Kinetic measurement techniques in the evaluation of lipid metabolism

Current Drug Discovery Technologies

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 209-223

  Henderson, Gregory C ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Isotope dilution; Metabolic flux; Precursor product; Tracer

Indexed keywords

CARBON 14; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHYLOMICRON; DEUTERIUM; FATTY ACID; GLYCEROL; ISOTOPE; LIPID EMULSION; OLEIC ACID; PALMITIC ACID; RADIOISOTOPE; STABLE ISOTOPE; TRIPALMITIN; TYLOXAPOL; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOOD SAMPLING; BODY COMPOSITION; FAT INTAKE; FATTY ACID ANALYSIS; FATTY ACID DESATURATION; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; GLUCONEOGENESIS; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOLYSIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RADIOACTIVITY; SAPONIFICATION; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; STEADY STATE; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WATER ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; ISOTOPE LABELING; KINETICS; LIPID METABOLISM; MODELS, ANIMAL;

EID: 84882353458     PISSN: 15701638     EISSN: 18756220     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570163811310030004     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, et al. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2007; 298: 309-16.
2. Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. JAMA 2008; 300: 2142-52.
3. Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG. Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 2008; 118: 2047-56.
4. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007; 298: 299-308.
5. Stampfer MJ, Krauss RM, Ma J, et al. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1996; 276: 882-8.
6. Boden G, Shulman GI. Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32 Suppl 3: 14-23.
7. de Jongh RT, Serne EH, Ijzerman RG, de Vries G, Stehouwer CD. Free fatty acid levels modulate microvascular function: relevance for obesity-associated insulin resistance, hypertension, and microangiopathy. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2873-82.
8. Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Non-esterified fatty acids and blood pressure elevation: a mechanism for hypertension in subjects with obesity/insulin resistance? J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21: 12-9.
9. Wyne KL. Free fatty acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2003; 115 Suppl 8A: 29S-36S.
10. Dallongeville J, Gruson E, Dallinga-Thie G, et al. Effect of weight loss on the postprandial response to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals in obese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 711-8.
11. Lewis GF, O'Meara NM, Soltys PA, et al. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normal and obese subjects: comparison after the vitamin A fat-loading test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1041-50.
12. Malkova D, Hardman AE, Bowness RJ, Macdonald IA. The reduction in postprandial lipemia after exercise is independent of the relative contributions of fat and carbohydrate to energy metabolism during exercise. Metabolism 1999; 48: 245-251.
13. van Loon LJ, Thomason-Hughes M, Constantin-Teodosiu D, et al. Inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis increases intramuscular lipid and glycogen use in vivo in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289: E482-93.
14. Horowitz JF, Coppack SW, Paramore D, et al. Effect of short-term fasting on lipid kinetics in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: E278-284.
15. Samuel VT, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Lipid-induced insulin resistance: unravelling the mechanism. Lancet 2010; 375: 2267-77.
16. Steele R. Influences of glucose loading and of injected insulin on hepatic glucose output. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1959; 82: 420-30.
17. Henderson GC, Fattor JA, Horning MA, et al. Lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in men and women during the postexercise recovery period. J Physiol 2007; 584: 963-81.
18. Thyfault JP, Kraus RM, Hickner RC, et al. Impaired plasma fatty acid oxidation in extremely obese women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287: E1076-81.
19. Friedlander AL, Casazza GA, Horning MA, Buddinger TF, Brooks GA. Effects of exercise intensity and training on lipid metabolism in young women. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: E853-63.
20. Jacobs KA, Casazza GA, Suh SH, Horning MA, Brooks GA. Fatty acid reesterification but not oxidation is increased by oral contraceptive use in women. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 1720-31.
21. Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B, Elias N, Satyanarayana R, Klein S. Use of stable isotopically labeled tracers to measure very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride turnover. J Lipid Res 2002; 43: 223-33.
22. Votruba SB, Atkinson RL, Hirvonen MD, Schoeller DA. Prior exercise increases subsequent utilization of dietary fat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1757-65.
23. Votruba SB, Atkinson RL, Schoeller DA. Prior exercise increases dietary oleate, but not palmitate oxidation. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1509-18.
24. Votruba SB, Atkinson RL, Schoeller DA. Sustained increase in dietary oleic acid oxidation following morning exercise. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 100-7.
25. Schmidt DE, Allred JB, Kien CL. Fractional oxidation of chylomicron-derived oleate is greater than that of palmitate in healthy adults fed frequent small meals. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 2322-32.
26. Bergouignan A, Schoeller DA, Normand S, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on the oxidation of saturated and monounsaturated dietary Fatty acids: results of a randomized trial. PLoS Clin Trials 2006; 1: e27.
27. Borensztajn J, Rone MS, Kotlar TJ. The inhibition in vivo of lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity by triton WR-1339. Biochem J 1976; 156: 539-43.
28. Janicki BW, Aron SA. Effect of triton WR-1339 on lipoprotein lipase of guinea pig plasma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1962; 109: 507-9.
29. Sato K, Akiba Y, Horiguchi M. Species differences between chickens and rats in chemical properties of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1997; 118: 855-8.
30. Schotz MC, Scanu A, Page IH. Effect of triton on lipoprotein lipase of rat plasma. Am J Physiol 1957; 188: 399-402.
31. Sheorain VS, Nageswara Rao T, Subrahmanyam D. On the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by Triton WR 1339. Enzyme 1980; 25: 81-6.
32. Szajewski JM, Scanu A. Effect of triton WR-1339 on the heparininduced plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in dogs. Acta Med Pol 1963; 4: 15-20.
33. Emmison N, Zammit VA, Agius L. Triacylglycerol accumulation and secretion in hepatocyte cultures. Effects of insulin, albumin and Triton WR 1339. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 2): 655-60.
34. Li X, Catalina F, Grundy SM, Patel S. Method to measure apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 secretion rates in an individual mouse: evidence for a very rapid turnover of VLDL and preferential removal of B-48-relative to B-100-containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1996; 37: 210-20.
35. Hirano T, Takahashi T, Saito S, et al. Apoprotein C-III deficiency markedly stimulates triglyceride secretion in vivo: comparison with apoprotein E. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281: E665-9.
36. Macfarlane DP, Zou X, Andrew R, et al. Metabolic pathways promoting intrahepatic fatty acid accumulation in methionine and choline deficiency: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300: E402-9.
37. Stenger C, Hanse M, Pratte D, et al. Up-regulation of hepatic lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor by leptin: a potential lever for controlling lipid clearance during the postprandial phase. FASEB J 2010; 24: 4218-28.
38. Takahashi T, Hirano T, Okada K, Adachi M. Apolipoprotein CIII deficiency prevents the development of hypertriglyceridemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Metabolism 2003; 52: 1354-9.
39. Yasunaga K, Saito S, Zhang YL, Hernandez-Ono A, Ginsberg HN. Effects of triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol oils on blood clearance, tissue uptake, and hepatic apolipoprotein B secretion in mice. J Lipid Res 2007; 48: 1108-21.
40. Bisgaier CL, Essenburg AD, Auerbach BJ, et al. Attenuation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol by select 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in mice devoid of low density lipoprotein receptors. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 2502-15.
41. Johnston TP, Palmer WK. Mechanism of poloxamer 407-induced hypertriglyceridemia in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46: 1037-42.
42. Hollie NI, Hui DY. Group 1B phospholipase A(2) deficiency protects against diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 52: 2005-11.
43. Iqbal J, Li X, Chang BH, et al. An intrinsic gut leptin-melanocortin pathway modulates intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and lipid absorption. J Lipid Res 2010; 51: 1929-42.
44. Millar JS, Cromley DA, McCoy MG, Rader DJ, Billheimer JT. Determining hepatic triglyceride production in mice: comparison of poloxamer 407 with Triton WR-1339. J Lipid Res 2005; 46: 2023-8.
45. Kluger EK, Dhand NK, Baral RM, et al. Assessment of the Accutrend GCT and PTS CardioChek meters to measure blood triglyceride concentrations in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12: 458-65.
46. Bird M, Williams MA, Baker N. Triacylglycerol secretion in rats: validation of a tracer method employing radioactive glycerol. J Nutr 1984; 114: 1978-85.
47. Bird MI, Williams MA. Triacylglycerol secretion in rats: effects of essential fatty acids and influence of dietary sucrose, glucose or fructose. J Nutr 1982; 112: 2267-78.
48. Lemieux S, Patterson BW, Carpentier A, Lewis GF, Steiner G. A stable isotope method using a [(2)H(5)]glycerol bolus to measure very low density lipoprotein triglyceride kinetics in humans. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 2111-7.
49. Morio B, Holmback U, Gore D, Wolfe RR. Increased VLDL-TAG turnover during and after acute moderate-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 801-6.
50. Tsekouras YE, Magkos F, Prentzas KI, et al. A single bout of whole-body resistance exercise augments basal VLDLtriacylglycerol removal from plasma in healthy untrained men. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116: 147-56.
51. Parks EJ, Krauss RM, Christiansen MP, Neese RA, Hellerstein MK. Effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on VLDLtriglyceride assembly, production, and clearance. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 1087-96.
52. Wang W, Basinger A, Neese RA, et al. Effect of nicotinic acid administration on hepatic very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280: E540-547.
53. Gormsen LC, Jensen MD, Nielsen S. Measuring VLDLtriglyceride turnover in humans using ex vivo-prepared VLDL tracer. J Lipid Res 2006; 47: 99-106.
54. Gormsen LC, Jensen MD, Schmitz O, et al. Energy expenditure, insulin, and VLDL-triglyceride production in humans. J Lipid Res 2006; 47: 2325-32.
55. Gormsen LC, Nellemann B, Sorensen LP, et al. Impact of body composition on very-low-density lipoprotein-triglycerides kinetics. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296: E165-73.
56. Sondergaard E, Rahbek I, Sorensen LP, et al. Effects of exercise on VLDL-triglyceride oxidation and turnover. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300: E939-44.
57. Sorensen LP, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S. VLDL-TG kinetics: a dual isotope study for quantifying VLDL-TG pool size, production rates, and fractional oxidation in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297: E1324-30.
58. Sidossis LS, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B, Wolfe RR. Stable isotope tracer dilution for quantifying very low-density lipoproteintriacylglycerol kinetics in man. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 457-66.
59. Siler SQ, Neese RA, Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. VLDL-triglyceride production after alcohol ingestion, studied using [2-13C1] glycerol. J Lipid Res 1998; 39: 2319-28.
60. Aarsland A, Chinkes D, Wolfe RR. Contributions of de novo synthesis of fatty acids to total VLDL-triglyceride secretion during prolonged hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia in normal man. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2008-17.
61. Magkos F, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B. A single 1-h bout of evening exercise increases basal FFA flux without affecting VLDL-triglyceride and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in untrained lean men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292: E1568-74.
62. Magkos F, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B. Basal adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics are not affected by a single exercise bout of moderate duration and intensity in sedentary women. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116: 327-34.
63. Magkos F, Wright DC, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B. Lipid metabolism response to a single, prolonged bout of endurance exercise in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290: E355-362.
64. Mittendorfer B, Patterson BW, Klein S. Effect of sex and obesity on basal VLDL-triacylglycerol kinetics. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 573-9.
65. Ables GP, Yang KJ, Vogel S, et al. Intestinal DGAT1 deficiency reduces postprandial triglyceride and retinyl ester excursions by inhibiting chylomicron secretion and delaying gastric emptying. J Lipid Res 2012; 53: 2364-79.
66. Lagakos WS, Gajda AM, Agellon L, et al. Different functions of intestinal and liver-type fatty acid-binding proteins in intestine and in whole body energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300: G803-814.
67. Stefater MA, Sandoval DA, Chambers AP, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy in rats improves postprandial lipid clearance by reducing intestinal triglyceride secretion. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 939-949 e931-4.
68. Redgrave TG, Maranhao RC. Metabolism of protein-free lipid emulsion models of chylomicrons in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 835: 104-12.
69. Redgrave TG, Zech LA. A kinetic model of chylomicron core lipid metabolism in rats: the effect of a single meal. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 473-82.
70. Nestel PJ, Denborough MA, O'Dea J. Disposal of human chylomicrons administered intravenously in ischemic heart disease and essential hyperlipemia. Circ Res 1962; 10: 786-91.
71. Goncalves RP, Hungria VT, Chiattone CS, Pozzi DB, Maranhao RC. Metabolism of chylomicron-like emulsions in patients with Hodgkin's and with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Res 2003; 27: 147-53.
72. Hungria VT, Brandizzi LI, Chiattone CS, Bydlowski SP, Maranhao RC. Metabolism of an artificial emulsion resembling chylomicrons in patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 1999; 23: 637-41.
73. Sakashita AM, Bydlowski SP, Chamone DA, Maranhao RC. Plasma kinetics of an artificial emulsion resembling chylomicrons in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2000; 79: 687-90.
74. Sposito AC, Santos RD, Amancio RF, et al. Atorvastatin enhances the plasma clearance of chylomicron-like emulsions in subjects with atherogenic dyslipidemia: relevance to the in vivo metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2003; 166: 311-21.
75. Wajchenberg BL, Amancio RF, Santomauro AT, Maranhao RC. Metabolism of chylomicrons in patients with congenital lipoatrophic diabetes: a study with emulsion models of chylomicrons. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 61: 347-52.
76. Nakandakare ER, Lottenberg SA, Oliveira HC, et al. Simultaneous measurements of chylomicron lipolysis and remnant removal using a doubly labeled artificial lipid emulsion: studies in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. J Lipid Res 1994; 35: 143-52.
77. Park Y, Damron BD, Miles JM, Harris WS. Measurement of human chylomicron triglyceride clearance with a labeled commercial lipid emulsion. Lipids 2001; 36: 115-20.
78. Park Y, Grellner WJ, Harris WS, Miles JM. A new method for the study of chylomicron kinetics in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279: E1258-63.
79. Gill JM, Al-Mamari A, Ferrell WR, et al. Effect of prior moderate exercise on postprandial metabolism in men with type 2 diabetes: heterogeneity of responses. Atherosclerosis 2007; 194: 134-43.
80. Gill JM, Frayn KN, Wootton SA, Miller GJ, Hardman AE. Effects of prior moderate exercise on exogenous and endogenous lipid metabolism and plasma factor VII activity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001; 100: 517-27.
81. Knuth ND, Horowitz JF. The elevation of ingested lipids within plasma chylomicrons is prolonged in men compared with women. J Nutr 2006; 136: 1498-503.
82. Puga GM, Meyer C, Mandarino LJ, Katsanos CS. Postprandial spillover of dietary lipid into plasma is increased with moderate amounts of ingested fat and is inversely related to adiposity in healthy older men. J Nutr 2012; 142: 1806-11.
83. Heath RB, Karpe F, Milne RW, et al. Dietary fatty acids make a rapid and substantial contribution to VLDL-triacylglycerol in the fed state. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292: E732-9.
84. Miles JM, Nelson RH. Contribution of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to plasma free fatty acids. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 726-9.
85. Miles JM, Park YS, Walewicz D, et al. Systemic and forearm triglyceride metabolism: fate of lipoprotein lipase-generated glycerol and free fatty acids. Diabetes 2004; 53: 521-7.
86. Olivecrona T. The metabolism of 1-C14-palmitic acid labeled chylomicrons in rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1962; 55: 170-6.
87. Coppack SW, Persson M, Judd RL, Miles JM. Glycerol and nonesterified fatty acid metabolism in human muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: E233-240.
88. Friedlander AL, Casazza GA, Horning MA, Usaj A, Brooks GA. Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 2097-105.
89. Jensen MD. Regional glycerol and free fatty acid metabolism before and after meal ingestion. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: E863-9.
90. Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, et al. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: E380-91.
91. Casazza GA, Jacobs KA, Suh SH, et al. Menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive effects on triglyceride mobilization during exercise. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97: 302-9.
92. Kornberg HL, Davies RE, Wood DR. The Metabolism of 14CLabelled Bicarbonate in the Cat. Biochemical Journal 1952; 51: 351-7.
93. Heath DF, Rose JG. [14C]Bicarbonate fixation into glucose and other metabolites in the liver of the starved rat under halothane anaesthesia. Biochemical Journal 1985; 227: 851-67.
94. 2 Carbon into Glucose and Other Body Constituents in vivo. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1975; 53: 895-902.
95. Steele R. The Retention of Metabolic Radioactive Carbonate. Biochemical Journal 1954; 60: 447-53.
96. Sidossis LS, Coggan AR, Gastaldelli A, Wolfe RR. A new correction factor for use in tracer estimations of plasma fatty acid oxidation. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinol Metab 1995; 269: E649-E656.
97. 2 during rest and exercise after [1-13C]acetate, [2-13C]acetate, and NaH13CO3 infusions. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281: E683-E692.
98. van Loon LJC, Koopman R, Schrauwen P, Stegen J, Wagenmakers AJM. The use of the [1,2-13C]acetate recovery factor in metabolic research. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89: 377-83.
99. Mittendorfer B, Sidossis LS, Walser E, Chinkes DL, Wolfe RR. Regional acetate kinetics and oxidation in human volunteers. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinol Metab 1998; 274: E978-E983.
100. 2 from infused [2-13C] versus [1-13C] acetate. Metabolism 1998; 47: 549-54.
101. Bergouignan A, Schoeller DA, Votruba S, Simon C, Blanc S. The acetate recovery factor to correct tracer-derived dietary fat oxidation in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294: E645-53.
102. Dufner D, Previs SF. Measuring in vivo metabolism using heavy water. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6: 511-7.
103. Murphy EJ. Stable isotope methods for the in vivo measurement of lipogenesis and triglyceride metabolism. J Anim Sci 2006; 84 Suppl: E94-104.
104. Jones AE, Stolinski M, Smith RD, Murphy JL, Wootton SA. Effect of fatty acid chain length and saturation on the gastrointestinal handling and metabolic disposal of dietary fatty acids in women. Br J Nutr 1999; 81: 37-43.
105. Jones PJ, Pencharz PB, Clandinin MT. Absorption of 13C-labeled stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids in humans: application to breath tests. J Lab Clin Med 1985; 105: 647-52.
106. DeLany JP, Windhauser MM, Champagne CM, Bray GA. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 905-911.
107. Hodson L, McQuaid SE, Karpe F, Frayn KN, Fielding BA. Differences in partitioning of meal fatty acids into blood lipid fractions: a comparison of linoleate, oleate, and palmitate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296: E64-71.
108. Mittendorfer B, Liem O, Patterson BW, Miles JM, Klein S. What does the measurement of whole-body fatty acid rate of appearance in plasma by using a fatty acid tracer really mean? Diabetes 2003; 52: 1641-8.
109. Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957; 226: 497-509.
110. Henderson GC, Tuazon MA. Separation of positional and geometrical fatty acid isomers as 2-nitrophenylhydrazide derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2011; 413: 66-8.
111. Johnson ML, Zarins Z, Fattor JA, et al. Twelve weeks of endurance training increases FFA mobilization and reesterification in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 1573-81.
112. Persson XM, Blachnio-Zabielska AU, Jensen MD. Rapid measurement of plasma free fatty acid concentration and isotopic enrichment using LC/MS. J Lipid Res 2010; 51: 2761-5.
113. McIntosh TS, Davis HM, Matthews DE. A liquid chromatographymass spectrometry method to measure stable isotopic tracer enrichments of glycerol and glucose in human serum. Anal Biochem 2002; 300: 163-9.
114. Thorsen T, Shriver T, Racine N, Richman BA, Schoeller DA. Doubly labeled water analysis using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25: 3-8.