Standardized patient methodology to assess refractive error reproducibility

Optometry and Vision Science

Volumn 86, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 517-528

  Shah, Rakhee ^a,b   Edgar, David F ^b   Rabbetts, Ronald ^c   Harle, Deacon E ^d   Evans, Bruce J W ^a,b  

^a Institute of Optometry   (United Kingdom)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c Rabbetts Sight Care   (United Kingdom)

^d Osborne Harle and Associates   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Astigmatism; Eye examination; Hyperopia; Myopia; Optometry; Refractive error; Standarized patient

Indexed keywords

ASTIGMATISM; EYE EXAMINATION; HYPEROPIA; MYOPIA; OPTOMETRY; REFRACTIVE ERROR; STANDARIZED PATIENT;

OPTOMETERS; REFRACTION;

SPHERES;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ASTIGMATISM; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; EYE CARE; EYE EXAMINATION; GOLD STANDARD; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; LIGHT; MYOPIA; OPTOMETRY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REFRACTION ERROR; REPRODUCIBILITY; SPECTACLES; UNITED KINGDOM; VALIDITY;

ASTIGMATISM; ENGLAND; OPTOMETRY; PRESCRIPTIONS; REFRACTIVE ERRORS; REFRACTOMETRY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 67651177726     PISSN: 10405488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819fa590     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. College of Optometrists. What is an Optometrist? Available at: http://www.college-optometrists.org/index.aspx/pcms/site.education.careers. What-is-an-Optometrist/. Accessed January 27, 2009.
2. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Available at: http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2009.
3. College of Optometrists. Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Professional Conduct. Available at: http://www.college-optometrists.org/index.aspx/pcms/site. publication.Ethics-Guidelines.recent/. Accessed January 27, 2009.
4. Stevenson R. Clinical practice survey 1998. College of Optometrists Newsletter 1998;69:7-10.
5. Medix UK, The College of Optometrists. The College of Optometrists Clinical Practice Survey: Market Research Report. London: Medix UK; 2008.
6. Franco LM, Daly CC, Chilongozi D, Dallabetta G. Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:523-532 (Pubitemid 28099978)
7. Shah R, Edgar D, Evans BJ. Measuring clinical practice. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2007;27:113-125
8. Barrows HS. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. AAMC. Acad Med 1993;68: 443-451
9. Rethans JJ, Saebu L. Do general practitioners act consistently in real practice when they meet the same patient twice? Examination of intradoctor variation using standardised (simulated) patients. BMJ 1997;314:1170-1173 (Pubitemid 27168460)
10. Dresselhaus TR, Peabody JW, Lee M, Wang MM, Luck J. Measuring compliance with preventive care guidelines: standardized patients, clinical vignettes, and the medical record. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15:782-788 (Pubitemid 30945488)
11. Dresselhaus TR, Luck J, Peabody JW. The ethical problem of false positives: a prospective evaluation of physician reporting in the medical record. J Med Ethics 2002;28:291-294
12. Luck J, Peabody JW, Dresselhaus TR, Lee M, Glassman P. How well does chart abstraction measure quality? A prospective comparison of standardized patients with the medical record. Am J Med 2000;108: 642-649 (Pubitemid 30337876)
13. Luck J, Peabody JW. Using standardised patients to measure physicians' practice: validation study using audio recordings. BMJ 2002; 325:679.
14. Peabody JW, Luck J, Glassman P, Dresselhaus TR, Lee M. Comparison of vignettes, standardized patients, and chart abstraction: a prospective validation study of 3 methods for measuring quality. JAMA 2000;283:1715-1722 (Pubitemid 30196212)
15. Peabody JW, Luck J, Glassman P, Jain S, Hansen J, Spell M, Lee M. Measuring the quality of physician practice by using clinical vignettes: a prospective validation study. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:771-780 (Pubitemid 39524915)
16. General Optical Council. The General Optical Council Stage 2 Core Competencies for Optometry. Available at: http://www.optical.org/goc/ filemanager/root/site-assets/core-competencies/Optometrists.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2009.
17. American Optometric Association. Code of Ethics. Available at: http://www.aoa.org/documents/Code-of-Ethics.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2009.
18. Elliott DB. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann; 2007.
19. Polasky M. Monocular subjective refraction. In: Eskridge JB, Amos JF, Bartlett JD, eds. Clinical Procedures in Optometry. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1991:174-188
20. Amos JF. Binocular subjective refraction. In: Eskridge JB, Amos JF, Bartlett JD, eds. Clinical Procedures in Optometry. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1991:189-193.
21. American Optometric Association. Professional Licensure-Practice of Optometrists. Available at: http://www.legis.state.ia.us/aspx/ACODocs/DOCS/12- 17-2008.645.182.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2009.
22. Blakeney SL. Clinical practice survey. Focus: Newsletter of College of Optometrists 2002;80(Spring):7-10.
23. Goss DA, Grosvenor T. Reliability of refraction-a literature review. J Am Optom Assoc 1996;67:619-630
24. Leinonen J, Laakkonen E, Laatikainen L. Repeatability (test-retest variability) of refractive error measurement in clinical settings. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84:532-536 (Pubitemid 44102852)
25. Bullimore MA, Fusaro RE, Adams CW. The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:617-622
26. Perrigin J, Perrigin D, Grosvenor T. A comparison of clinical refractive data obtained by three examiners. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982;59:515-519
27. Zadnik K, Mutti DO, Adams AJ. The repeatability of measurement of the ocular components. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33: 2325-2333
28. Johnson BL, Edwards JS, Goss DA, Penisten DK, Fulk GW. A comparison of three subjective tests for astigmatism and their interexaminer reliabilities. J Am Optom Assoc 1996;67:590-598
29. Sloane AE, Dunphy EB, Emmons WV, Gallagher JR. A comparison of refraction results on the same individuals. Am J Ophthalmol 1954; 37(5):697-699
30. French CN, Jennings JAM. Errors in subjective refraction-an exploratory study. Ophthalmic Optician 1974; 14(16):797-8;805-806
31. MacKenzie GE. Reproducibility of sphero-cylindrical prescriptions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008;28:143-150
32. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1(8476):307-310 (Pubitemid 16134762)
33. International Organisation for Standardisation. Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results, Part 6: Use in Practice of Accuracy Values. ISO 5725-5726:1994. London: British Standards Institute; 1994.
34. Shah R, Edgar DF, Rabbetts R, Blakeney SL, Charlesworth P, Harle DE, Evans BJ. The content of optometric eye examinations for a young myope with headaches. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008;28: 404-421
35. Shah R, Edgar DF, Spry PG, Harper RA, Kotecha A, Rughani S, Evans BJ. Glaucoma detection: the content of optometric eye examinations for a presbyopic patient of African racial descent. Br J Ophthalmol 2008. (e-pub May 12, 2008).
36. Shah R, Edgar D, Harle DE, Weddell L, Austen D, Burghardt D, Evans BJ. The content of optometric eye examinations for a presbyopic patient presenting with recent onset flashing lights. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009;29:105-126
37. The World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Available at: URL:http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm. Accessed January 27, 2009.
38. Bachmann MO, Colvin MS, Nsibande D, Connolly C, Curtis B. Quality of primary care for sexually transmitted diseases in Durban, South Africa: influences of patient, nurse, organizational and socioeconomic characteristics. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:388-394 (Pubitemid 38797446)
39. Barragan N, Violan C, Martin Cantera C, Ferrer-Vidal Cortella D, Gonzalez Algas J. Design of a method for the evaluation of clinical competence in primary care. Aten Primaria 2000;26:590-594
40. Bowman MA, Russell NK, Boekeloo BO, Rafi IZ, Rabin DL. The effect of educational preparation on physician performance with a sexually transmitted disease-simulated patient. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1823-1828
41. Ramsey PG, Curtis JR, Paauw DS, Carline JD, Wenrich MD. History-taking and preventive medicine skills among primary care physicians: an assessment using standardized patients. Am J Med 1998;104:152-158
42. General Optical Council. Opticians Act 1989: Part 4. Restrictions on Testing of Sight, Fitting of Contact Lenses, Sale and Supply of Optical Appliances and Use of Titles and Descriptions. Available at: http://www.optical.org/goc/filemanager/root/site-assets/legislation/act-part4. pdf. Accessed January 27, 2009.
43. Bennett AG. A new approach to statistical analysis of ocular astigmatism and astigmatic prescriptions. Front Optom 1984;2:35-42.
44. Thibos LN, Wheeler W, Horner D. Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:367-375 (Pubitemid 27310328)
45. Bennett AG, Rabbetts RB. Bennett and Rabbetts'. Clinical Visual Optics, 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Butterworth and Heinemann; 1998.
46. Harris WF. Scalar representation of astigmatism (Author's reply). Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996;16:261-262
47. Rabbetts RB. Scalar representation of astigmatism. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996;16:257-263
48. Carroll JP. Geometrical optics and the statistical analysis of refractive error. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980;57:367-371
49. McKendrick AM, Brennan NA. Distribution of astigmatism in the adult population. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1996;13:206-214
50. Sampath V, Bedell HE. Distribution of refractive errors in albinos and persons with idiopathic congenital nystagmus. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:292-299 (Pubitemid 34522623)
51. Wood IC, Hodi S, Morgan L. Longitudinal change of refractive error in infants during the first year of life. Eye 1995;9:551-557
52. Logan NS, Davies LN, Mallen EA, Gilmartin B. Ametropia and ocular biometry in a U.K. university student population. Optom Vis Sci 2005;82:261-266 (Pubitemid 40546182)
53. Goldschmidt E, Fledelius HC. High myopia progression and visual impairment in a nonselected group of Danish 14-year-olds followed over 40 years. Optom Vis Sci 2005;82:239-243 (Pubitemid 40546179)
54. Humphriss D. Binocular refraction. In: Edwards K, Llewellyn R, eds. Optometry. London: Butterworths;1988:140-149
55. Rosenfield M, Chiu NN. Repeatability of subjective and objective refraction. Optom Vis Sci 1995;72:577-579
56. College of Optometrists. Guidance for the Issuing of Small Prescriptions and Making Small Changes to Existing Prescriptions. Available at: http://www.college-optometrists.org/coo/download.cfm?uuid=133C868A-5A37-EBD3- 91D57C513152C300&type=ethics-guidelines. Accessed January 27, 2009.