Progress toward understanding the ecological impacts of nonnative species

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 83, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 263-282

  Ricciardi, Anthony ^a   Hoopes, Martha F ^b   Marchetti, Michael P ^c   Lockwood, Julie L ^d  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE   (United States)

^c SAINT MARY'S COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological invasion; Context dependence; Ecological impact; Invasive species; Niche theory; Prediction; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

COLONIZATION; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION; INVASIVE SPECIES; NATIVE SPECIES; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; THEORETICAL STUDY;

EID: 84882285207     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: 15577015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/13-0183.1     Document Type: Review

References (234)

1. Adams, M. J., C. A. Pearl, and R. B. Bury. 2003. Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by non-native fishes. Ecology Letters 6:343-351.
2. Alcaraz, C., A. Bisazza, and E. García-Berthou. 2008. Salinity mediates the competitive interactions between invasive mosquitofish and an endangered fish. Oecologia 155:205-213.
3. Allison, S. D., and P. M. Vitousek. 2004. Rapid nutrient cycling in leaf litter from invasive plants in Hawai'i. Oecologia 141:612-619.
4. Alpert, P. 2006. The advantages and disadvantages of being introduced. Biological Invasions 8:1523-1534.
5. Altman, S., and R. B. Whitlach. 2007. Effects of small-scale disturbance on invasion success in marine communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342:15-29.
6. Anagnostakis, S. L. 1987. Chestnut blight: the classical problem of an introduced pathogen. Mycologica 79:23-37.
7. Asner, G. P., and P. M. Vitousek. 2005. Remote analysis of biological invasion and biogeochemical change. Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:4383-4386.
8. Baker, H. G. 1965. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. Pages 147-172 in H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, editors. Genetics of colonizing species. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
9. Balmford, A. 1996. Extinction filters and current resilience: the significance of past selection pressures of conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:193-196.
10. Baltz, D. M., and P. B. Moyle. 1993. Invasion resistance to introduced species by a native assemblage of California stream fishes. Ecological Applications 3:246-255.
11. Banks, P. B., C. R. Dickman. 2007. Alien predation and the effects of multiple levels of prey naiveté . Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:229-230.
12. Baxter, C. V., K. D. Fausch, M. Murakami, and P. L. Chapman. 2004. Fish invasion restructures stream and forest food webs by interrupting reciprocal prey subsidies. Ecology 85:2656-2663.
13. Berglund, H., J. Jaremo, and G. Bengtsson. 2009. Endemism predicts intrinsic vulnerability to nonindigenous species on islands. American Naturalist 174:94-101.
14. Blackburn, T. M., O. L. Petchey, P. Cassey, and K. J. Gaston. 2005. Functional diversity of mammalian predators and extinction in island birds. Ecology 86:2916-2923.
15. Blackburn, T. M., P. Pysek S. Bacher, J. T. Carlton, R. P. Duncan, V. Jarosik, J. R. U. Wilson, and D. M. Richardson. 2011. A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:333-339.
16. Blossey, B., and R. Notzold. 1995. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 83:887-889.
17. Blumenthal, D. M. 2006. Interactions between resource availability and enemy release in plant invasion. Ecology Letters 9:887-895.
18. Blumenthal, D., C. E. Mitchell, P. Pysek, and V. Jarosík. 2009. Synergy between resource availability and pathogen release in plant invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106:7899-7904.
19. Bobeldyk, A. M., and G. A. Lamberti. 2010. Stream food web responses to a large omnivorous invader Orconectes rusticus (Decapoda, Cambaridae). Crustaceana 83:641-657.
20. Boudreau, S. A., and N. D. Yan. 2003. The differing crustacean zooplankton communities of Canadian Shield lakes with and without the nonindigenous zooplanktivore Bythotrephes longimanus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:1307-1313.
21. Brewer, J. S. 2011. Per capita community-level effects of an invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, on vegetation in mesic forests in northern Mississippi (USA). Biological Invasions 13:701-715.
22. Bruno, J. F., J. J. Stachowicz, and M. D. Bertness. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:119-125.
23. Bryce, J., P. J. Johnson, and D. W. Macdonald. 2002. Can niche use in red and grey squirrels offer clues for their apparent coexistence? Journal of Applied Ecology 39:875-887.
24. Buckley, Y. M., B. M. Bolker, and M. Rees. 2007. Disturbance, invasion and re-invasion: managing the weed-shaped hole in disturbed ecosystems. Ecology Letters 10:809-817.
25. Burns, J. H., and S. Y. Strauss. 2011. More closely related species are more ecologically similar in an experimental test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108:5302-5307.
26. Byers, J. E. 2002. Impact of non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes. Oikos 97:449-458.
27. Byers, J. E., K. Cuddington, C. G. Jones, T. S. Talley, A. Hastings, J. G. Lambrinos, J. A. Crooks, and W. G. Wilson. 2006. Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:493-500.
28. Byers, J. E., et al. 2002. Directing research to reduce the impacts of nonindigenous species. Conservation Biology 16:630-640.
29. Caldwell, B. A. 2006. Effects of invasive scotch broom on soil properties in a Pacific coastal prairie soil. Applied Soil Ecology 32:149-152.
30. Callaway, R. M., D. Cipollini, K. Barto, G. C. Thelen, S. G. Hallett, D. Prati, K. Stinson, and J. Klironomos. 2008. Novel weapons: invasive plant suppresses fungal mutualists in America but not in its native Europe. Ecology 89:1043-1055.
31. Callaway, R. M., T. H. DeLuca, and W. M. Belliveau. 1999. Biological-control herbivores may increase competitive ability of the noxious weed Centaurea maculosa. Ecology 80:1196-1201.
32. Callaway, R. M., and W. M. Ridenour. 2004. Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:436-443.
33. Carey, M. P., and D. H. Wahl. 2010. Native fish diversity alters the effects of an invasive species on food webs. Ecology 91:2965-2974.
34. Carino, D. A., and C. C. Daehler. 2002. Can inconspicuous legumes facilitate alien grass invasions? Partridge peas and fountain grass in Hawai'i. Ecography 25:33-41.
35. Carlsson, N. O. L., C. Bronmark, and L. Hansson. 2004. Invading herbivory: the golden apple snail alters ecosystem functioning in Asian wetlands. Ecology 85:1575-1580.
36. Catford, J. A., R. Jansson, and C. Nilsson. 2009. Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity and Distributions 15:22-40.
37. Chen, B. M., S. L. Peng, and G. Y. Ni. 2009. Effects of the invasive plant Mikania micrantha HBK on soil nitrogen availability through allelopathy in South China. Biological Invasions 11:1291-1299.
38. Chesson, P. 2000a. General theory of competitive coexistence in spatially-varying environments. Theoretical Population Biology 58:211-237.
39. Chesson, P. 2000b. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:343-366.
40. Cipollini, D., R. Stevenson, and K. Cipollini. 2008. Contrasting effects of allelochemicals from two invasive plants on the performance of a nonmycorrhizal plant. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169:371-375.
41. Clavero, M., and E. Garci'a-Berthou. 2005. Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:110.
42. Cleland, E. E. 2011. Trait divergence and the ecosystem impacts of invading species. New Phytologist 189:649-652.
43. Colautti, R. I., I. A. Grigorovich, and H. J. MacIsaac. 2006. Propagule pressure: a null model for biological invasions. Biological Invasions 8:1023-1037.
44. Colautti, R. I., A. Ricciardi, I. A. Grigorovich, and H. J. MacIsaac. 2004. Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis? Ecology Letters 7:721-733.
45. Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant, and F. S. Chapin, III. 1985. Resource availability and plant anti-herbivore defense. Science 230:895-899.
46. Courchamp, F., J. L. Chapuis, and M. Pascal. 2003. Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact. Biological Reviews 78:347-383.
47. Cox, J. G., and S. L. Lima. 2006. Naiveté and an aquaticterrestrial dichotomy in the effects of introduced predators. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:674-680.
48. Crain, C. M., and M. D. Bertness. 2006. Ecosystem engineering across environmental gradients: Implications for conservation and management. BioScience 56:211-218.
49. Crawley, M. J., S. L. Brown, M. S. Heard, and G. R. Edwards. 1999. Invasion-resistance in experimental grassland communities: species richness or species identity? Ecology Letters 2:140-148.
50. Crooks, J. A. 2002. Characterizing ecosystem-level consequences of biological invasions: the role of ecosystem engineers. Oikos 97:153-166.
51. Crooks, J. A. 2005. Lag times and exotic species: the ecology and management of biological invasions in slow-motion. Ecoscience 12:316-329.
52. Cuddington, K., and A. Hastings. 2004. Invasive engineers. Ecological Modelling 178:335-347.
53. Cuddington, K., W. G. Wilson, and A. Hastings. 2009. Ecosystem engineers: feedback and population dynamics. American Naturalist 173:488-498.
54. Daehler, C. C. 2001. Two ways to be an invader, but one is more suitable for ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 82:206.
55. D'Antonio, C. M., and S. Kark. 2002. Impacts and extent of biotic invasions in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:202-204.
56. D'Antonio, C. M., J. T. Tunison, and R. K. Loh. 2000. Variation in the impact of exotic grasses on native plant composition in relation to fire across an elevation gradient in Hawaii. Austral Ecology 25:507-522.
57. D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics 23:63-87.
58. Davis, M. A. 2003. Biotic globalization: Does competition from introduced species threaten biodiversity? BioScience 53:481-489.
59. Davis, M. A. 2009. Invasion biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
60. Davis, M. A., et al. 2011. Don't judge species on their origins. Nature 474:153-154.
61. Davis, M. A., J. P. Grime, and K. Thompson. 2000. Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. Journal of Ecology 88:528-536.
62. DeWalt, S. J., J. S. Denslow, and J. L. Hamrick. 2004. Biomass allocation, growth, and photosynthesis of genotypes from native and introduced ranges of the tropical shrub Clidemia hirta. Oecologia 138:521-531.
63. Diamond, J., and T. J. Case. 1986. Overview: introductions, extinctions, exterminations, and invasions. Pages 65-79 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case, editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
64. Dick, J. T. A., M. Armstrong, H. C. Clarke, K. D. Farnsworth, M. J. Hatcher, M. Ennis, A. Kelly, and A. M. Dunn. 2010. Parasitism may enhance rather than reduce the predatory impact of an invader. Biology Letters 6:636-638.
65. Dick, J. T. A., et al. 2013. Ecological impacts of an invasive predator explained and predicted by comparative functional responses. Biological Invasions 15:837-846.
66. Didham, R. K., J. M. Tylianakis, N. J. Gemmell, T. A. Rand, and R. M. Ewers. 2007. The interactive effects of habitat loss and species invasion on native species decline. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:489-496
67. Didham, R. K., J. M. Tylianakis, M. A. Hutchison, R. M. Ewers, and N. J. Gemmell. 2005. Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:470-474.
68. Dubs, D. O. L., and L. D. Corkum. 1996. Behavioral interactions between round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) and mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi). Journal of Great Lakes Research 22:838-844.
69. Ebenhard, T. 1988. Introduced birds and mammals and their ecological effects. Viltrevy (Swedish Wildlife Research) 13:1-107.
70. Ehrenfeld, J. D. 2011. Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annual Reviews in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41:59-80.
71. Ehrlich, P. R. 1989. Attributes of invaders and invading processes: vertebrates. Pages 315-328 in J. A. Drake, E. DiCastri, R. H. Groves, E. J. Kruger, H. A. Mooney, M. Rejmanek, and M. H. Williamson, editors. Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
72. Elton, C. S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Methuen, London, UK.
73. Falk-Petersen, J., P. Renaud, and N. Anisimova. 2011. Establishment and ecosystem effects of the alien invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:479-488.
74. Forys, E. A., and C. R. Allen. 1999. Biological invasions and deletions: community change in south Florida. Biological Conservation 87:341-347.
75. Franks, S. J., P. D. Pratt, F. A. Dray, and E. L. Simms. 2008. No evolution of increased competitive ability or decreased allocation to defense in Melaleuca quinquenervia since release from natural enemies. Biological Invasions 10:455-466.
76. Fritts, T. H., and G. H. Rodda. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics 29:113-140.
77. García-Llorente, M., B. Berta Martín-Ló pez, J. A. Gonzá lez, P. Alcorlo, and C. Montes. 2008. Social perceptions of the impacts and benefits of invasive alien species: Implications for management. Biological Conservation 141:2969-2983.
78. Gonzalez, A., A. Lambert, and A. Ricciardi. 2008. When does ecosystem engineering cause invasion and species replacement? Oikos 117:1247-1257.
79. Grosholz, E. D., and G. M. Ruiz. 1996. Predicting the impact of introduced marine species: Lessons from the multiple invasions of the European green crab Carcinus maenas. Biological Conservation 78:59-66.
80. Gurevitch, J., and D. K. Padilla. 2004. Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:470-474.
81. Hawkes, C. V. 2007. Are invaders moving targets? The generality and persistence of advantages in size, reproduction, and enemy release in invasive plant species with time since introduction. American Naturalist 170:832-843.
82. Hay, M. E., J. D. Parker, D. E. Burkepile, C. C. Caudill, A. E. Wilson, Z. P. Hallinan, and A. D. Chequer. 2004. Mutualisms and aquatic community structure: the enemy of my enemy is my friend. Annual Reviews in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35:175-197.
83. Hejda, M., P. Pysek, and V. Jarosik. 2009. Impact of invasive plants on the species richness, diversity and composition of invaded communities. Journal of Ecology 97:393-403.
84. Helms, K. R., and S. B. Vinson. 2005. Surface activity of native ants co-occurring with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Southwestern Entomologist 30:223-237.
85. Herbold, B., and P. B. Moyle. 1986. Introduced species and vacant niches. American Naturalist 128:751-760.
86. Higgins, S. N., and M. J. Vander Zanden. 2010. What a difference a species makes: a meta-Analysis of dreissenid mussel impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 80:179-196.
87. Hobbs, R. J. 2001. Synergisms among habitat fragmentation, livestock grazing, and biotic invasions in southwestern Australia. Conservation Biology 15:1522-1528.
88. Holway, D. A. 1999. Competitive mechanisms underlying the displacement of native ants by the invasive Argentine ant. Ecology 80:238-251.
89. Hoopes, M. F., and L. M. Hall. 2002. Edaphic factors and competition affect pattern formation and invasion in a California grassland. Ecological Applications 12:24-39.
90. Hulme, P. E., P. Pysek, V. Jarosik, J. Pergl, U. Schaffner, and M. Vilá . 2013. Bias and error in understanding plant invasion impacts. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28:212-218.
91. Huston, M. A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101.
92. Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
93. Huston, M. A. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449-460.
94. Huston, M. A. 2004. Management strategies for plant invasions: manipulating productivity, disturbance, and competition. Diversity and Distributions 10:167-178.
95. Ingram, T., L. J. Harmon, and J. B. Shurin. 2009. Niche evolution, trophic structure, and species turnover in model food webs. American Naturalist 174:56-67.
96. Jackson, R. B., J. L. Banner, E. G. Jobbagy, W. T. Pockman, and D. H. Wall. 2002. Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature 419:623-626.
97. Jacquemyn, H., R. Brys, and M. G. Neubert. 2005. Fire increases invasive spread of Molinia caerulea mainly through changes in demographic parameters. Ecological Applications 15:2097-2108.
98. Jeschke, J. M., L. G. Aparicio, S. Haider, T. Heger, C. J. Lortie, P. Pysek, and D. L. Strayer. 2012. Support for major hypotheses in invasion biology is uneven and declining. Neobiota 14:1-20.
99. Johnson, B.M., P. J.Martinez, J. A. Hawkins, andK.R. Bestgen. 2008. Ranking predatory threats by nonnative fishes in the Yampa River, Colorado via bioenergetics modeling. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28:1941-1953.
100. Johnson, P. T. J., J. D. Olden, C. T. Solomon, and M. J. Vander Zanden. 2009. Interactions among invaders: Community and ecosystem effects of multiple invasive species in an experimental aquatic system. Oecologia 159:161-170.
101. Jokela, A., and A. Ricciardi. 2008. Predicting zebra mussel fouling on native mussels from physicochemical variables. Freshwater Biology 53:1845-1856.
102. Jones, C. B., R. S. Ostfeld, M. P. Richard, E. M. Schauber, and J. O.Wolff. 1998. Chain reaction linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science 279:1023-1026.
103. Jones, H. P., B. R. Tershy, E. S. Zavaleta, D. A. Croll, B. S. Keitt, M. E. Finkelstein, and G. R. Howald. 2008. Severity of the effects of invasive rats on seabirds: A global review. Conservation Biology 22:16-26.
104. Keller, R. P., J. M. Drake, and D. M. Lodge. 2007. Fecundity as a basis for risk assessment of nonindigenous freshwater molluscs. Conservation Biology 21:191-200.
105. Kestrup, A ̊ ., and A. Ricciardi. 2009. Environmental heterogeneity limits the local dominance of an invasive freshwater crustacean. Biological Invasions 11:2095-2105.
106. Kimbro, D. L., E. D. Grosholz, A. J. Baukus, N. J. Nesbitt, N. M. Travis, S. Attoe, and C. Coleman-Hulbert. 2009. Invasive species cause large-scale loss of native California oyster habitat by disrupting trophic cascades. Oecologia 160:563-575.
107. King, J. R., and W. R. Tschinkel. 2008. Experimental evidence that human impacts drive fire ant invasions and ecological change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:20339-20343.
108. Kolar, C. S., and D. M. Lodge. 2002. Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America. Science 298:1233-1236.
109. Kulhanek, S. A., B. Leung, and A. Ricciardi. 2010a. Is invasion history a useful tool for predicting the impacts of the world's worst aquatic invasive species? Ecological Applications 21:189-202.
110. Kulhanek, S. A., B. Leung, and A. Ricciardi. 2010b. Using ecological niche-based modeling techniques to predict the establishment, abundance and relative impacts of introduced species: application to the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecological Applications 21:203-213.
111. Kurle, C. M., D. A. Croll, and B. R. Tershy. 2008. Introduced rats indirectly change marine rocky intertidal communities from algae-to invertebrate-dominated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:3800-3804.
112. Lahti, D. C., N. A. Johnson, B. C. Ajie, S. P. Otto, A. P. Hendry, D. T. Blumstein, R. G. Coss, K. Donohue, and S. A. Foster. 2009. Relaxed selection in the wild. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24:487-496.
113. Leibold, M. A., et al. 2004. The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecology Letters 7:601-613.
114. Letnic, M., J. K.Webb, and R. Shine. 2008. Invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) cause mass mortality of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) in tropical Australia. Biological Conservation 141:1773-1782.
115. Levin, P. S., J. A. Coyer, R. Petrik, and T. P. Good. 2002. Community-wide effects of nonindigenous species on temperate rocky reefs. Ecology 83:3182-3193.
116. Levine, J. M., P. B. Adler, and S. G. Yelenik. 2004. A metaanalysis of biotic resistance to plant invasions. Ecology Letters 10:975-989.
117. Levine, J. M., and C. M. D'Antonio. 1999. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos 87:15-26.
118. Levine, J. M., and M. Rees. 2004. Effects of temporal variability on rare plant persistence in annual systems. American Naturalist 164:350-363.
119. Levine, J. M., M. Vilá C. D'Antonio J. S. Dukes, K. Grigulis, and S. Lavorel. 2003. Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270:775-781.
120. Li, H. W., and P. B. Moyle. 1981. Ecological analysis of species introductions into aquatic systems. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110:772-782.
121. Lockwood, J. L., P. Cassey, and T. M. Blackburn. 2009. The more you introduce the more you get: the role of propagule and colonization pressure in invasion success. Diversity and Distributions 15:904-910.
122. Lockwood, J. L., M. F. Hoopes, and M. P. Marchetti. 2013. Invasion ecology. Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts, USA.
123. Lodge, D. M. 1993a. Biological invasions: lessons for ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:133-136.
124. Lorenzo, P., S. Rodriguez-Echeverria, L. Gonzalez, and H. Freitas. 2010. Effect of invasive Acacia dealbata Link on soil microorganisms as determined by PCR-DGGE. Applied Soil Ecology 44:245-251.
125. Lozano, J. D., and H. J. MacIsaac. 1997. Biological invasions: are they dependent on disturbance? Environmental Reviews 5:131-144.
126. MacDougall, A. S., B. Gilbert, and J. M. Levine. 2009. Plant invasions and the niche. Journal of Ecology 97:609-615.
127. MacDougall, A. S., and R. Turkington. 2005. Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86:42-55.
128. Mack, R. N. 1997. Plant invasions: early and continuing expressions of global change. Pages 205-216 in B. Huntley, W. Cramer, A. V. Morgan, H. C. Prentice, and J. R. M. Allen, editors. Past and future rapid environmental changes: the spatial and evolutionary responses of terrestrial biota. North Atlantic Treaty Organization ASI series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
129. Mack, R. N., and W. M. Lonsdale. 2001. Humans as global plant dispersers: getting more than we bargained for. BioScience 51:95-102.
130. Marchetti, M. P., P. B. Moyle, and R. Levine. 2004a. Alien fishes in California watersheds: characteristics of successful and failed invaders. Ecological Applications 14:587-596.
131. Marchetti, M. P., P. B. Moyle, and R. Levine. 2004b. Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non-native fishes across invasion stages in California. Freshwater Biology 49:646-661.
132. Maron, J. L., J. A. Estes, D. A. Croll, E. M. Danner, S. C. Elmendorf, and S. L. Buckelew. 2006. An introduced predator alters Aleutian island plant communities by thwarting nutrient subsidies. Ecological Monographs 76:3-24.
133. Maron, J. L., and M. Marler. 2008. Effects of native species diversity and resource additions on invader impact. American Naturalist 172(Supplement):S18-S33.
134. McCann, K., and A. Hastings. 1997. Re-evaluating the omnivory-stability relationship in food webs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 264:1249-1254.
135. McIntyre, S., T. G. Martin, K.M. Heard, and J. Kinloch. 2005. Plant traits predict impact of invading species: an analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the subtropics. Australian Journal of Botany 53:757-770.
136. Melbourne, B. A., et al. 2007. Invasion in a heterogeneous world: resistance, coexistence or hostile takeover? Ecology Letters 10:77-94.
137. Morrison, M. E., and M. E. Hay. 2011. Feeding and growth of native, invasive and non-invasive alien apple snails (Ampullariidae) in the United States: invasives eat more and grow more. Biological Invasions 13:945-955.
138. Mouquet, N., M. F. Hoopes, and P. Amarasekare. 2005. The world is patchy and heterogeneous! Trade-off and sourcesink dynamics in competitive metacommunities. Pages 237-262 in M. Holyoak, R. D. Holt, and M. A. Leibold, editors. Metacommunities: spatial dynamics and ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
139. Moyle, P. B., and T. Light. 1996. Biological invasions of freshwater: empirical rules and assembly theory. Biological Conservation 78:149-161.
140. Moyle, P. B., and M. P. Marchetti. 2006. Predicting exotic fishes in freshwater systems: freshwater fishes in California as a model. BioScience 56:515-524.
141. Neira, C., L. A. Levin, and E. D. Grosholz. 2005. Benthic macrofaunal communities of three sites in San Francisco Bay invaded by hybrid Spartina, with comparison to uninvaded habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 292:111-126.
142. Nelson, D. W. M., M. R. Corssland, and R. Shine. 2010. Indirect ecological impacts of an invasive toad on predatorprey interactions among native species. Biological Invasions 12:3363-3369.
143. Nentwig, W., E. Kuhnel, and S. Bacher. 2009. A generic impact-scoring system applied to alien mammals in Europe. Conservation Biology 24:302-311.
144. Noonburg, E. G., and J. E. Byers. 2005. More harm than good: when invader vulnerability to predators enhances impact on native species. Ecology 86:2555-2560.
145. NRC [National Research Council]. 2002. Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants and plant pests. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
146. Nunez, M. A., J. K. Bailey, and J. A. Schweitzer. 2010. Population, community and ecosystem effects of exotic herbivores: A growing global concern. Biological Invasions 12(Special Issue):297-301.
147. O'Dowd, D. J., P. T. Green, and P. S. Lake. 2003. Invasional 'meltdown' on an oceanic island. Ecology Letters 6:812-817.
148. Olden, J. D., and N. L. Poff. 2003. Toward a mechanistic understanding and prediction of biotic homogenization. American Naturalist 162:442-460.
149. Parker, I. M., et al. 1999. Impact: Toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biological Invasions 1:3-19.
150. Parker, J. D., D. E. Burkepile, and M. E. Hay. 2006. Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions. Science 311:1459-1461.
151. Pimentel, D., et al. 2001. Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84:1-20.
152. Pimm, S. L. 1987. Determining the effects of introduced species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:106-107.
153. Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Pimm, S. L., and J. H. Lawton. 1978. On feeding on more than one trophic level. Nature 275:542-544.
154. Pintor, L. M., A. Sih, and J. L. Kerby. 2009. Behavioral correlations provide a mechanism for explaining high invader densities and increased impacts on native prey. Ecology 90:581-587.
155. Polis, G. A. 1998. Stability is woven by complex foodwebs. Nature 395:744-745.
156. Powell, K. I., J. M. Chase, and T. M. Knight. 2011. A synthesis of plant invasion effects on biodiversity across spatial scales. American Journal of Botany 98:539-548.
157. Preisser, E. L., and D. I. Bolnick. 2008. When predators don't eat their prey: nonconsumptive predator effects on prey dynamics. Ecology 89:2414-2415.
158. Pysek, P., V. Jarosik P. E. Hulme, J. Pergl, M. Hejda, U. Schaffner, and M. Vilá . 2012. A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species' traits and environment. Global Change Biology 18:1725-1737.
159. Pysek, P., and D. M. Richardson. 2010. Invasive species, environmental change and management, and health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35:25-55.
160. Relva, M. A., M. A. Nunez, and D. Simberloff. 2010. Introduced deer reduce native plant cover and facilitate invasion of non-native tree species: evidence for invasional meltdown. Biological Invasions 12(Special Issue):303-311.
161. Renne, I. J., B. F. Tracy, and I. A. Colonna. 2006. Shifts in grassland invasibility: effects of soil resources, disturbance, composition, and invader size. Ecology 87:2264-2277.
162. Reynolds, J. D. 1988. Crayfish extinctions and crayfish plague in central Ireland. Biological Conservation 45:279-285.
163. Ricciardi, A. 2001. Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an ''invasional meltdown'' occurring in the Great Lakes? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58:2513-2525.
164. Ricciardi, A. 2003. Predicting the impacts of an introduced species from its invasion history: an empirical approach applied to zebra mussel invasions. Freshwater Biology 48:972-981.
165. Ricciardi, A. 2005. Facilitation and synergistic interactions among introduced aquatic species. Pages 162-178 in H. A. Mooney, R. N. Mack, J. McNeely, L. E. Neville, P. J. Schei, and J. K. Waage, editors. Invasive alien species: a new synthesis. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
166. Ricciardi, A. 2007. Are modern biological invasions an unprecedented form of global change? Conservation Biology 21:329-336.
167. Ricciardi, A., and S. K. Atkinson. 2004. Distinctiveness magnifies the impact of biological invaders in aquatic ecosystems. Ecology Letters 7:781-981.
168. Ricciardi, A., and J. Cohen. 2007. The invasiveness of an introduced species does not predict its impact. Biological Invasions 9:309-315.
169. Ricciardi, A., L. Jones, A ̊ . Kestrup, and J. Ward. 2011a. Expanding the propagule pressure concept to understand the impact of biological invasions. Pages 225-235 in D. M. Richardson, editor. Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
170. Ricciardi, A., and R. Kipp. 2008. Predicting the number of ecologically harmful exotic species in an aquatic system. Diversity and Distributions 14:374-380.
171. Ricciardi, A., and H. J. MacIsaac. 2011. Impacts of biological invasions on freshwater ecosystems. Pages 211-224 in D. M. Richardson, editor. Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
172. Ricciardi, A., R. J. Neves, and J. B. Rasmussen. 1998. Impending extinctions of North American freshwater mussels (Unionoida) following the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:613-619.
173. Ricciardi, A., M. E. Palmer, and N. D. Yan. 2011b. Should biological invasions be managed as natural disasters? BioScience 61:312-317.
174. Ricciardi, A., and J. M. Ward. 2006. Comment on ''Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions''. Science 313:298.
175. Richardson, D. M., and M. Rejmanek. 2004. Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and Distributions 10:321-331.
176. Rilov, G., Y. Benayahu, and A. Gasith. 2004. Prolonged lag in population outbreak of an invasive mussel: a shifting-habitat model. Biological Invasions 6:347-364.
177. Robinson, J. V., and G. A. Wellborn. 1988. Ecological resistance to the invasion of a freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea: fish predation effects. Oecologia 77:445-452.
178. Rodriguez, J. P. 2001. Exotic species introductions into South America: an underestimated threat? Biodiversity and Conservation 10:1983-1996.
179. Rogers, W. E., and E. Siemann. 2004. Invasive ecotypes tolerate herbivory more effectively than native ecotypes of the Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:561-570.
180. Rudgers, J. A., and K. Clay. 2008. An invasive plant-fungal mutualism reduces arthropod diversity. Ecology Letters 11:831-840.
181. Salo, P., E. Korpimaki P. B. Banks, M. Nordstrom, and C. R. Dickman. 2007. Alien predators are more dangerous than native predators to prey populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 274:1237-1243.
182. Sax, D. F., and S. D. Gaines. 2003. Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:561-566.
183. Sax, D. F., S. D. Gaines, and J. H. Brown. 2002. Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands worldwide: A comparative study of plants and birds. American Naturalist 160:766-783.
184. Shea, K., and P. Chesson. 2002. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:170-176.
185. Shea, K., D. Kelly, A. W. Sheppard, and T. L. Woodburn. 2005. Context-dependent biological control of an invasive thistle. Ecology 86:3174-3181.
186. Shirley, S. M., and S. Kark. 2009. The role of species traits and taxonomic patterns in alien bird impacts. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18:450-459.
187. Short, J., J. E. Kinnear, and A. Robley. 2002. Surplus killing by introduced predators in Australia -evidence for ineffective anti-predator adaptations in native prey species? Biological Conservation 103:283-301.
188. Sih, A., D. I. Bolnick, B. Luttbeg, J. L. Orrock, S. D. Peacor, L. M.
189. Simberloff, D. 1981. Community effects of introduced species. Pages 53-81 in T. H. Nitecki, editor. Biotic crises in ecological and evolutionary time. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
190. Simberloff, D. 2009. The role of propagule pressure in biological invasions. Annual Reviews in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 40:81-102.
191. Simberloff, D. 2011. How common are invasion-induced ecosystem impacts? Biological Invasions 13:1255-1268.
192. Simberloff, D., and B. Von Holle. 1999. Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biological Invasions 1:21-32.
193. Simon, K. S., and C. R. Townsend. 2003. Impacts of freshwater invaders at different levels of ecological organization, with emphasis on salmonids and ecosystem consequences. Freshwater Biology 48:982-994.
194. Stachowicz, J. J., J. R. Terwin, R. B. Whitlach, and R. W. Osman. 2002. Linking climate change and biological invasions: ocean warming facilitates nonindigenous species invasions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:15497-15500.
195. St. Clair, J. J. H. 2011. The impacts of invasive rodents on island invertebrates. Biological Conservation 144:68-81.
196. Stinson, K. A., S. A. Campbell, J. R. Powell, B. E. Wolfe, R. M. Callaway, G. C. Thelen, S. G. Hallett, D. Prati, and J. N. Klironomos. 2006. Invasive plant suppresses the growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting belowground mutualisms. PLoS Biology 4:727-731.
197. Stohlgren, T. J., D. Binkley, G. W. Chong, M. A. Kalkhan, L. D. Schell, K. A. Bull, Y. Otsuki, G. Newman, M. Bashkin, and Y. Son. 1999. Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity. Ecological Monographs 69:25-46.
198. Strauss, S. Y., C. O. Webb, and N. Salamin. 2006. Exotic taxa less related to native species are more invasive. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103:5841-5845.
199. Strayer, D. L. 2010. Alien species in fresh waters: ecological effects, interactions with other stressors, and prospects for the future. Freshwater Biology 55(Supplement 1):152-174.
200. Strayer, D. L., N. F. Caraco, J. J. Cole, S. Findlay, and M. L. Pace. 1999. Transformation of freshwater ecosystems by bivalves: a case study of zebra mussels in the Hudson River. BioScience 49:19-27.
201. Strayer, D. L., N. Cid, and H. M. Malcolm. 2011. Long-term changes in a population of an invasive bivalve and its effects. Oecologia 165:1063-1072.
202. Strayer, D. L., V. T. Eviner, J. M. Jeschke, and M. L. Pace. 2006. Understanding the long-term effects of species invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:645-651.
203. Taniguchi, Y., F. J. Rahel, D. C. Novinger, and K. G. Geron. 1998. Temperature mediation of competitive interactions among three fish species that replace each other along longitudinal stream gradients. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1894-1901.
204. Tharayil, N., P. Bhowmik, P. Alpert, E. Walker, D. Amarasiriwardena, and B. Xing. 2009. Dual purpose secondary compounds: phytotoxin of Centaurea diffusa also facilitates nutrient uptake. New Phytologist 181:424-434.
205. Thiele, J., J. Kollmann, B. Markussen, and A. Otte. 2010. Impact assessment revisited: improving the theoretical basis for management of invasive alien species. Biological Invasions 12:2025-2035.
206. Thomsen, M. S., T. Wernberg, J. D. Olden, J. N. Griffen, and B. R. Silliman. 2011. A framework to study the contextdependent impacts of marine invasions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400:322-327.
207. Tilman, D. 1997. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78:81-92.
208. Tilman, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80:1455-1474.
209. Tompkins, D. M., A. R. White, and M. Boots. 2003. Ecological replacement of native red squirrels by invasive greys driven by disease. Ecology Letters 6:189-196.
210. Vance-Chalcraft, H. D., and D. A. Soluk. 2005. Multiple predator effects result in risk reduction for prey across multiple prey densities. Oecologia 144:472-480.
211. Vandermeer, J. 2006. Omnivory and the stability of food webs. Journal of Theoretical Biology 238:497-504.
212. van der Wal, R., A.-M. Truscott, I. S. K. Pearce, L. Cole, M. P. Harris, and S. Wanless. 2008. Multiple anthropogenic changes cause biodiversity loss through plant invasion. Global Change Biology 14:1428-1436.
213. Vander Zanden, M. J., J. M. Casselman, and J. B. Rasmussen. 1999. Stable isotope evidence for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes. Nature 401:464-467.
214. Vander Zanden, M. J., S. Chandra, B. C. Allen, E. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman. 2003. Historical food web structure and restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) basin. Ecosystems 6:274-288.
215. van Kleunen, M., E. Weber, and M. Fischer. 2010. A metaanalysis of trait differences between invasive and noninvasive plant species. Ecology Letters 13:235-245.
216. Verhoeven, K. J. F., A. Biere, J. A. Harvey, and W. H. van der Putten. 2008. Plant invaders and their novel natural enemies: who is nai?ve? Ecology Letters 12:107-117.
217. Vilá, M., J. L. Espinar, M. Hejda, P. E. Hulme, V. Jarosik J. L. Maron, J. Pergl, U. Schaffner, S. Yan, and P. Pysek. 2011. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-Analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters 14:702-708.
218. Vitousek, P. M. 1990. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57:7-13.
219. Vitousek, P. M., L. R. Walker, L. D. Whiteaker, D. Mueller-Dombois, and P. A. Matson. 1987. Biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem development in Hawaii. Science 238:802-804.
220. Ward, J. M., and A. Ricciardi. 2007. Impacts of Dreissena invasions on benthic macroinvertebrate communities: a metaanalysis. Diversity and Distributions 13:155-165.
221. Wardle, D. A., M. C. Nilsson, C. Gallet, and O. Zackrisson. 1998. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy. Biological Reviews 73:305-319.
222. Weiher, E., and P. Keddy, editors. 1999. Ecological assembly rules: perspectives, advances, retreats. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
223. Weltzin, J. F., R. T. Belote, and N. J. Sanders. 2003. Biological invaders in a greenhouse world: will elevated CO2 fuel plant invasions? Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 1:146-153.
224. White, E. M., J. C. Wilson, and A. R. Clarke. 2006. Biotic indirect effects: a neglected concept in invasion biology. Diversity and Distributions 12:443-455.
225. Williams, D. G., and Z. Baruch. 2000. African grass invasion in the Americas: ecosystem consequences and the role of ecophysiology. Biological Invasions 2:123-140.
226. Williamson, M. 1999. Invasions. Ecography 22:5-12.
227. Williamson, M., and A. Fitter. 1996. The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77:1661-1666.
228. Wright, J. P., and C. G. Jones. 2004. Predicting effects of ecosystem engineers on patch-scale species richness from primary productivity. Ecology 85:2071-2081.
229. Yokomizo, H., H. P. Possingham, M. B. Thomas, and Y. M. Buckley. 2009. Managing the impact of invasive species: the value of knowing the density-impact curve. Ecological Applications 19:376-386.
230. Young, A. M., and B. M. H. Larson. 2011. Clarifying debates in invasion biology: a survey of invasion biologists. Environmental Research 111:893-898.
231. Young, K. A., J. Stephenson, A. Terreau, A.-F. Thailly, G. Gajardo, and C. G. de Leaniz. 2009. The diversity of juvenile salmonids does not affect their competitive impact on a native galaxiid. Biological Invasions 11:1955-1961.
232. Yule, A. M., I. K. Barker, J. W. Austin, and R. D. Moccia. 2006. Toxicity of Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin to Great Lakes fish: implications for avian botulism. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42:479-493.
233. Zangerl, A. R., and M. R. Berenbaum. 2005. Increase in toxicity of an invasive weed after reassociation with its coevolved herbivore. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:15529-15532.
234. Zavaleta, E. S., R. J. Hobbs, and H. A. Mooney. 2001. Viewing invasive species removal in a whole-ecosystem context. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:454-459.