White matter structure: A microscopist's view

Diffusion MRI

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 74-103

  Edgar, Julia M ^a   Griffiths, Ian R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Astrocyte; Axon; Central nervous system; Electron microscopy; Microglia; Microstructure; Myelin; Oligodendrocyte

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882490950     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374709-9.00005-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (201)

1. Aboitiz F, Scheibel AB, Fisher RS, Zaidel E Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Res 1992, 598:143-153.
2. Aguayo AJ, Bray GM, Perkins SC Axon-Schwann cell relationships in neuropathies of mutant mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979, 317:512-531.
3. Al-Saktawi K, McLaughlin M, Klugmann M, Schneider A, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Montague P, Kirkham D, Nave K-A, Griffiths IR Genetic background determines phenotypic severity of the Plp rumpshaker mutation. J Neurosci Res 2003, 72:12-24.
4. Aldskogius H Repairing CNS myelin - astrocytes have to do their jobs. Experimental Neurology 2005, 192:7-10.
5. Anderson TJ, Klugmann M, Thomson CE, Schneider A, Readhead C, Nave K-A, Griffiths IR Distinct phenotypes associated with increasing dosage of the Plp gene: implications for CMT1A due to Pmp22 gene duplication. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 883:234-246.
6. Andrews HE, White K, Thomson CE, Edgar JM, Bates D, Griffiths IR, Turnbull DH, Nicols P Increased axonal mitochondrial activity as an adaptation to myelin deficiency in the shiverer mouse. J Neurosci Res 2006, 83:1533-1539.
7. Arroyo EJ, Xu T, Grinspan J, Lambert S, Levinson SR, Brophy PJ, Peles E, Scherer SS Genetic dysmyelination alters the molecular architecture of the nodal region. J Neurosci 2002, 22:1726-1737.
8. Barres BA, Hart IK, Coles HSR, Burne JF, Voyvodic JT, Richardson WD, Raff MC Cell death and control of cell survival in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Cell 1992, 70:31-46.
9. Barres BA, Hart IK, Coles HSR, Burne JF, Voyvodic JT, Richardson WD, Raff MC Cell death in the oligodendrocyte lineage. J Neurobiol 1992, 23:1221-1230.
10. Barres BA, Raff MC Control of oligodendrocyte number in the developing rat optic nerve. Neuron 1994, 12:935-942.
11. Barres BA, Raff MC Axonal control of oligodendrocyte development. J Cell Biol 1999, 147:1123-1128.
12. Barron MJ, Griffiths P, Turnbull DM, Bates D, Nichols P The distributions of mitochondria and sodium channels reflect the specific energy requirements and conduction properties of the human optic nerve head. Br J Ophthalmol 2004, 88:286-290.
13. Bearer EL, Reese TS Association of actin filaments with axonal microtubule tracts. J Neurocytol 1999, 28:85-98.
14. Berthold C-H, Skoglund S Post natal development of feline paranodal myelin-sheath segments. Acta Soc Med Ups 1968, 73:113-123.
15. Biedenbach MA, De Vito JL, Brown AC Pyramidal tract of the cat: axon size and morphology. Exp Brain Res 1986, 61:303-310.
16. Bjartmar C, Kidd G, Mörk S, Rudick R, Trapp BD Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2000, 48:893-901.
17. Bjartmar C, Trapp BD Axonal and neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and functional consequences. Curr Opin Neurol 2001, 14:271-278.
18. Bjartmar C, Wujek JR, Trapp BD Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease. J Neurol Sci 2003, 206:165-171.
19. Boiko T, Rasband MN, Levinson SR, Caldwell JH, Mandel G, Trimmer JS, Matthews G Compact myelin dictates the differential targeting of two sodium channel isoforms in the same axon. Neuron 2001, 30:91-104.
20. Boison D, Büssow H, D'Urso D, Müller H-W, Stoffel W Adhesive properties of proteolipid protein are responsible for the compaction of CNS myelin sheaths. J Neurosci 1995, 15:5502-5513.
21. Brady ST, Witt AS, Kirkpatrick LL, De Waegh SM, Readhead C, Tu PH, Lee VMY Formation of compact myelin is required for maturation of the axonal cytoskeleton. J Neurosci 1999, 19:7278-7288.
22. Braun PE, Gravel M 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase: structure, biology, and function. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 499-522. Elsevier, Amsterdam. A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
23. Bray D, Bunge MB Serial analysis of microtubules in cultured rat sensory axons. J Neurocytol 1981, 10:589-605.
24. Bridge KE, Berg N, Adalbert R, Babetto E, Dias T, Spillantini MG, Ribchester RR, Coleman MP Late onset distal axonal swelling in YFP-H transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28(12):1840-1852.
25. Bristow EA, Griffiths PG, Andrews RM, Johnson MA, Turnbull DM The distribution of mitochondrial activity in relation to optic nerve structure. Arch Ophthalmol 2002, 120:791-796.
26. Brody BA, Kinney HC, Kloman AS, Gilles FH Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy. I. An autopsy study of myelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1987, 46:283-301.
27. Brown AM, Ransom BR Astrocyte glycogen and brain energy metabolism. Glia 2007, 55:1263-1271.
28. Butt AM, Colquhoun K, Berry M Confocal imaging of glial cells in the intact rat optic nerve. Glia 1994, 10:315-322.
29. Butt AM, Kiff J, Hubbard P, Berry M Synantocytes: new functions for novel NG2 expressing glia. J Neurocytol 2002, 31:551-565.
30. Cahoy JD, Emery B, Kaushal A, Foo LC, Zamanian JL, Christopherson KS, Xing Y, Lubischer JL, Krieg PA, Krupenko SA, Thompson WJ, Barres BA A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function. J Neurosci 2008, 28:264-278.
31. Chang A, Nishiyama A, Peterson J, Prineas J, Trapp BD NG2-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in adult human brain and multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neurosci 2000, 20:6404-6412.
32. Chang A, Tourtellotte WW, Rudick R, Trapp BD Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:165-173.
33. Charles P, Hernandez MP, Stankoff B, Aigrot MS, Colin C, Rougon G, Zalc B, Lubetzki C Negative regulation of central nervous system myelination by polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:7585-7590.
34. Chow E, Mottahedeh J, Prins M, Ridder W, Nusinowitz S, Bronstein JM Disrupted compaction of CNS myelin in an OSP/Claudin-11 and PLP/DM20 double knockout mouse. Mo. Cell Neurosci 2005, 29:405-413.
35. Cleveland DW, Monteiro MJ, Wong PC, Gill SR, Gearhart JD, Hoffman PN Involvement of neurofilaments in the radial growth of axons. J Cell Sci 100 Suppl 1991, 15:85-95.
36. Coetzee T, Fujita N, Dupree J, Shi R, Blight A, Suzuki K, Popko B Myelination in the absence of galactocerebroside and sulfatide: normal structure with abnormal function and regional instability. Cell 1996, 86:209-219.
37. Coleman M Axon degeneration mechanisms: commonality amid diversity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005, 6:889-898.
38. Compston A, Coles A Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2002, 359:1221-1231.
39. Court FA, Sherman DL, Pratt T, Garry EM, Ribchester RR, Cottrell DF, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Brophy PJ Restricted growth of Schwann cells lacking Cajal bands slows conduction in myelinated nerves. Nature 2004, 431:191-195.
40. Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G, Kim JV, Zuo Y, Jung S, Littman DR, Dustin ML, Gan WB ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8:752-758.
41. Dawson MR, Polito A, Levine JM, Reynolds R NG2-expressing glial progenitor cells: an abundant and widespread population of cycling cells in the adult rat CNS. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003, 24:476-488.
42. De Waegh SM, Lee VMY, Brady ST Local modulation of neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal caliber, and slow axonal transport by myelinating Schwann cells. Cell 1992, 68:451-463.
43. DeLuca GC, Ebers GC, Esiri MM Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a pathological survey of the corticospinal and sensory tracts. Brain 2004, 127:1009-1018.
44. DeLuca GC, Ebers GC, Esiri MM The extent of axonal loss in the long tracts in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 2004, 30:576-584.
45. DeMyer W Number of axons and myelin sheaths in adult human medullary pyramids; study with silver impregnation and iron hematoxylin staining methods. Neurology 1959, 9:42-47.
46. Duncan ID, Hammang JP, Goda S, Quarles RH Myelination in the jimpy mouse in the absence of proteolipid protein. Glia 1989, 2:148-154.
47. Duncan ID, Hammang JP, Trapp BD Abnormal compact myelin in the myelin-deficient rat: absence of proteolipid protein correlates with a defect in the intraperiod line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, 84:6287-6291.
48. Dupree JL, Coetzee T, Blight A, Suzuki K, Popko B Myelin galactolipids are essential for proper node of Ranvier formation in the CNS. J Neurosci 1998, 18:1642-1649.
49. Dupree JL, Coetzee T, Suzuki K, Popko B Myelin abnormalities in mice deficient in galactocerebroside and sulfatide. J Neurocytol 1998, 27:649-659.
50. Edgar JM, Garbern J The myelinated axon is dependent on the myelinating cell for support and maintenance: molecules involved. J Neurosci Res 2004, 76:593-598.
51. Edgar JM, McCulloch MC, Thomson CE, Griffiths IR Distribution of mitochondria along small-diameter myelinated central nervous system axons. J Neurosci Res 2008, 84:1703-1715.
52. Edgar JM, McLaughlin M, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Garbern J, Griffiths IR Age-related axonal and myelin changes in the rumpshaker mutation of the Plp gene. Acta Neuropath (Berl) 2004, 107:331-335.
53. Edgar JM, McLaughlin M, Yool D, Zhang SC, Fowler J, Montague P, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Duncan ID, Garbern J, Nave K-A, Griffiths IR Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Cell Biol 2004, 166:121-131.
54. Eng LF, D'Amelio FE, Smith ME Dissociation of GFAP intermediate filaments in EAE: observations in the lumbar spinal cord. Glia 1989, 2:308-317.
55. Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, Smith M, Palace J, Matthews PM Size-selective neuronal changes in the anterior optic pathways suggest a differential susceptibility to injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2001, 124:1813-1820.
56. Fanarraga ML, Griffiths IR, Zhao M, Duncan ID Oligodendrocytes are not inherently programmed to myelinate a specific size of axon. J Comp Neurol 1998, 399:94-100.
57. Fanarraga ML, Sommer I, Griffiths IR, Montague P, Groome NP, Nave K-A, Schneider A, Brophy PJ, Kennedy PGE Oligodendrocyte development and differentiation in the rumpshaker mutation. Glia 1993, 9:146-156.
58. Fath KR, Lasek RJ Two classes of actin microfilaments are associated with the inner cytoskeleton of axons. J Cell Biol 1988, 107:613-621.
59. Feng GP, Mellor RH, Bernstein M, Keller-Peck C, Nguyen QT, Wallace M, Nerbonne JM, Lichtman JW, Sanes JR Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP. Neuron 2000, 28:41-51.
60. Ferguson B, Matyszak MK, Esiri MM, Perry VH Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1997, 120:393-399.
61. Franklin RJ Why does remyelination fail in multiple sclerosis?. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002, 3:705-714.
62. Friede RL, Samorajski T Axon caliber related to neurofilaments and microtubules in sciatic nerve fibers of rats and mice. Anat Rec 1970, 167:379-388.
63. Ganter P, Prince C, Esiri MM Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a post-mortem study. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 1999, 25:459-467.
64. Garbern J, Hobson G Prenatal diagnosis of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Prenat Diagn 2002, 22:1033-1035.
65. Garbern J, Yool DA, Moore GJ, Wilds I, Faulk M, Klugmann M, Nave K-A, Sistermans EA, Van der Knaap MS, Bird TD, Shy ME, Kamholz J, Griffiths IR Patients lacking the major CNS myelin protein, proteolipid protein 1, develop length-dependent axonal degeneration in the absence of demyelination and inflammation. Brain 2002, 125:551-561.
66. Garbern JY Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: genetic and cellular pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007, 64:50-65.
67. Garcia-Marin V, Garcia-Lopez P, Freire M Cajal's contributions to glia research. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:479-487.
68. Gard AL, Burrell MR, Pfeiffer SE, Rudge JS, Williams WC Astroglial control of oligodendrocyte survival mediated by PDGF and leukemia inhibitory factor-like protein. Development 1995, 121:2187-2197.
69. Garden GA, Moller T Microglia biology in health and disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006, 1:127-137.
70. Gotow T, Leterrier JF, Ohsawa Y, Watanabe T, Isahara K, Shibata R, Ikenaka K, Uchiyama Y Abnormal expression of neurofilament proteins in dysmyelinating axons located in the central nervous system of jimpy mutant mice. Europ J Neurosci 1999, 11:3893-3903.
71. Gow A, Southwood CM, Li JS, Pariali M, Riordan GP, Brodie SE, Danias J, Bronstein JM, Kachar B, Lazzarini RA CNS myelin and Sertoli cell tight junction strands are absent in Osp/Claudin-11 null mice. Cell 1999, 99:649-659.
72. Graf K, Schramm U Diameter of axons and thickness of myelin sheaths of the pyramidal tract fibres in the adult human medullary pyramid. Anat Anz 1984, 157:97-111.
73. Griffiths IR, Klugmann M, Anderson TJ, Yool D, Thomson CE, Schwab MH, Schneider A, Zimmermann F, McCulloch MC, Nadon NL, Nave K-A Axonal swellings and degeneration in mice lacking the major proteolipid of myelin. Science 1998, 280:1610-1613.
74. Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat Neurosci 2007, 10:1387-1394.
75. Harsan LA, Poulet P, Guignard B, Parizel N, Skoff RP, Ghandour MS Astrocytic hypertrophy in dysmyelination influences the diffusion anisotropy of white matter. J Neurosci Res 2007, 85:935-944.
76. Hayes GM, Woodroofe MN, Cuzner ML Microglia are the major cell type expressing MHC class II in human white matter. J Neurol Sci 1987, 80:25-37.
77. Hess A, Young JZ The nodes of Ranvier. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1952, 140:301-320.
78. Hildebrand C, Hahn R Relation between myelin sheath thickness and axon size in spinal cord white matter of some vertebrate species. J Neurol Sci 1978, 38:421-434.
79. Hildebrand C, Remahl S, Persson H, Bjartmar C Myelinated nerve fibres in the CNS. Prog. Neurobiol 1993, 40:319-384.
80. Hildebrand C, Waxman SG Postnatal differentiation of rat optic nerve fibers: electron microscopic observations on the development of nodes of Ranvier and axoglial relations. J Comp Neurol 1984, 224:25-37.
81. Hirano A, Llena JF Morphology of central nervous sytem axons. The Axon 1995, 49-67. Oxford University Press, New York Oxford. S.G. Waxman, J.D. Kocsis, P.K. Stys (Eds.).
82. Hoffman PN, Griffin JW, Gold BG, Price DL Slowing of neurofilament transport and the radial growth of developing nerve fibers. J Neurosci 1985, 5:2920-2929.
83. Hoffman PN, Griffin JW, Price DL Control of axonal caliber by neurofilament transport. J Cell Biol 1984, 99:705-714.
84. Hoffman PN, Thompson GW, Griffin JW, Price DL Changes in neurofilament transport coincide temporally with alterations in the caliber of axons in regenerating motor fibers. J Cell Biol 1985, 101:1332-1340.
85. Hollenbeck PJ, Saxton WM The axonal transport of mitochondria. J Cell Sci 2005, 118:5411-5419.
86. Hsieh S-T, Kidd GJ, Crawford TO, Xu Z, Lin W-M, Trapp BD, Cleveland DW, Griffin JW Regional modulation of neurofilament organization by myelination in normal axons. J Neurosci 1994, 14:6392-6401.
87. Hudson LD, Garbern JY, Kamholz JA Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 867-885. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
88. Ibrahim M, Butt AM, Berry M Relationship between myelin sheath diameter and internodal length in axons of the anterior medullary velum of the adult rat. J Neurol Sci 1995, 133:119-127.
89. Imamoto K Astrocytal changes in the white matter of Jimpy mice: immunohistochemistry using antisera to glial fibrillary acidic protein. Arch Histol Jpn 1985, 48:411-419.
90. Innocenti GM Growth and reshaping of axons in the establishment of visual callosal connections. Science 1981, 212:824-827.
91. Innocenti GM, Clarke S, Koppel H Transitory macrophages in the white matter of the developing visual cortex. II. Development and relations with axonal pathways. Brain Res 1983, 313:55-66.
92. Innocenti GM, Koppel H, Clarke S Transitory macrophages in the white matter of the developing visual cortex. I. Light and electron microscopic characteristics and distribution. Brain Res 1983, 313:39-53.
93. Ip CW, Kroner A, Bendszus M, Leder C, Kobsar I, Fischer S, Wiendl H, Nave K-A, Martini R Immune cells contribute to myelin degeneration and axonopathic changes in mice overexpressing proteolipid protein in oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci 2006, 26:8206-8216.
94. Ip CW, Kroner A, Crocker PR, Nave K-A, Martini R Sialoadhesin deficiency ameliorates myelin degeneration and axonopathic changes in the CNS of PLP overexpressing mice. Neurobiol Disease 2006, 25:105-111.
95. Ishibashi T, Dupree JL, Ikenaka K, Hirahara Y, Honke K, Peles E, Popko B, Suzuki K, Nishino H, Baba H A myelin galactolipid, sulfatide, is essential for maintenance of ion channels on myelinated axon but not essential for initial cluster formation. J Neurosci 2002, 22:6507-6514.
96. Kaplan MR, Meyer-Franke A, Lamber S, Bennett V, Duncan ID, Levinson SR, Barres BA Induction of sodium channel clustering by oligodendrocytes. Nature 1997, 386:724-728.
97. Karasek M, Swiltoslawski J, Zieliniska A Ultrastructure of the central nervous system: the basics. Folia Neuropathol 2004, 42(Suppl B):1-9.
98. Kassmann CM, Lappe-Siefke C, Baes M, Brugger B, Mildner A, Werner HB, Natt O, Michaelis T, Prinz M, Frahm J, Nave KA Axonal loss and neuroinflammation caused by peroxisome-deficient oligodendrocytes. Nat Genet 2007, 39(8):936-938.
99. Keirstead HS, Levine JM, Blakemore WF Response of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population (defined by NG2 labelling) to demyelination of the adult spinal cord. Glia 1998, 22:161-170.
100. Kerr BJ, Patterson PH Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury. Glia 2005, 51:73-79.
101. Kinney HC, Brody BA, Kloman AS, Gilles FH Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy. II. Patterns of myelination in autopsied infants. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1988, 47:217-234.
102. Kirkpatrick LL, Witt AS, Payne HR, Shine HD, Brady ST Changes in microtubule stability and density in myelin-deficient shiverer mouse CNS axons. J Neurosci 2001, 21:2288-2297.
103. Klugmann M, Schwab MH, Pühlhofer A, Schneider A, Zimmermann F, Griffiths IR, Nave K-A Assembly of CNS myelin in the absence of proteolipid protein. Neuron 1997, 18:59-70.
104. Knapp PE, Skoff RP, Redstone DW Oligodendroglial cell death in jimpy mice: an explanation for the myelin deficit. J Neurosci 1986, 6:2813-2822.
105. Koppel H, Innocenti GM Is there a genuine exuberancy of callosal projections in development? A quantitative electron microscopic study in the cat. Neurosci Lett 1983, 41:33-40.
106. Kwiecien JM, O'Connor LT, Goetz BD, Delaney KH, Fletch AL, Duncan ID Morphological and morphometric studies of the dysmyelinating mutant, the Long Evans shaker rat. J Neurocytol 1998, 27:581-591.
107. LaMantia AS, Rakic P Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 1990, 10:2156-2175.
108. LaMantia AS, Rakic P Cytological and quantitative characteristics of four cerebral commissures in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1990, 291:520-537.
109. Lappe-Siefke C, Goebbels S, Gravel M, Nicksch E, Lee J, Braun PE, Griffiths IR, Nave K-A Disruption of the CNP gene uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination. Nat. Genet. 2003, 33:366-374.
110. Lassmann H Cellular damage and repair in multiple sclerosis. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 735-756. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
111. Lawson LJ Quantification of the mononuclear phagocyte response to Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve. J Neurocytol 1994, 23:729-744.
112. Lawson LJ, Perry VH, Dri P, Gordon S Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 1990, 39:151-170.
113. Lin SC, Bergles DE Synaptic signaling between neurons and glia. Glia 2004, 47:290-298.
114. Lucchinetti C, Brück W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H A quantitative analysis of oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions - a study of 113 cases. Brain 1999, 122:2279-2295.
115. Ma J, Matsumoto M, Tanaka KF, Takebayashi H, Ikenaka K An animal model for late onset chronic demyelination disease caused by failed terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Neuron Glial Biol 2006, 2:81-91.
116. Mallon BS, Shick HE, Kidd GJ, Macklin WB Proteolipid promoter activity distinguishes two populations of NG2-positive cells throughout neonatal cortical development. J Neurosci 2002, 22:876-885.
117. Mason JL, Langaman C, Morell P, Suzuki K, Matsushima GK Episodic demyelination and subsequent remyelination within the murine central nervous system: changes in axonal calibre. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 2001, 27:50-58.
118. McDonald WI, Ohlrich GD Quantitative anatomical measurements on single isolated fibres from the cat spinal cord. J Anat 1971, 110:191-202.
119. Michailov GV, Sereda MW, Brinkmann BG, Fischer TM, Haug B, Birchmeier C, Role L, Lai C, Schwab MH, Nave KA Axonal neuregulin-1 regulates myelin sheath thickness. Science 2004, 304:700-703.
120. Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M, Bareyre FM, Lichtman JW Transgenic mice with fluorescently tagged neuronal mitochondria as a new tool to study axonal transport in vivo. Abstract Viewer/Itinery Planner.Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience 2005, 369:4. (Abstract).
121. Mittelbronn M, Dietz K, Schluesener HJ, Meyermann R Local distribution of microglia in the normal adult human central nervous system differs by up to one order of magnitude. Acta Neuropathol 2001, 101:249-255.
122. Morell P Myelin 1984, Plenum Press, New York and London.
123. Mori S, Leblond CP Identification of microglia in light and electron microscopy. J Comp Neurol 1969, 135:57-80.
124. Murray JA, Blakemore WF The relationship between internodal length and fibre diameter in the spinal cord of the cat. J Neurol Sci 1980, 45:29-41.
125. Nagaike K, Mikoshiba K, Tsukada Y Dysmyelination of shiverer mutant mice in vivo and in vitro. J Neurochem 1982, 39:1235-1241.
126. Nagy JI, Li X, Rempel J, Stelmack G, Patel D, Staines WA, Yasumura T, Rash JE Connexin26 in adult rodent central nervous system: demonstration at astrocytic gap junctions and colocalization with connexin30 and connexin43. J Comp Neurol 2001, 441:302-323.
127. Nave KA, Salzer JL Axonal regulation of myelination by neuregulin 1. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006, 16:492-500.
128. Nave K-A, Griffiths IR Models of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 1125-1142. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
129. Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 2005, 308:1314-1318.
130. Nishiyama A, Yang Z, Butt A Astrocytes and NG2-glia: what's in a name?. J Anat 2005, 207:687-693.
131. Nixon RA Dynamic behavior and organization of cytoskeletal proteins in neurons: reconciling old and new findings. BioEssays 1998, 20:798-807.
132. Norton WT, Aquino DA, Hozumi I, Chiu F-C, Brosnan CF Quantitative aspects of reactive gliosis: a review. Neurochem Res 1992, 17:877-885.
133. O'Connor LT, Goetz BD, Kwiecien JM, Delaney KH, Fletch AL, Duncan ID Insertion of a retrotransposon in mbp disrupts mRNA splicing and myelination in a new mutant rat. J Neurosci 1999, 19:3404-3413.
134. Pan B, Fromholt SE, Hess EJ, Crawford TO, Griffin JW, Sheikh KA, Schnaar RL Myelin-associated glycoprotein and complementary axonal ligands, gangliosides, mediate axon stability in the CNS and PNS: neuropathology and behavioral deficits in single- and double-null mice. Exp Neurol 2005, 195:208-217.
135. Papadopoulos D, Pham-Dinh D, Reynolds R Axon loss is responsible for chronic neurological deficit following inflammatory demyelination in the rat. Experimental Neurology 2006, 197:373-385.
136. Partadiredja G, Miller R, Oorschot DE The number, size, and type of axons in rat subcortical white matter on left and right sides: a stereological, ultrastructural study. J Neurocytol 2003, 32:1165-1179.
137. Perry VH, Bell MD, Brown HC, Matyszak MK Inflammation in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995, 5:636-641.
138. Perry VH, Cunningham C, Holmes C Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 2007, 7:161-167.
139. Perry VH, Gordon S Macrophages and microglia in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 1988, 11:273-277.
140. Perry VH, Hume DA, Gordon S Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience 1985, 15:313-326.
141. Peters A A radial component of central myelin sheaths. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1961, 11:733-735.
142. Peters A The node of Ranvier in the central nervous system. Quart J Exp Physiol 1966, 51:229-236.
143. Peters A, Vaughn JE Microtubules and filaments in the axons and astrocytes of early postnatal rat optic nerves. J Cell Biol 1967, 32:113-119.
144. Pfeiffer SE, Warrington AE, Bansal R The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes. Trends Cell Biol 1993, 3:191-197.
145. Popko B Myelin galactolipids: mediators of axon-glial interactions?. Glia 2000, 29:149-153.
146. Powers JM The leukodystrophies: overview and clssification. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 663-690. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
147. Prineas JW (1985) The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 3 (47): Demyelinating Diseases (Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds), pp. 233-234. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
148. Privat A, Jacque C, Bourre JM, Dupouey P, Baumann N Absence of the major dense line in myelin of the mutant mouse shiverer. Neurosci Lett 1979, 12:107-112.
149. Rash JE, Yasumura T, Dudek FE, Nagy JI Cell-specific expression of connexins and evidence of restricted gap junctional coupling between glial cells and between neurons. J Neurosci 2001, 21:1983-2000.
150. Readhead C, Hood L The dysmyelinating mouse mutations shiverer (shi) and myelin deficient (shimld). Behav Genet 1990, 20:213-234.
151. Readhead C, Schneider A, Griffiths IR, Nave K-A Premature arrest of myelin formation in transgenic mice with increased proteolipid protein gene dosage. Neuron 1994, 12:583-595.
152. Reles A, Friede RL Axonal cytoskeleton at the nodes of Ranvier. J Neurocytol 1991, 20:450-458.
153. Remahl S, Hildebrand C Relation between axons and oligodendroglial cells during initial myelination. I. The glial unit. J Neurocytol 1990, 19:313-328.
154. Rezaie P, Male D Colonisation of the developing human brain and spinal cord by microglia: a review. Microsc Res Tech 1999, 45:359-382.
155. Rosenbluth J Central myelin in the mouse mutant shiverer. J Comp Neurol 1980, 194:639-648.
156. Rosenbluth J, Nave KA, Mierzwa A, Schiff R Subtle myelin defects in PLP-null mice. Glia 2006, 54:172-182.
157. Rushton WA A theory of the effects of fibre size in medullated nerve. J Physiol 1951, 115:101-122.
158. Rydmark M, Berthold C-H Electron microscopic serial section analysis of nodes of Ranvier in lumbar spinal roots of the cat: a morphometric study of nodal compartments in fibres of different sizes. J Neurocytol 1983, 12:537-565.
159. Saher G, Brugger B, Lappe-Siefke C, Mobius W, Tozawa R, Wehr MC, Wieland F, Ishibashi S, Nave KA High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8:468-475.
160. Sánchez I, Hassinger L, Paskevich PA, Shine HD, Nixon RA Oligodendroglia regulate the regional expansion of axon caliber and local accumulation of neurofilaments during development independently of myelin formation. J Neurosci 1996, 16:5095-5105.
161. Sargon MF, Celik HH, Aksit MD, Karaagaoglu E Quantitative analysis of myelinated axons of corpus callosum in the human brain. Int J Neurosci 2007, 117:749-755.
162. Schneider A, Montague P, Griffiths IR, Fanarraga ML, Kennedy PGE, Brophy PJ, Nave K-A Uncoupling of hypomyelination and glial cell death by a mutation in the proteolipid protein gene. Nature 1992, 358:758-761.
163. Scolding N, Franklin R Axon loss in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998, 352:340-341.
164. Sherman DL, Tait S, Melrose S, Johnson R, Zonta B, Court F, Macklin WB, Meek S, Smith AJH, Cottrell DF, Brophy PJ Neurofascins are required to establish axonal domains for saltatory conduction. Neuron 2005, 48:737-742.
165. Simons M, Krämer EM, Macchi P, Rathke-Hartlieb S, Trotter J, Nave K-A, Schulz JB Overexpression of the myelin proteolipid protein leads to accumulation of cholesterol and proteolipid protein in endosomes/lysosomes: implications for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. J Cell Biol 2002, 157:327-336.
166. Simons M, Krämer EM, Thiele C, Stoffel W, Trotter J Assembly of myelin by association of proteolipid protein with cholesterol- and galactosylceramide-rich membrane domains. J Cell Biol 2000, 151:143-153.
167. Spiegel I, Peles E Cellular junctions of myelinated nerves (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2002, 19:95-101.
168. Spiegel I, Peles E A new player in CNS myelination. Neuron 2006, 49:77-778.
169. Streit WJ Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS. Glia 2002, 40:133-139.
170. Swadlow HA, Waxman SG, Geschwind N Small-diameter nonmyelinated axons in the primate corpus callosum. Arch Neurol 1980, 37:114-115.
171. Sykova E, Svoboda J, Simonova Z, Jendelova P Role of astrocytes in ionic and volume homeostasis in spinal cord during development and injury. Prog Brain Res 1992, 94:47-56.
172. Taveggia C, Zanazzi G, Petrylak A, Yano H, Rosenbluth J, Einheber S, Xu X, Esper RM, Loeb JA, Shrager P, Chao MV, Falls DL, Role L, Salzer JL Neuregulin-1 type III determines the ensheathment fate of axons. Neuron 2005, 47:681-694.
173. Taylor CM, Marta CB, Bansal R, Pfeiffer SE The transport, assembly, and function of myelin lipids. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 57-88. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
174. Thomaidou D, Mione MC, Cavanagh JF, Parnavelas JG Apoptosis and its relation to the cell cycle in the developing cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 1997, 17:1075-1085.
175. Trapp BD, Pfeiffer S, Anitei M, Kidd GJ Cell biology of myelin assembly. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 29-55. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazzarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
176. Trapp BD, Bernier L, Andrews B, Colman DR Cellular and subcellular distribution of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and its mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J Neurochem 1988, 51:859-868.
177. Trapp BD, Kidd GJ Structure of the myelinated axon. Myelin Biology and Disorders 2004, 3-27. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.A. Lazarini, J.W. Griffin, H. Lassmann, K.-A. Nave, R.H. Miller, B.D. Trapp (Eds.).
178. Trapp BD, Nishiyama A, Cheng D, Macklin E Differentiation and death of premyelinating oligodendrocytes in developing rodent brain. J Cell Biol 1997, 137:459-468.
179. Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mörk S, Bö L Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:278-285.
180. Tsukita S, Usukura J, Ishikawa H The cytoskeleton in myelinated axons: a freeze-etch replica study. Neuroscience 1982, 7:2135-2147.
181. Vaughn JE, Peters A Electron microscopy of the early postnatal development of fibrous astrocytes. Am J Anat 1967, 121:131-152.
182. Vaughn JE, Peters A A third neuroglial cell type. An electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 1968, 133:269-288.
183. Wada A, Goto J, Goto N, Kawamura N, Matsumoto K Are there one million nerve fibres in the human medullary pyramid?. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2001, 77:221-224.
184. Waxman SG, Bennett MV Relative conduction velocities of small myelinated and non-myelinated fibres in the central nervous system. Nat New Biol 1972, 238:217-219.
185. Waxman SG, Swadlow HA Ultrastructure of visual callosal axons in the rabbit. Exp Neurol 1976, 53:115-127.
186. Werner HB, Kuhlmann K, Shen S, Uecker M, Schardt A, Dimova K, Orfaniotou F, Dhaunchak A, Brinkmann BG, Mobius W, Guarente Ly, Casaccia-Bonnefil P, Jahn O, Nave K-A Proteolipid protein is required for transport of
187. Witt A, Brady ST Unwrapping new layers of complexity in axon/glial relationships. Glia 2000, 29:112-117.
188. Wolman M Histochemistry of demyelination and myelination. J Histochem Cytochem 1968, 16:803-807.
189. Yakovlev PI, Lecours AR The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life 1967, 3-70. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh. A. Minkowski (Ed.).
190. Yamamoto Y, Mizuno R, Nishimura T, Ogawa Y, Yoshikawa H, Fujimura H, Adachi E, Kishimoto T, Yanagihara T, Sakoda S Cloning and expression of myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein. A novel basic protein constituting the central nervous system myelin. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:31725-31730.
191. Yamamoto Y, Yoshikawa H, Nagano S, Kondoh G, Sadahiro S, Gotow T, Yanagihara T, Sakoda S Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein is essential for normal arrangement of the radial component in central nervous system myelin. Europ J Neurosci 1999, 11:847-855.
192. Yin XH, Crawford TO, Griffin JW, Tu PH, Lee VM, Li CM, Roder J, Trapp BD Myelin-associated glycoprotein is a myelin signal that modulates the caliber of myelinated axons. J Neurosci 1998, 18:1953-1962.
193. Yonezawa T, Ohtsuka A, Yoshitaka T, Hirano S, Nomoto H, Yamamoto K, Ninomiya Y Limitrin, a novel immunoglobulin superfamily protein localized to glia limitans formed by astrocyte endfeet. Glia 2003, 44:190-204.
194. Yool D, Montague P, McLaughlin M, McCulloch MC, Edgar JM, Nave K-A, Davies RW, Griffiths IR, McCallion AS Phenotypic analysis of mice deficient in the major myelin protein MOBP, and evidence for a novel Mobp isoform. Glia 2002, 39:256-267.
195. Yool DA, Edgar JM, Montague P, Malcolm S The proteolipid protein gene and myelin disorders in man and animal models. Hum Mol Genet 2000, 9:987-992.
196. Yool DA, Klugmann M, McLaughlin M, Vouyiouklis DA, Dimou L, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Nave K-A, Griffiths IR Myelin proteolipid proteins promote the interaction of oligodendrocytes and axons. J Neurosci Res 2001, 63:151-164.
197. Yuan X, Chittajallu R, Belachew S, Anderson S, McBain CJ, Gallo V Expression of the green fluorescent protein in the oligodendrocyte lineage: a transgenic mouse for developmental and physiological studies. J Neurosci Res 2002, 70:529-545.
198. Zhang SC, Goetz BD, Carré JL, Duncan ID Reactive microglia in dysmyelination and demyelination. Glia 2001, 34:101-109.
199. Zhu X, Bergles DE, Nishiyama A NG2 cells generate both oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes. Development 2008, 135:145-157.
200. Zhuo L, Sun B, Zhang CL, Fine A, Chiu SY, Messing A Live astrocytes visualized by green fluorescent protein in transgenic mice. Dev Biol 1997, 187:36-42.
201. Zuo Y, Lubischer JL, Kang H, Tian L, Mikesh M, Marks A, Scofield VL, Maika S, Newman C, Krieg P, Thompson WJ Fluorescent proteins expressed in mouse transgenic lines mark subsets of glia, neurons, macrophages, and dendritic cells for vital examination. J Neurosci 2004, 24:10999-11009.