The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: A search for general principles

Ecology

Volumn 80, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1455-1474

  Tilman, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Community assembly; Covariance effect; Diversity invasibility hypothesis; Diversity productivity hypothesis; Diversity stability hypothesis; Ecosystem functioning; Human dominated ecosystems; Overyielding effect; Portfolio effect; Productivity; Stability

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE; PRODUCTIVITY;

EID: 0032840323     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1455:tecoci]2.0.co;2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (108)

1. Aarssen, L. W. 1997. High productivity in grassland ecosystems: effected by species diversity or productive species? Oikos 80:183-184.
2. Armstrong, R. A., and R. McGehee. 1980. Competitive exclusion. American Naturalist 115:151-170.
3. Brigham, E. F., and L. C. Gapenski. 1988. Financial management: theory and practice. Fifth edition. Dryden Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
4. Chesson, P. L. 1986. Environmental variation and the coexistence of species. Pages 240-256 in J. Diamond and T. Case, editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
5. Chesson, P., and N. Huntly. 1997. The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. American Naturalist 150:519-553.
6. Clements, F. E. 1916. Plant succession. Publication 242, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.
7. Connell, J. 1983a. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. American Naturalist 122:661-696.
8. _. 1983b. Interpreting the results of field experiments: effects of indirect interactions. Oikos 41:290-291.
9. D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 63-87.
10. Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
11. Darwin, C. 1872. The origin of species. Sixth London edition. Thompson and Thomas, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
12. Davis, M. B. 1986. Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium. Pages 269-284 in J. Diamond and T. Case, editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
13. Doak, D. F., D. Bigger, E. K. Harding, M. A. Marvier, R. E. O'Malley, and D. Thomson. 1998. The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships, in community ecology. American Naturalist 151:264-276.
14. Ehrlich, P. R., and A. H. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction. The causes and consequences of the disappearance of species. Random House, New York, New York, USA.
15. Elton, C. S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Methuen, London, UK.
16. Estes, J. A., and D. O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65:75-100.
17. Ewel, J. J., and S. W. Bigelow. 1996. Plant life-forms and tropical ecosystem functioning. Pages 101-126 in G. H. Orians, R. Dirzo, and J. H. Cushman, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in tropical forests. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
18. Frank, D. A., and S. J. McNaughton. 1991. Stability increases with diversity in plant communities: empirical evidence from the 1988 Yellowstone drought. Oikos 62:360-362.
19. Gardner, M. R., and W. R. Ashby. 1970. Connectance of large dynamic (cybernetic) systems: critical values for stability. Nature 228:784.
20. Givnish, T. J. 1994. Does diversity beget stability? Nature 371:113-114.
21. Goodman, D. 1975. The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 50:237-266.
22. Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
23. _. 1997. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the debate deepens. Science 277:1260-1261.
24. Grover, J. P. 1997. Resource competition. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
25. Harper, J. L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London, UK.
26. Hobbie, S. E. 1996. Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra. Ecological Monographs 66:503-522.
27. Holt, R. D. 1977. Predation, apparent competition and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology 12:197-229.
28. Hooper, D. U., and P. M. Vitousek. 1997. The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1302-1305.
29. Huston, M. A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101.
30. _. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449-460.
31. Hutchinson, G. E. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalist 95:137-147.
32. Jones, C. G., and J. H. Lawton. 1995. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
33. King, A. W., and S. L. Pimm. 1983. Complexity, diversity, and stability: a reconciliation of theoretical and empirical results. American Naturalist 122:229-239.
34. Lawlor, L. R. 1979. Direct and indirect effects of n-species competition. Oecologia 43:355-364.
35. Lawton, J. H., and V. K. Brown. 1993. Redundancy in ecosystems. Pages 255-270 in E. D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
36. Lawton, J. H., S. Naeem, L. J. Thompson, A. Hector, and M. J. Crawley. 1998. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: getting the Ecotron experiment in its correct context. Functional Ecology 12:843-856.
37. Lee, C. F. 1985. Financial analysis and planning: theory and application. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
38. Levin, S. A. 1970. Community equilibria and stability, and an extension of the competitive exclusion principle. American Naturalist 104:413-423.
39. _. 1981. Mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of diversity in ecological communities. Pages 173-194 in R. W. Hiorns and D. Cooke, editors. The mathematical theory of the dynamics of biological populations II. Academic Press, London, UK.
40. Levins, R. 1979. Coexistence in a variable environment. American Naturalist 114:765-783.
41. MacArthur, R. H. 1955. Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology 36:533-536.
42. Margalef, R. 1969. Diversity and stability: a practical proposal and a model of interdependence. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 22:25-37.
43. May, R. M. 1972. Will a large complex system be stable? Nature 238:413-414.
44. _. 1973. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
45. _. 1975. Patterns of species abundance and diversity. Pages 81-120 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
46. _. 1986. The search for patterns in the balance of nature; advances and retreats. Ecology 67:1115-1126.
47. McGrady-Steed, J., P. M. Harris, and P. J. Morin. 1997. Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability. Nature 390: 162-165.
48. McNaughton, S. J. 1977. Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. American Naturalist 111:515-525.
49. _. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: The Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259-294.
50. _. 1993. Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystems. Pages 361-383 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
51. Murdoch, W. W., and A. Stewart-Oaten. 1989. Aggregation by parasitoids and predators: effects on equilibrium and stability. American Naturalist 134:288-310.
52. Naeem, S., D. Byers, S. Tjossem, C. Bristow, and S. Li. Plant neighborhood diversity and production. Ecoscience, in press.
53. Naeem, S., K. Håkenson, J. H. Lawton, M. J. Crawley, and L. J. Thompson. 1996. Biodiversity and plant productivity in a model assemblage of plant species. Oikos 76:259-264.
54. Naeem, S., and S. Li. 1997. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390:507-509.
55. Naeem, S., and S. Li. 1998. A more reliable design for biodiversity study? Nature 394:30.
56. Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734-737.
57. Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 347:249-262.
58. Odum, E. P. 1953. Fundamentals of ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
59. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
60. Pastor, J., J. D. Aber, C. A. McClaugherty, and J. M. Melillo. 1984. Aboveground production and N and P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin. Ecology 65:256-268.
61. Pimentel, D. 1961. Species diversity and insect population outbreaks. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 54:76-86.
62. Pimm, S. L. 1979. Complexity and stability: another look at MacArthur's original hypothesis. Oikos 33:351-357.
63. _. 1984. The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307:321-326.
64. Postel, S. L., G. C. Daily, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1996. Human appropriation of renewable fresh water. Science 271:785-788.
65. Power, M. E. 1995. Floods, food chains, and ecosystem processes in rivers. Pages 52-60 in C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
66. Power, M. E., D. Tilman, J. Estes, B. A. Menge, W. J. Bond, L. S. Mills, G. Daily, J. C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R. T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46:609-620.
67. Pyšek, P. 1995. Recent trends in studies on plant invasions (1974-1993). Pages 223-236 in P. Pyšek, K. Prach, M. Rejmánek and M. Wade, editors. Plant invasions: general aspects and special problems. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
68. Rejmánek, M. 1989. Invasibility of plant communities. Pages 369-388 in J. A. Drake, H. A. Mooney, F. DiCastri, R. H. Groves, F. J. Kruger, M. Rejmánek, and M. H. Williamson, editors. Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
69. Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
70. Schoener, T. W. 1983. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 122:240-285.
71. Schulze, E. D., and H. A. Mooney. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
72. Smuts, J. C. 1926. Holism and evolution. Macmillan, New York, New York, USA.
73. Sterner, R. W. 1995. Elemental stoichiometry of species in ecosystems. Pages 240-252 in C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
74. Swift, M. J., and J. M. Anderson. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agricultural systems. Pages 15-41 in E. D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
75. Taylor, L. R., and I. P. Woiwod. 1980. Temporal stability as a density-dependent species characteristic. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:209-224.
76. Taylor, L. R., I. P. Woiwod, and J. N. Perry. 1980. Variance and the large-scale spatial stability of aphids, moths and birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:831-854.
77. Tilman, D. 1976. Ecological competition between algae: experimental confirmation of resource-based competition theory. Science 192:463-465.
78. _. 1977. Resource competition between planktonic algae: an experimental and theoretical approach. Ecology 58: 338-348.
79. _. 1980. Resources: a graphical-mechanistic approach to competition and predation. American Naturalist 116: 362-393.
80. _. 1982. Resource competition and community structure. Monographs in Population Biology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
81. _. 1988. Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
82. _. 1990. Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients: the elements of a predictive theory of competition. Pages 117-141 in J. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
83. _. 1994. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology 75:2-16.
84. _. 1996. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77:350-363.
85. _. 1997a. Distinguishing between the effects of species diversity and species composition. Oikos 80:185.
86. _. 1997b. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78:81-92.
87. Tilman, D., and J. A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367:363-365.
88. Tilman, D., J. A. Downing, and D. A. Wedin. 1994. Does diversity beget stability? Nature 371:113-114.
89. Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997a. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300-1302.
90. Tilman, D., C. L. Lehman, and C. E. Bristow. 1998. Diversity-stability relationships: statistical inevitability or ecological consequence? American Naturalist 151:277-282.
91. Tilman, D., C. L. Lehman, and K. T. Thomson. 1997b. Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 94:1857-1861.
92. Tilman, D., and S. Pacala. 1993. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities. Pages 13-25 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
93. Tilman, D., and D. Wedin. 1991. Dynamics of nitrogen competition between successional grasses. Ecology 72:1038-1049.
94. Tilman, D., D. Wedin, and J. Knops. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720.
95. Trenbath, B. R. 1974. Biomass productivity of mixtures. Advances in Agronomy 26:177-210.
96. Vandermeer, J. H. 1980. Indirect mutualism: variations on a theme by Stephen Levine. American Naturalist 116:441-448.
97. Vitousek, P. M., 1990. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57:7-13.
98. Vitousek, P. M., J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, and D. Tilman. 1997a. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecological Applications 7:737-750.
99. Vitousek, P. M., P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. Ehrlich, and P. A. Matson. 1986. Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience 36:368-373.
100. Vitousek, P. M., and D. U. Hooper. 1993. Biological diversity and terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry. Pages 3-14 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
101. Vitousek, P. M., H. A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, and J. M. Melillo. 1997b. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277:494-499.
102. Vitousek, P. M., and L. R. Walker. 1989. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawai'i: plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecological Monographs 59: 247-265.
103. Vitousek, P. M., L. R. Walker, L. D. Whiteaker, D. Mueller-Dombois, and P. A. Matson. 1987. Biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem development in Hawaii. Science 238:802-804.
104. Wardle, D. A., O. Zackrisson, G. Hörnberg, and C. Gallet. 1997. The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science 277:1296-1299.
105. Wedin, D., and D. Tilman. 1990. Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses. Oecologia 84:433-441.
106. Wedin, D., and D. Tilman. 1993. Competition among grasses along a nitrogen gradient: initial conditions and mechanisms of competition. Ecological Monographs 63:199-229.
107. Wilson, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
108. Wilson, S. D., and D. Tilman. 1991. Components of plant competition along an experimental gradient of nitrogen availability. Ecology 72:1050-1065.