Months. The Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study

Ophthalmology

Volumn 116, Issue 11, 2009, Pages

  Friedman, David S ^a,b   Repka, Michael X ^a,c   Katz, Joanne ^a,b   Giordano, Lydia ^a   Ibironke, Josephine ^a   Hawse, Patricia ^a   Tielsch, James M ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; AMBLYOPIA; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVERGENT STRABISMUS; DIVERGENT STRABISMUS; EYE EXAMINATION; FEMALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; INFANT; INTERMITTENT STRABISMUS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRABISMUS; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; VERTICAL STRABISMUS; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 70350567755     PISSN: 01616420     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.04.034     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Robaei D., Rose K., Ojaimi E., et al. Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Ophthalmology 112 (2005) 1275-1282
2. Jakobsson P., Kvarnstrom G., Abrahamsson M., et al. The frequency of amblyopia among visually impaired persons. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80 (2002) 44-46
3. Graham P.A. Epidemiology of strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 58 (1974) 224-231
4. Kvarnstrom G., Jakobsson P., and Lennerstrand G. Visual screening of Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 79 (2001) 240-244
5. Barry J.C., and Konig H.H. Test characteristics of orthoptic screening examination in 3 year old kindergarten children. Br J Ophthalmol 87 (2003) 909-916
6. Ross E., Murray A.L., and Stead S. Prevalence of amblyopia in grade 1 schoolchildren in Saskatoon. Can J Public Health 68 (1977) 491-493
7. Cohen J. Screening results on the ocular status of 651 prekindergarteners. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 58 (1981) 648-662
8. Friedmann L., Biedner B., David R., and Sachs U. Screening for refractive errors, strabismus and other ocular anomalies from ages 6 months to 3 years. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 17 (1980) 315-317
9. Thompson J.R., Woodruff G., Hiscox F.A., et al. The incidence and prevalence of amblyopia detected in childhood. Public Health 105 (1991) 455-462
10. Stayte M., Johnson A., and Wortham C. Ocular and visual defects in a geographically defined population of 2-year-old children. Br J Ophthalmol 74 (1990) 465-468
11. Simpson A., Kirkland C., and Silva P.A. Vision and eye problems in seven year olds: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit. N Z Med J 97 (1984) 445-449
12. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. Screening for visual impairment in children younger than age 5 years: recommendation statement. Ann Fam Med 2 (2004) 263-266
13. American Academy of Ophthalmology Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern. Amblyopia 6 (2007), American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco 2-8. http://one.aao.org/asset.axd?id=990d3861-25e9-4bc9-ad7e-9796b932a4d9 Accessed January 6, 2009
14. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at 10 years of age. Arch Ophthalmol 126 (2008) 1039-1044
15. Stewart C.E., Fielder A.R., Stephens D.A., and Moseley M.J. Treatment of unilateral amblyopia: factors influencing visual outcome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (2005) 3152-3160
16. Williams C., Northstone K., Harrad R.A., et al., ALSPAC Study Team. Amblyopia treatment outcomes after preschool screening v school entry screening: observational data from a prospective cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol 87 (2003) 988-993
17. Rahi J., Logan S., Timms C., et al. Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non-amblyopic eye: a population-based study. Lancet 360 (2002) 597-602
18. Woodruff G., Hiscox F., Thompson J.R., and Smith L.K. The presentation of children with amblyopia. Eye 8 (1994) 623-626
19. Simons K. Amblyopia characterization, treatment, and prophylaxis. Surv Ophthalmol 50 (2005) 123-166
20. Satterfield D., Keltner J.L., and Morrison T.L. Psychosocial aspects of strabismus study. Arch Ophthalmol 111 (1993) 1100-1105
21. Olitsky S.E., Sudesh S., Graziano A., et al. The negative psychosocial impact of strabismus in adults. J AAPOS 3 (1999) 209-211
22. Jackson S., Harrad R.A., Morris M., and Rumsey N. The psychosocial benefits of corrective surgery for adults with strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 90 (2006) 883-888
23. Mojon-Azzi S.M., and Mojon D.S. Opinion of headhunters about the ability of strabismic subjects to obtain employment. Ophthalmologica 221 (2007) 430-433
24. Goff M.J., Suhr A.W., Ward J.A., et al. Effect of adult strabismus on ratings of official U.S. Army photographs. J AAPOS 10 (2006) 400-403
25. Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1229-1236
26. Friedman D.S., Repka M.X., Katz J., et al. Prevalence of decreased visual acuity among preschool-aged children in an American urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study: methods and results. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1786-1795
27. Moke P.S., Turpin A.H., Beck R.W., et al. Computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the Amblyopia Treatment Study visual acuity testing protocol. Am J Ophthalmol 132 (2001) 903-909
28. Holmes J.M., Beck R.W., Repka M.X., et al., Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. The Amblyopia Treatment Study visual acuity testing protocol. Arch Ophthalmol 119 (2001) 1345-1353
29. Friedman D.S., Katz J., Repka M.X., et al. Lack of concordance between fixation preference and HOTV optotype visual acuity in preschool children: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology 115 (2008) 1796-1799
30. United States Bureau of the Census. Population predictions. U.S. Interim Projections by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2000-2050. "Detailed Data Files". http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/ Tables 1a-2b. Accessed July 15, 2008
31. Greenberg A.E., Mohney B.G., Diehl N.N., and Burke J.P. Incidence and types of childhood esotropia: a population-based study. Ophthalmology 114 (2007) 170-174
32. Govindan M., Mohney B.G., Diehl N.N., and Burke J.P. Incidence and types of childhood exotropia: a population-based study. Ophthalmology 112 (2005) 104-108
33. Robaei D., Rose K.A., Ojaimi E., et al. Causes and associations of amblyopia in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Arch Ophthalmol 124 (2006) 878-884
34. Chew E., Remaley N.A., Tamboli A., et al. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 112 (1994) 1349-1355
35. Hakim R.B., and Tielsch J.M. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy: a risk factor for childhood strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 110 (1992) 1459-1462
36. Bremer D.L., Palmer E.A., Fellows R.R., et al., Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Strabismus in premature infants in the first year of life. Arch Ophthalmol 116 (1998) 329-333
37. Thompson J.R., Woodruff G., Hiscox F.A., et al. The incidence and prevalence of amblyopia detected in childhood. Public Health 105 (1991) 455-462
38. Oliver M., and Nawratzki I. Screening of pre-school children for ocular anomalies. II. Amblyopia: prevalence and therapeutic results at different ages. Br J Ophthalmol 55 (1971) 467-471
39. Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Children unable to perform screening tests in Vision in Preschoolers Study: proportion with ocular conditions and impact on measures of test accuracy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48 (2007) 83-87