Dynamic behavior and organization of cytoskeletal proteins in neurons: Reconciling old and new findings

BioEssays

Volumn 20, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 798-807

  Nixon, Ralph A ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; NERVE PROTEIN; NEUROFILAMENT PROTEIN; PHOSPHOPROTEIN;

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MICROTUBULE; MOUSE; MOUSE MUTANT; NERVE CELL; NERVE FIBER; NERVE FIBER TRANSPORT; PHOSPHORYLATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; AXONAL TRANSPORT; AXONS; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MICROTUBULES; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS; NEURONS; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0032192425     PISSN: 02659247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199810)20:10<798::AID-BIES5>3.0.CO;2-7     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Hof PR, Morrison JH (1995) Neurofilament protein defines regional patterns of cortical organization in the macaque monkey visual system: a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 352: 161-186.
2. Gottron F, Turetsky D, Choi D (1995) SMI-32 antibody against non-phosphorylated neurofilaments identifies a subpopulation of cultured cortical neurons hypersensitive to kainate toxicity. Neurosci Lett 194: 1-4.
3. Hof PR, Nimchinsky ER, Morrison JH (1995) Neurochemical phenotype of corticocortical connections in the macaque monkey: quantitative analysis of a subset of neurofilament protein-immunoreactive projection neurons in frontal, parietal temporal, and cingulate cortices. J Comp Neurol 362: 109-133.
4. Trojanowski JQ, Schmidt ML, Shin R-W, Bramblett GT, Rao D, Lee VM-Y (1993) Altered tau and neurofilament proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: diagnostic implications for Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementias. Brain Pathol 3: 45-54.
5. Julien JP (1995) A role for neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Cell Biol 73: 593-597.
6. Cleveland DW (1996) Neuronal growth and death: order and disorder in the axoplasm. Cell 84: 663-666.
7. Vickers JC, Morrison JH, Friedrich VL Jr, Elder GA, Perl DP, Katz RN, Lassarini RA (1994) Age-associated and cell-type-specific neurofibrillary pathology in transgenic mice expressing the human midsized neurofilament subunit. J Neurosci 14: 5603-5612.
8. Hirokawa N (1982) Cross-linker system between neurofilaments, microtubules, and membranous organelles in frog axons revealed by the quick-freeze, deep-etching method. J Cell Biol 94: 129-142.
9. Hirokawa N (1991) Molecular architecture and dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeleton. In RD Burgoyne (ed): The Neuronal Cytoskeleton. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp 5-74.
10. Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ (1975) The slow component of axonal transport. Identification of major structural polypeptides of the axon and their generality among mammalian neurons. J Cell Biol 66: 351-366.
11. Willard M, Simon C (1983) Modulations of neurofilament axonal transport during the development of rabbit retinal ganglion cells. Cell 35: 551-559.
12. Grafstein B, McEwen BS, Shelanski ML (1970) Axonal transport of neurotubule protein. Nature 35: 551-559.
13. Kidwai AM, Ochs S (1969) Components of fast and slow phases of axoplasmic flow. J Neurochem 16: 1105-1112.
14. Lasek RJ, Garner JA, Brady ST (1984) Axonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix. J Cell Biol 99: 212-221.
15. Weiss PA, Hiscoe HB (1948) Experiments on the mechanism of nerve growth. J Exp Zool 107: 315.
16. Weiss DG, Gross GW (1983) Intracellular transport in axonal microtubular domains. I. Theoretical considerations on the essential properties of a force generating mechanism. Protoplasma 114: 179-197.
17. Lasek RJ (1986) Polymer sliding in axons. J Cell Sci Suppl 5: 161-179.
18. Garner JA (1988) Differential turnover of tubulin and neurofilament proteins in central nervous system neuron terminals. Brain Res 458: 309-318.
19. Safaei R, Fischer I (1990) Turnover of cytoskeletal proteins in vivo. Brain Res 533: 83-90.
20. Nixon RA (1991) Axonal transport of cytoskeletal proteins. In RD Burgoyne (ed): The Neuronal Cytoskeleton. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp 283-307.
21. Watson DF, Hoffman PN, Fittro KP, Griffin JW (1989) Neurofilament and tubulin transport slows along the course of mature motor axons. Brain Res 477: 225-232.
22. Nixon RA, Logvinenko KB (1986) Multiple fates of newly synthesized neurofilament proteins: evidence for a stationary neurofilament network distributed uniformly along axons of retinal ganglion cell neurons. J Cell Biol 102: 647-659.
23. Black MM, Lasek RJ (1980) Slow components of axonal transport: two cytoskeletal networks. J Cell Biol 86: 616-623.
24. Nixon RA, Logvinenko KB, Mercken M, Matthyse S, Sihag RK (1993) Multiple cytoskeletal proteins contribute to a stationary but dynamic network in axons. Soc Neurosci Abstr 19: 61.
25. Lasek RJ, Paggi P, Katz MJ (1992) Slow axonal transport mechanisms move neurofilaments relentlessly in mouse optic axons. J Cell Biol 117: 607-616.
26. Nixon RA, Fischer I, Lewis SE (1990) Synthesis, axonal transport, and turnover of the high molecular weight microtubule-associated protein MAP 1A in mouse retinal ganglion cells: tubulin and MAP 1A display distinct transport kinetics. J Cell Biol 110: 437-448.
27. Neale JH, Elam JS, Neale EA, Agranoff BS (1974) Axonal transport and turnover of proline- and leucine-labeled protein in the goldfish visual system. J Neurochem 23: 1045-1055.
28. Karlsson J-O, Sjöstrand J (1970) Synthesis, migration and turnover of protein in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurochem 18: 749-767.
29. Nixon RA, Paskevich PA, Sihag RK, Thayer CY (1994) Phosphorylation on carboxyl terminus domains of neurofilament proteins in retinal ganglion cell neurons in vivo: influences on regional neurofilament accumulation, interneurofilament spacing, and axon caliber. J Cell Biol 126: 1031-1046.
30. von Bernhardi R, Alvarez J (1989) Is the supply of axoplasmic proteins a burden for the cell body? Morphometry of sensory neurons and amino acid incorporation into their cell bodies. Brain Res 478: 301-308.
31. Price RL, Lasek RJ, Katz MJ (1990) Internal axonal cytoarchitecture is shaped locally by external compressive forces. Brain Res 530:205-214.
32. Hoffman PN, Griffin JW, Price DL (1984) Control of axonal caliber by neurofilament transport. J Cell Biol 99:705-714.
33. Minzenberg M, Berkelaar M, Bray G, McKerracher L (1995) Changes in retinal ganglion cell axons after optic nerve crush: neurofilament expression is not the sole determinant of calibre. Biochem Cell Biol 73: 599-604.
34. Zelena J, Lubinska L, Gutmann E (1968) Accumulation of organelles at the ends of interrupted axons. Z Zellforsch 91: 200-219.
35. Friede RL, Miyagishi T (1972) Adjustment of the myelin sheath to changes in axon caliber. Anat. Rec. 172: 1-14.
36. Okabe S, Hirokawa N (1993) Do photobleached fluorescent microtubules move? Reevaluation of fluorescence laser photobleaching both in vitro and in growing Xenopus axons. J Cell Biol 120: 177-186.
37. Okabe S, Hirokawa N (1992) Differential behavior of photoactivated microtubules in growing axons of mouse and frog neurons. J Cell Biol 117: 105-120.
38. Okabe S, Hirokawa N (1993) Dynamics of the neuronal intermediate filaments. J Cell Biol 121: 375-386.
39. Takeda S, Okabe S, Funakoshi T, Hirokawa N (1994) Differential dynamics of neurofilament-H protein and neurofilament-L protein in neurons. J Cell Biol 127: 173-185.
40. Lim SS, Edson KJ, Letourneau PC, Borisy GG (1990) A test of microtubule translocation during neurite elongation. J Cell Biol 111: 123-130.
41. Sabry J, O'Connor TP, Kirschner M (1995) Microtubule polymer assembly and transport during axonal elongation. J Cell Biol 115: 365-379.
42. Reinsch SS, Mitchison TJ, Kirschner MW (1991) Microtubule polymer assembly and transport during axonal elongation. J Cell Biol 115: 365-379.
43. Takeda S, Funakoshi T, Hirokawa N (1995) Tubulin dynamics in neuronal axons of living zebrafish embryos. Neuron 14: 1257-1264.
44. Yu W, Schwei MJ, Baas PW (1996) Microtubule transport and assembly during axon growth. J Cell Biol 133:151-157.
45. Miller KE, Joshi HC (1996) Tubulin transport in neurons. J Cell Biol 133: 1355-1366.
46. Hoffman PN, Lopata MA, Watson DF, Luduena RF (1992) Axonal transport of class II and III beta-tubulin: evidence that the slow-component wave represents the movement of only a small fraction of the tubulin in mature motor axons. J Cell Biol 119: 595-604.
47. Bamberg JR, Bray D, Chapman K (1986) Assembly of microtubules at the tip of growing axons. Nature 321: 788-790.
48. Campenot RB, Lund K, Senger DL (1996) Delivery of newly synthesized tubulin to rapidly growing distal axons of rat sympathetic neurons in compartmented cultures. J Cell Biol 135: 701-709.
49. Funakoshi T, Takeda S, Hirokawa N (1996) Active transport of photoactivated tubulin molecules in growing axons revealed by a new electron microscopic analysis. J Cell Biol 133: 1347-1353.
50. Mercken M, Fischer I, Kosik KS, Nixon RA (1995) Three distinct axonal transport rates for tau, tubulin, and other microtubule-associated proteins. J Neurosci 15: 8259-8267.
51. Nixon RA, Lewis SE (1986) Differential turnover of phosphate groups on neurofilament subunits in mammalian neurons in vivo. J Biol Chem 261: 16298-16301.
52. Collard JF, Cote F, Julien JP (1995) Defective axonal transport in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 375: 61-64.
53. Marszalek JR, et al. (1996) Neurofilament subunit NF-H modulates axonal diameter by selectively slowing neurofilament transport. J Cell Biol 135: 711-724.
54. Giasson BI, Cromlish JA, Athlan ES, Mushynski WE (1996) Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in okadaic acid-treated neurons potentiates neurofilament fragmentation and stimulates phosphorylation of Ser2 in the low-molecular-mass neurofilament subunit. J Neurochem 66: 1207-1213.
55. Terada S, Nakata T, Peterson AC, Hirokawa N (1996) Visualization of slow axonal transport in vivo. Science 273: 784-788.
56. Okabe S, Hirokawa N (1993) Dynamics of the neuronal intermediate filaments. J Cell Biol 121: 375-386.
57. Xu Z, et al. (1996) Subunit composition of neurofilaments specifies axonal diameter. J Cell Biol 133: 1061-1069.
58. Nixon RA, Shea TB (1992) Dynamics of neuronal intermediate filaments: a developmental perspective. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22: 81-91.
59. Tu PH, et al. (1997) Selective degeneration of Purkinje cells with Lewy body-like inclusions in aged NFHLACZ transgenic mice. J Neurosci 17: 1064-1074.
60. Shea TB, Sánchez I, Paskevich PA, Jung C, Nixon RA, Fischer I. (1997) Triton-soluble phosphovariants of the heavy subunit in developing and mature mouse CNS. J Neurosci Res 48: 515-523.
61. Martin R (1996) The structure of the neurofilament cytoskeleton in the squid giant axon and synapse. J Neurocytol 25: 547-554.
62. Schlaepfer WW, Bruce J (1990) Neurofilament proteins are distributed in a diminishing proximodistal gradient along rat sciatic nerve. J Neurochem 55: 453-460.
63. Hsieh S-T, et al. (1994) Regional modulation of neurofilament organization by myelination in normal axons. J Neurosci 14: 6392-6401.
64. Reles A, Friede RL (1991) Axonal cytoskeleton at the nodes of Ranvier. J Neurocytol 20: 450-458.
65. Mata M, Kupina N, Fink DJ (1992) Phosphorylation-dependent neurofilament epitopes are reduced at nodes of Ranvier. J Neurocytol 21: 199-210.
66. de Waegh SM, Lee VM-Y, Brady ST (1992) Local modulation of neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal caliber, and slow axonal transport by myelinating Schwann cells. Cell 68: 451-463.
67. Sánchez I, Hassinger L, Paskevich PA, Shine HD, Nixon RA (1996) Oligodendroglia regulate the regional expansion of axon caliber and local accumulation of neurofilaments during development independently of myelin formation. J Neurosci 16: 5095-5105.
68. Price RL, Lasek RJ, Katz MJ (1990) Internal axonal cytoarchitechture is shaped locally by external compressive forces. Brain Res 530:205-214.
69. Hsieh S-T, Crawford TO, Griffin JW (1994) Neurofilament distribution and organization in the myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system. Brain Res 642: 316-326.
70. Shaw G, Hou Z-C (1990) Bundling and cross-linking of intermediate filaments of the nervous system. J Neurosc. Res 25: 561-568.
71. Leterrier JF, Kas J, Hartwig J, Vegners R, Janmey PA (1996) Mechanical effects of neurofilament cross-bridges: modulation by phosphorylation, lipids, and interactions with f-actin. J Biol Chem 271: 15687-15694.
72. Leterrier J-F, Eyer J (1987) Properties of highly viscous gels formed by neurofilaments in vitro: a possible consequence of a specific inter-filament cross-bridging. Biochem J 245: 93-101.
73. Nagakawa T, Chen J, Zhang Z, Kanai Y, Hirokawa N (1995) Two distinct functions of the carboxyl terminal tail domain of NF-M upon neurofilament assembly: cross-bridge formation and longitudinal elongation of filaments. J Cell Biol 129: 411-429.
74. Eyer J, Leterrier JF (1988) Influence of the phosphorylation state of neurofilament proteins on the interactions between purified filaments in vitro. Biochem J 252: 655-660.
75. Hisanaga S-I, et al. (1993) Dephosphorylation of microtubule-binding sites at the neurofilament-H tail domain by alkaline, acid, and protein phosphatases. J Biochem 113: 705-709.
76. Herriman H, Wiche G (1987) Plectin and IFAP-300K are homologous proteins binding to microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 and to the 240-kilodalton subunit of spectrin. J Biol Chem 262: 1320-1325.
77. Yang Y, Dowling J, Yu QC, Kouklis P, Cleveland DW, Fuchs E (1996) An essential cytoskeletal linker protein connecting actin microfilaments to intermediate filaments. Cell 86: 655-665.
78. Svitkina TM, Verkhovsky AB, Borisy GG (1996) Plectin sidearms mediate interaction of the intermediate filaments with microtubules and other components of the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 135: 991-1007.
79. Stanley JR (1993) Cell adhesion molecules as targets of autoantibodies in pemphigus and pemphigoid, bullous diseases due to defective epidermal cell adhesion. Adv Immunol 53: 291-325.
80. Smith FDJ, et al. (1996) Plectin deficiency results in muscular dystrophy with epidermolysis bullosa. Nat Genet 13: 450-457.
81. Nixon RA (1993) The regulation of neurofilament protein dynamics by phosphorylation: clues to neurofibrillary pathobiology. Brain Pathol 3: 29-38.
82. Nixon RA, Sihag RK (1991) Neurofilament phosphorylation: a new look at regulation and function. Trends Neurosci 14: 501-506.
83. Pant HC, Veeranna (1995) Neurofilament phosphorylation. Biochem Cell Biol 73:575-592.
84. Lewis SE, Nixon RA (1988) Multiple phosphorylated variants of the high molecular mass subunit of neurofilaments in axons of retinal cell neurons: characterization and evidence for their differential association with stationary and moving neurofilaments. J Cell Biol 107: 2689-2701.
85. Hollenbeck PJ (1990) Cell biology. Cytoskeleton on the move. Nature 343: 408-409.