Protective role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in autoimmunity - Lessons for type 1 diabetes

Autoimmunity

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 320-331

  Hampe, Christiane S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

autoantibodies; autoimmune disease; glutamate decarboxylase; Idiotypic Network Hypothesis; type 1 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ANTIIDIOTYPIC ANTIBODY; AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; CELL PROTEIN; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIGEN BINDING; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; BINDING SITE; CELL DESTRUCTION; EFFECTOR CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NEONATAL LUPUS SYNDROME; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REMISSION; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; T LYMPHOCYTE; THYROID DISEASE;

ANTIBODIES, ANTI-IDIOTYPIC; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; AUTOIMMUNITY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; HUMANS; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 84859835474     PISSN: 08916934     EISSN: 1607842X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.659299     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Kunkel HG, Mannik M, Williams RC. Individual Antigenic Specificity of Isolated Antibodies. Science 1963;140: 1218-1219.
2. Jerne NK. Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Paris) 1974;125C:373-389.
3. Jerne NK. Clonal selection in a lymphocyte network. Soc Gen Physiol Ser 1974;29:39-48.
4. Jerne NK. The immune system. Sci Am 1973;229:52-60.
5. Kim BS. Mechanisms of idiotype suppression: role of antiidiotype antibody. Surv Immunol Res 1982;1:126-132. (Pubitemid 13239141)
6. Rodkey LS. Autoregulation of immune responses via idiotype network interactions. Microbiol Rev 1980;44:631-659. (Pubitemid 11176205)
7. Tzioufas AG, Routsias JG. Idiotype, anti-idiotype network of autoantibodies. Pathogenetic considerations and clinical application. Autoimmun Rev 2010;9:631-633.
8. Behn U. Idiotypic networks: toward a renaissance? Immunol Rev 2007;216:142-152. (Pubitemid 46426516)
9. Coutinho A. Will the idiotypic network help to solve natural tolerance? Trends Immunol 2003;24:53-54. (Pubitemid 36120637)
10. Allen CD, Okada T, Cyster JG. Germinal-center organization and cellular dynamics. Immunity 2007;27:190-202. (Pubitemid 47284923)
11. Clark LA, Ganesan S, Papp S, van Vlijmen HW. Trends in antibody sequence changes during the somatic hypermutation process. J Immunol 2006;177:333-340. (Pubitemid 43939145)
12. Bogen B, Ruffini P. Review: to what extent are T cells tolerant to immunoglobulin variable regions? Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:526-530.
13. Bogen B, Malissen B, Haas W. Idiotope-specific T cell clones that recognize syngeneic immunoglobulin fragments in the context of class II molecules. Eur J Immunol 1986;16: 1373-1378. (Pubitemid 17206155)
14. Eyerman MC, Zhang X, Wysocki LJ. T cell recognition and tolerance of antibody diversity. J Immunol 1996;157: 1037-1046.
15. Janeway CA, Jr, Sakato N, Eisen HN. Recognition of immunoglobulin idiotypes by thymus-derived lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72:2357-2360.
16. Jerne NK, Roland J, Cazenave PA. Recurrent idiotopes and internal images. Embo J 1982;1:243-247.
17. Schrater AF, Goidl EA, Thorbecke GJ, Siskind GW. Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-ficoll. III. Absence in nu/nu mice: evidence for T-cell dependence of the anti-idiotypic-antibody response. J Exp Med 1979;150:808-817. (Pubitemid 10227331)
18. Papamattheou MG, Routsias JG, Karagouni EE, Sakarellos C, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG, Dotsika EN. T cell help is required to induce idiotypic-anti-idiotypic autoantibody network after immunization with complementary epitope 289-308aa of La/SSB autoantigen in non-autoimmune mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2004;135: 416-426. (Pubitemid 38297141)
19. Weiss S, Bogen B. B-lymphoma cells process and present their endogenous immunoglobulin to major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:282-286. (Pubitemid 19036370)
20. King CA, Wills MR, Hamblin TJ, Stevenson FK. Idiotypic IgM on a B-cell surface requires processing for recognition by anti-idiotypic T cells. Cell Immunol 1993;147:411-424. (Pubitemid 23113938)
21. Tite JP, Kaye J, Saizawa KM, Ming J, Katz ME, Smith LA, Janeway CA, Jr. Direct interactions between B and T lymphocytes bearing complementary receptors. J Exp Med 1986;163:189-202. (Pubitemid 16189520)
22. Reitan SK, Hannestad K. The primary IgM antibody repertoire: a source of potent idiotype immunogens. Eur J Immunol 2001;31:2143-2153. (Pubitemid 32640731)
23. Jacobsen JT, Lunde E, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Munthe LA, Bogen B. The cellular mechanism by which complementary Id(+) and anti-Id antibodies communicate: T cells integrated into idiotypic regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2010;55: 515-522.
24. Snyder CM, Aviszus K, Heiser RA, Tonkin DR, Guth AM, Wysocki LJ. Activation and tolerance in CD4(+) T cells reactive to an immunoglobulin variable region. J Exp Med 2004;200:1-11. (Pubitemid 38924723)
25. Munthe LA, Corthay A, Os A, Zangani M, Bogen B. Systemic autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive B cells that receive chronic help from Ig V region-specific T cells. J Immunol 2005;175:2391-2400. (Pubitemid 41113849)
26. Weiss S, Bogen B. MHC class II-restricted presentation of intracellular antigen. Cell 1991;64:767-776. (Pubitemid 121001164)
27. Munthe LA, Kyte JA, Bogen B. Resting small B cells present endogenous immunoglobulin variable-region determinants to idiotope-specific CD4(+) T cells in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:4043-4052.
28. Nayak R, Mitra-Kaushik S, Shaila MS. Perpetuation of immunological memory: a relay hypothesis. Immunology 2001;102:387-395. (Pubitemid 32327989)
29. Vani J, Nayak R, Shaila MS. Maintenance of antigen-specific immunological memory through variable regions of heavy and light chains of anti-idiotypic antibody. Immunology 2007;120:486-496. (Pubitemid 46365006)
30. Geha RS. Presence of circulating anti-idiotype-bearing cells after booster immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT) and inhibition of anti-TTantibody synthesis by auto-anti-idiotypic antibody. J Immunol 1983;130:1634-1639. (Pubitemid 13091608)
31. Sapir T, Shoenfeld Y. Facing the enigma of immunomodulatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005;29:185-199.
32. Wallmann J, Pali-Scholl I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Anti-Ids in Allergy: Timeliness of a Classic Concept. World Allergy Organiz J 2010;3:195-201.
33. Kojima K, Matsuyama T, Tanaka H. Suppression of in vitro human antithyroglobulin antibody secretion by private and cross-reactive anti-idiotypic antibodies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986;39:337-344. (Pubitemid 16101518)
34. Horsfall AC, Mumford PA, Venables PJ, Maini RN. Antiidiotypic induced suppression of Sjogren's syndrome associated anti-La autoantibody secretion in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;71:62-66. (Pubitemid 18047701)
35. Koide J, Takeuchi T, Hosono O, Takano M, Abe T. Suppression of in vitro production of anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein antibody by monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein antibody. Scand J Immunol 1988;28: 687-696. (Pubitemid 19064050)
36. Bolland S, Pearse RN, Kurosaki T, Ravetch JV. SHIP modulates immune receptor responses by regulating membrane association of Btk. Immunity 1998;8:509-516. (Pubitemid 28196804)
37. Liu Q, Oliveira-Dos-Santos AJ, Mariathasan S, Bouchard D, Jones J, Sarao R, Kozieradzki I, Ohashi PS, Penninger JM, Dumont DJ. The inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase ship is a crucial negative regulator of B cell antigen receptor signaling. J Exp Med 1998;188:1333-1342. (Pubitemid 28478021)
38. Brauweiler AM, Cambier JC. Autonomous SHIP-dependent FcgammaR signaling in pre-B cells leads to inhibition of cell migration and induction of cell death. Immunol Lett 2004; 92:75-81. (Pubitemid 38470053)
39. Ashman RF, Peckham D, Stunz LL. Fc receptor off-signal in the B cell involves apoptosis. J Immunol 1996;157:5-11. (Pubitemid 26190526)
40. Takai T. Roles of Fc receptors in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:580-592. (Pubitemid 37328733)
41. Clynes R, Maizes JS, Guinamard R, Ono M, Takai T, Ravetch JV. Modulation of immune complex-induced inflammation in vivo by the coordinate expression of activation and inhibitory Fc receptors. J Exp Med 1999; 189:179-185. (Pubitemid 29047037)
42. Nakamura A, Yuasa T, Ujike A, Ono M, Nukiwa T, Ravetch JV, Takai T. Fcgamma receptor IIB-deficient mice develop Goodpasture's syndrome upon immunization with type IV collagen: a novel murine model for autoimmune glomerular basement membrane disease. J Exp Med 2000; 191:899-906.
43. Su K, Yang H, Li X, Gibson AW, Cafardi JM, Zhou T, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP. Expression profile of FcgammaRIIb on leukocytes and its dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 2007;178:3272-3280. (Pubitemid 46333211)
44. Tackenberg B, Jelcic I, Baerenwaldt A, Oertel WH, Sommer N, Nimmerjahn F, Lunemann JD. Impaired inhibitory Fcgamma receptor IIB expression on B cells in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:4788-4792.
45. Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Immunomodulation of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med 2001;345:747-755.
46. Rossi F, Dietrich G, Kazatchkine MD. Anti-idiotypes against autoantibodies in normal immunoglobulins: evidence for network regulation of human autoimmune responses. Immunol Rev 1989;110:135-149. (Pubitemid 19216013)
47. Negi VS, Elluru S, Siberil S, Graff-Dubois S, Mouthon L, Kazatchkine MD, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV. Intravenous immunoglobulin: an update on the clinical use andmechanisms of action. J Clin Immunol 2007;27:233-245. (Pubitemid 46790823)
48. Rossi F, Jayne DR, Lockwood CM, Kazatchkine MD. Anti-idiotypes against anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antigen autoantibodies in normal human polyspecific IgG for therapeutic use and in the remission sera of patients with systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;83:298-303.
49. Evans MJ, Suenaga R, Abdou NI. Detection and purification of antiidiotypic antibody against anti-DNA in intravenous immune globulin. J Clin Immunol 1991;11:291-295.
50. Dietrich G, Kazatchkine MD. Normal immunoglobulin G (IgG) for therapeutic use (intravenous Ig) contain antiidiotypic specificities against an immunodominant, disease-associated, cross-reactive idiotype of human anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies. J Clin Invest 1990;85:620-625. (Pubitemid 20087460)
51. Dietrich G, Pereira P, Algiman M, Sultan Y, Kazatchkine MD. A monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody against the antigen-combining site of anti-factor VIII autoantibodies defines and idiotope that is recognized by normal human polyspecific immunoglobulins for therapeutic use (IVIg). J Autoimmun 1990;3:547-557. (Pubitemid 20358953)
52. Berchtold P, Dale GL, Tani P, McMillan R. Inhibition of autoantibody binding to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa by antiidiotypic antibodies in intravenous gammaglobulin. Blood 1989;74:2414-2417. (Pubitemid 19286460)
53. Fuchs S, Feferman T, Meidler R, Margalit R, Sicsic C, Brenner T, Laub O, Souroujon MC. Immunosuppression of EAMG by IVIG is mediated by a disease-specific anti-immunoglobulin fraction. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1132:244-248. (Pubitemid 351841372)
54. Shetty S, Bhave M, Ghosh K. Acquired hemophilia a: diagnosis, aetiology, clinical spectrum and treatment options. Autoimmun Rev 2011;10:311-316.
55. Sultan Y, Kazatchkine MD, Maisonneuve P, Nydegger UE. Anti-idiotypic suppression of autoantibodies to factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor) by high-dose intravenous gamma-globulin. Lancet 1984;2:765-768. (Pubitemid 14007575)
56. Gilles JG, Grailly SC, De Maeyer M, Jacquemin MG, VanderElst LP, Saint-Remy JM. In vivo neutralization of a C2 domain-specific human anti-Factor VIII inhibitor by an antiidiotypic antibody. Blood 2004;103:2617-2623. (Pubitemid 38393015)
57. Waterman SA, Gordon TP, Rischmueller M. Inhibitory effects of muscarinic receptor autoantibodies on parasympathetic neurotransmission in Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1647-1654. (Pubitemid 30452487)
58. Goldblatt F, Gordon TP, Waterman SA. Antibody-mediated gastrointestinal dysmotility in scleroderma. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1144-1150.
59. Cavill D, Waterman SA, Gordon TP. Antiidiotypic antibodies neutralize autoantibodies that inhibit cholinergic neurotransmission. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3597-3602. (Pubitemid 37531927)
60. Dalakas M. Intravenous immune globulin therapy for neurologic diseases. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:721-730. (Pubitemid 27184044)
61. Liblau R, Gajdos P, Bustarret FA, el Habib R, Bach JF, Morel E. Intravenous gamma-globulin in myasthenia gravis: interaction with anti-acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies. J Clin Immunol 1991;11:128-131.
62. Bain PG, Motomura M, Newsom-Davis J, Misbah SA, Chapel HM, Lee ML, Vincent A, Lang B. Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on muscle weakness and calcium-channel autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 1996;47:678-683.
63. Imbach P, Barandun S, d'Apuzzo V, Baumgartner C, Hirt A, Morell A, Rossi E, Schoni M, Vest M, Wagner HP. High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet 1981;1:1228-1231.
64. Lacroix-Desmazes S, Mouthon L, Spalter SH, Kaveri S, Kazatchkine MD. Immunoglobulins and the regulation of autoimmunity through the immune network. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996;14(Suppl 15):S9-S15. (Pubitemid 26270572)
65. Abdou NI, Suenaga R, Hatfield M, Evans M, Hassanein KM. Antiidiotypic antibodies against anti-DNA antibodies in sera of families of lupus patients. J Clin Immunol 1989;9:16-21. (Pubitemid 19058980)
66. Abdou NI, Wall H, Lindsley HB, Halsey JF, Suzuki T. Network theory in autoimmunity. In vitro suppression of serum anti-DNA antibody binding to DNA by anti-idiotypic antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:1297-1304. (Pubitemid 11099344)
67. Taniguchi O, Chia DS, Barnett EV. Auto-anti-anti-DNA antibodies from SLE patients and normals. J Rheumatol 1984;11:291-297. (Pubitemid 14066745)
68. Zouali M, Eyquem A. Expression of anti-idiotypic clones against auto-anti-DNA antibodies in normal individuals. Cell Immunol 1983;76:137-147. (Pubitemid 13118775)
69. Williams WM, Isenberg DA. Naturally occurring antiidiotypic antibodies reactive with anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998;7:164-175. (Pubitemid 28190680)
70. Silvestris F, Bankhurst AD, Searles RP, Williams RC, Jr. Studies of anti-F(ab')2 antibodies and possible immunologic control mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:1387-1396. (Pubitemid 15190903)
71. Williams RC, Jr, Malone CC, Huffman GR, Silvestris F, Croker BP, Ayoub EM, Massengill S. Active systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with depletion of the natural generic anti-idiotype (anti-F(ab')2) system. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1075-1085.
72. Routsias JG, Touloupi E, Dotsika E, Moulia A, Tsikaris V, Sakarellos C, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Unmasking the anti-La/SSB response in sera from patients with Sjogren's syndrome by specific blocking of anti-idiotypic antibodies to La/SSB antigenic determinants. Mol Med 2002;8:293-305.
73. Weisbart RH, Noritake DT, Wong AL, Chan G, Kacena A, Colburn KK. A conserved anti-DNA antibody idiotype associated with nephritis in murine and human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 1990;144:2653-2658. (Pubitemid 20136671)
74. Spertini F, Leimgruber A, Morel B, Khazaeli MB, Yamamoto K, Dayer JM, Weisbart RH, Lee ML. Idiotypic vaccination with a murine anti-dsDNA antibody: phase I study in patients with nonactive systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2602-2608.
75. Isenberg DA, Shoenfeld Y, Madaio MP, Rauch J, Reichlin M, Stollar BD, Schwartz RS. Anti-DNA antibody idiotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1984;2:417-422. (Pubitemid 14059388)
76. Galeazzi M, Bellisai F, Sebastiani GD, Morozzi G, Marcolongo R, Houssiau F, Cervera R, Levy Y, George J, Sherer Y, et al. Association of 16/6 and SA1 anti-DNA idiotypes with anticardiolipin antibodies and clinical manifestations in a large cohort of SLE patients. European Concerted Action on the Immunogenetics of SLE. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16:717-720.
77. Blank M, Manosroi J, Tomer Y, Manosroi A, Kopolovic J, Charcon-Polak S, Shoenfeld Y. Suppression of experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with specific anti-idiotypic antibody-saporin conjugate. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;98:434-441. (Pubitemid 24374728)
78. Pan ZJ, Anderson CJ, Stafford HA. Anti-idiotypic antibodies prevent the serologic detection of antiribosomal P autoantibodies in healthy adults. J Clin Invest 1998;102:215-222. (Pubitemid 28323848)
79. Stafford HA, Anderson CJ, Reichlin M. Unmasking of antiribosomal P autoantibodies in healthy individuals. J Immunol 1995;155:2754-2761.
80. Anderson CJ, Neas BR, Pan Z, Taylor-Albert E, Reichlin M, Stafford HA. The presence of masked antiribosomal P autoantibodies in healthy children. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41: 33-40. (Pubitemid 28041920)
81. Stea EA, Routsias JG, Clancy RM, Buyon JP, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Anti-La/SSB antiidiotypic antibodies in maternal serum: a marker of low risk for neonatal lupus in an offspring. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2228-2234. (Pubitemid 44051079)
82. Sikorska HM. Anti-thyroglobulin anti-idiotypic antibodies in sera of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves'disease. J Immunol 1986;137:3786-3795. (Pubitemid 17215303)
83. Tandon N, Jayne DR, McGregor AM, Weetman AP. Analysis of anti-idiotypic antibodies against anti-microsomal antibodies in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 1992;5:557-570.
84. Paschke R, Teuber J, Enger I, Schmeidl R, Schwedes U, Usadel KH. Evidence for a role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in the induction of remission in Graves' disease. J Autoimmun 1990;3:441-448. (Pubitemid 20298010)
85. Balazs C, Molnar I. In vitro suppression of anti-TSH receptor antibody by autologous anti-idiotypic antibody in patients with Graves' disease. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 1995; 42:163-169.
86. Tada H, Izumi Y, Watanabe Y, Takano T, Fukata S, Kuma K, Hidaka Y, Amino N. Blocking type anti-tSH receptor antibodies detected by radioreceptor assay in Graves' disease. Endocr J 2001;48:703-710. (Pubitemid 34032342)
87. Kohler H, Kaveri S, Kieber-Emmons T, Morrow WJ, Muller S, Raychaudhuri S. Idiotypic networks and nature of molecular mimicry: an overview. Meth Enzymol 1989;178:3-35. (Pubitemid 20038388)
88. Oak S, Gilliam LK, Landin-Olsson M, Torn C, Kockum I, Pennington CR, Rowley MJ, Christie MR, Banga JP, Hampe CS. The lack of anti-idiotypic antibodies, not the presence of the corresponding autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase, defines type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:5471-5476. (Pubitemid 351753887)
89. Winter WE, Schatz DA. Autoimmune markers in diabetes. Clin Chem 2011;57:168-175.
90. Reijonen H, Daniels TL, Lernmark A, Nepom GT. GAD65-specific autoantibodies enhance the presentation of an immunodominant T-cell epitope from GAD65. Diabetes 2000;49:1621-1626.
91. Banga JP, Moore JK, Duhindan N, Madec AM, Van Endert PM, Orgiazzi J, Endl J. Modulation of antigen presentation by autoreactive B cell clones specific for GAD65 from a type I diabetic patient. Clin Exp Immunol 2004;135:74-84. (Pubitemid 38067930)
92. Jaume JC, Parry SL, Madec AM, Sonderstrup G, Baekkeskov S. Suppressive effect of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-specific autoimmune B lymphocytes on processing of T cell determinants located within the antibody epitope. J Immunol 2002;169:665-672. (Pubitemid 34753421)
93. Panto F, Giordano C, Amato MP, Pugliese A, Donatelli M, D'Acquisto G, Galluzzo A. The influence of high dose intravenous immunoglobulins on immunological and metabolic pattern in newly diagnosed type I diabetic patients. J Autoimmun 1990;3:587-592. (Pubitemid 20358958)
94. Colagiuri S, Leong GM, Thayer Z, Antony G, Dwyer JM, Kidson W, Wakefield D. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14(Suppl 15):S93-S97. (Pubitemid 26270584)
95. Pocecco M, De Campo C, Cantoni L, Tedesco F, Panizon F. Effect of high doses intravenous IgG in newly diagnosed diabetic children. Helv Paediatr Acta 1987;42:289-295. (Pubitemid 18058775)
96. Heinze E, Thon A, Vetter U, Gaedicke G, Zuppinger K. Gamma-globulin therapy in 6 newly diagnosed diabetic children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1985;74:605-606. (Pubitemid 15006464)
97. Urakami T, Hanaoka Y, Fujita H, Kitagawa T. High-dose gammaglobulin therapy in six children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1987; 29:355-360. (Pubitemid 18081484)
98. Heinze E. Immunoglobulins in children with autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996;14(Suppl 15): S99-102.
99. Casiglia D, Giardina E, Triolo G. IgG auto-anti-idiotype antibodies against antibody to insulin in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. Detection by capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and relationship with anti-insulin antibody levels. Diabetes Res 1991;16:181-184.
100. Elias D, Bone AJ, Baird JD, Cooke A, Cohen IR. Insulin-mimicking anti-idiotypic antibodies in development of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in BB/E rats. Diabetes 1990;39:1467-1471.
101. Brown TJ, Christie MR. Detection of a serum factor that blocks antibody binding to glutamate decarboxylase. Diabetologia 1993;Suppl 1:A92 (Abstr.).
102. Hall TR, Bogdani M, Leboeuf RC, Kirk EA, Maziarz M, Banga JP, Oak S, Pennington CA, Hampe CS. Modulation of diabetes in NOD mice by GAD65-specific monoclonal antibodies is epitope specific and accompanied by anti-idiotypic antibodies. Immunology 2008;123:547-554. (Pubitemid 351280968)
103. Ortqvist E, Brooks-Worrell B, Lynch K, Radtke J, Bekris LM, Kockum I, Agardh CD, Cilio CM, Lethagen AL, Persson B, et al. Changes in GAD65Ab-specific antiidiotypic antibody levels correlate with changes in C-peptide levels and progression to islet cell autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:E310-E318.
104. Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz DA. Efforts to prevent and halt autoimmune beta cell destruction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010;39:527-539.
105. Agardh CD, Cilio CM, Lethagen A, Lynch K, Leslie RD, Palmer M, Harris RA, Robertson JA, Lernmark A. Clinical evidence for the safety of GAD65 immunomodulation in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. J Diabetes Compl 2005;19: 238-246. (Pubitemid 40910206)
106. Ludvigsson J, Casas R, Vaarala O, Forsander G, Ivarsson S, Johansson C, Lindh A, Nilsson N, Åman J, Örtqvist E, et al. The Swedish GAD-vaccination Trial: outcomes of a phase II safety and efficacy trial with Diamyd™ for preservation of beta cell function in children with T1D. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1-755.
107. Ohi H, Yasugi T. Occurrence of C3 nephritic factor and C4 nephritic factor in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:316-321. (Pubitemid 24207146)
108. Spitzer RE, Stitzel AE, Tsokos GC. Human anti-idiotypic antibody responses to autoantibody against the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 57:19-31. (Pubitemid 20293063)
109. Spitzer RE, Stitzel AE, Tsokos GC. Study of the idiotypic response to autoantibody to the alternative pathway C3/C5 convertase in normal individuals, patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and experimental animals. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992;62:291-294.
110. Nardi M, Karpatkin S. Antiidiotype antibody against platelet anti-GPIIIa contributes to the regulation of thrombocytopenia in HIV-1-ITP patients. J Exp Med 2000; 191:2093-2100. (Pubitemid 30416356)
111. Abrams CS, Ruggeri ZM, Taub R, Hoxie JA, Nagaswami C, Weisel JW, Shattil SJ. Anti-idiotypic antibodies against an antibody to the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa complex mimic GP IIb-IIIa by recognizing fibrinogen. J Biol Chem 1992;267:2775-2785.
112. Mehta YS, Ghosh K, Badakere SS, Pathare AV, Mohanty D. Role of antiidiotypic antibodies on the clinical course of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Lab Clin Med 2003; 142:113-120. (Pubitemid 37130044)
113. Csernok E, Muller A, Gross WL. Immunopathology of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Intern Med 1999;38:759-765.
114. Jayne DR, Esnault VL, Lockwood CM. Anti-idiotype antibodies to anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibodies in patients with systemic vasculitis. J Autoimmun 1993;6:221-226. (Pubitemid 23161780)
115. Strunz HP, Csernok E, Gross WL. Incidence and disease associations of a proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody idiotype (5/7 Id) whose antiidiotype inhibits proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody antigen binding activity. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:135-142. (Pubitemid 27044045)
116. Pradhan VD, Ghosh K. Anti-idiotype antibodies in immune regulation of anca associated vasculitis. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54:258-262.
117. Chen QY, Rowley MJ, Mackay IR. Anti-idiotypic antibodies to anti-PDC-E2 in primary biliary cirrhosis and normal subjects. Hepatology 1999;29:624-631. (Pubitemid 29109571)
118. Dwyer DS, Bradley RJ, Urquhart CK, Kearney JF. Naturally occurring anti-idiotypic antibodies in myasthenia gravis patients. Nature 1983;301:611-614. (Pubitemid 13161534)
119. Lefvert AK, Pirskanen R, Svanborg E. Anti-idiotypic antibodies, acetylcholine receptor antibodies and disturbed neuromuscular function in healthy relatives to patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 1985;9:41-53. (Pubitemid 15039627)
120. Klein U, Dalla-Favera R. Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and malignancy. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:22-33.