A developmental systems approach to executive function

Advances in Child Development and Behavior

Volumn 45, Issue , 2013, Pages 39-66

  Müller, Ulrich ^a   Baker, Lesley ^a   Yeung, Emanuela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Behavior genetics; Developmental systems; Executive function; Parenting; Stress; Training studies

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDIVIDUALITY; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SYSTEMS THEORY;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SYSTEMS THEORY;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84880778519     PISSN: 00652407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397946-9.00003-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (140)

1. Anokhin A.P., Heath A.C., Ralano A. Genetic influences on frontal brain function: WCST performance in twins. Neuroreport 2003, 14:1975-1978.
2. Ardila A., Roselli M., Matute E., Guajardo S. The influence of parents' educational level on the development of executive function. Developmental Neuropsychology 2005, 28:539-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2801_5.
3. Baron I.S., Kerns K.A., Müller U., Ahronovich M.D., Litman F.R. Executive functions in extremely low birth weight and late preterm preschoolers: effects on working memory and response inhibition. Child Neuropsychology 2012, 18:586-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.631906.
4. Beckwith J., Morris C.A. Twin studies of political behavior: untenable assumptions. Perspectives on Politics 2008, 6:785-791.
5. Berk L.E. Children's private speech: An overview of theory and the status of research. Private speech: From social interaction to self-regulation 1992, 17-53. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. R.M. Diaz, L.E. Berk (Eds.).
6. Bernier A., Carlson S.M., Deschênes M., Matte-Gagné C. Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: a closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental Science 2012, 15:12-24.
7. Bernier A., Carlson S.M., Whipple N. From external regulation to self-regulation: early parenting precursors of young children's executive functioning. Child Development 2010, 81:326-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x.
8. Berry D., Blair C., Willoughby M., Granger D.A., The Family Life Project Key Investigators Salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol in infancy and toddlerhood: direct and indirect relations with executive functioning and academic ability in childhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37:1700-1711.
9. Blair C., Granger D., Peters Razza R. Cortisol reactivity is positively related to executive function in preschool children attending Head Start. Child Development 2005, 76(3):554-567.
10. Blair C., Granger D., Willoughby M., Mills-Koonce R., Cox M., Greenberg M.T., et al. Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood. Child Development 2011, 82:1970-1984.
11. Blair C., Raver C.C. Individual development and evolution: experiential canalization of self-regulation. Developmental Psychology 2012, (Online February 13, 2012).
12. Bodrova E., Leong D.J. Tools of the mind: The Vygotskian approach to early childhood education 2006, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
13. Braun K., Lange E., Metzger M., Poeggel G. Maternal separation followed by early social deprivation affects the development of monoaminergic fiber systems in the medial. Neuroscience 2000, 95:309-318.
14. Bryant F.B., Yarnold P.R. Principle-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reading and understanding multivariate statistics 1994, 99-136. APA, Washington, DC. L.G. Grimm, P.R. Yarnold (Eds.).
15. Bücker J., Kapczinski F., Post R., Ceresér K.M., Szobot C., Yatham L.N., et al. Cognitive impairment in school-aged children with early trauma. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2012, 53:758-764.
16. Bufill E., Agusti J., Blesa R. Human neoteny revisited: the case of synaptic plasticity. American Journal of Human Biology 2011, 23:729-739.
17. Burke C.A. Mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents: a preliminary review of current research in an emergent field. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2010, 19:133-144.
18. Caldji C., Diorio J., Meaney M.J. Variations in maternal care alter GABA(A) receptor subunit expression in brain regions associated with fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:150-159.
19. Caldji C., Tannenbaum B., Sharma S., Francis D., Plotsky P.M., Meaney M.J. Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1998, 95:5335-5340.
20. Carrion V.G., Weems C.F., Richert K., Hoffman B.C., Reiss A.L. Decreased prefrontal cortical volume associated with increased bedtime cortisol in traumatized youth. Biological Psychiatry 2010, 68:491-493.
21. Catale C., Willems S., Lejeune C., Meulemans T. Parental educational level influence on memory and executive performance in children. Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée 2012, 62:161-171.
22. Cerqueira J.J., Mailliet F., Almeida O.F., Jay T.M., Sousa N. The prefrontal cortex as a key target of the maladaptive response to stress. Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:2781-2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4372-06.2007.
23. Charney E. Behavior genetics and postgenomics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2012.
24. Clarke A.S., Schneider M.L. Prenatal stress has long-term effects on behavioral responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology 1993, 26:293-304.
25. Conway A., Stifter C.A. Longitudinal antecedents of executive function in preschoolers. Child Development 2012, 83:1022-1036.
26. Davis E.P., Snidman N., Wadhwa P.D., Glynn L.M., DunkelSchetter C., Sandman C.A. Prenatal maternal anxiety and depression predict negative behavioral reactivity in infancy. Infancy 2004, 6:319-331.
27. Denckla M.B., Reiss A.L. Prefrontal-subcortical circuits in developmental disorders. Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior 1997, 283-293. Paul Publishing Co., Inc, Baltimore, MD. N.A. Krasnegor, G.R. Lyon, P.S. Goldman-Rakic (Eds.).
28. Diamond A., Barnett W.S., Thomas J., Munro S. Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science 2007, 318:1387-1388.
29. Diamond A., Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 2011, 333:959-964. http://dx.doi.org/.
30. Dilworth-Bart J., Poehlmann J., Hilgendorf A.E., Miller K., Lambert H. Maternal scaffolding and preterm toddlers' visual-spatial processing and emerging working memory. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2010, 35:209-220.
31. Ellis B.J., Boyce W.T., Belsky J., Bakermans-Kranenburg C.M.J., van Ijzendoorn M.H. Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory. Development and Psychopathology 2011, 23:7-28.
32. Essex M.J., Boyce T.W., Hertzman C., Lam L.L., Armstrong J.M., Neumann S.M.A., et al. Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence. Child Development 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x.
33. Evans G.W., Schamberg M.A. Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2009, 106:6545-6549.
34. Farah M.J., Shera D.M., Savage J.H., Betancourt L., Giannetta J.M., Brodsky N.L., et al. Childhood poverty: specific associations with neurocognitive development. Brain Research 2006, 1110:166-174.
35. Fernyhough C., Fradley E. Private speech on an executive task: relations with task difficulty and task performance. Cognitive Development 2005, 20:103-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.11.002.
36. Fisher P.A., Kim H.K., Bruce J., Pears K.C. Cumulative effects of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on foster children's HPA-axis reactivity during a psychosocial stressor. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2012, 36:29-35.
37. Francis D.D., Szegda K., Campbell G., Martin W.D., Insel T.R. Epigenetic sources of behavioral differences in mice. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6:445-446.
38. Friedman N.P., Miyake A., Robinson J.L., Hewitt J.K. Developmental trajectories in toddlers' self-restraint predict individual differences in executive functions 14 years later: a behavioral genetic analysis. Developmental Psychology 2011, 47:1410-1430.
39. Friedman N.P., Miyake A., Young S.E., DeFries J.C., Corley R.P., Hewitt J.K. Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology General 2008, 137:201-225.
40. Fuster J.M. The prefrontal cortex 2008, Academic Press, London, London. 4th ed.
41. Gibson K.R. New perspectives on instincts and intelligence: Brain size and the emergence of hierarchical mental construction skills. " Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes 1990, 97-128. Cambridge University Press, New York. S.T. Parker, K.R. Gibson (Eds.).
42. Giesbrecht G., Müller U., Miller M. Psychological distancing in the development of executive function and emotion regulation. Self and social regulation 2010, 337-357. Oxford University Press, New York. B.W. Sokol, U. Müller, J.I.M. Carpendale, A.R. Young, G. Iarocci (Eds.).
43. Godinez D.A., Friedman N.P., Rhee S.H., Miyake A., Hewitt J.K. Phenotypic and genetic analyses of the Wisconsin Card Sort. Behavior Genetics 2012, 42:209-220.
44. Gottlieb G. On making behavioral genetics truly developmental. Human Development 2003, 46:337-355.
45. Gottlieb G. Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science 2007, 10:1-11.
46. Grant D.A., Berg E.A. A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1948, 38:404-411.
47. Grant J.A., Courtemanche J., Duerden E.G., Duncan G.H., Rainville P. Cortical thickness and pain sensitivity in Zen meditators. Emotion 2010, 10:43-53.
48. Hackman D.A., Farah M.J. Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2009, 13:65-73.
49. Hackman D.A., Farah M.J., Meaney M.J. Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2010, 11:651-659.
50. Hammond S.I., Müller U., Carpendale J.I.M., Bibok M.B., Liebermann-Finestone D.P. The effects of parental scaffolding on preschoolers' executive function. Developmental Psychology 2012, 48:271-281.
51. Heijmans B.T., Tobi E.W., Stein A.D., Putter H., Blauw G.J., Susser E.S., et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:17046-17049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806560105.
52. Hewage C., Bohlin G., Wijewardena K., Lindmark G. Executive functions and child problem behaviors are sensitive to family disruption: a study of children of mothers working overseas. Developmental Science 2011, 14:18-25.
53. Hoff E. Causes and consequences of SES-related differences in parent-to-child speech. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development 2003, 145-160. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. M.H. Bornstein, R.H. Bradley (Eds.).
54. Hoff E. How social contexts support and shape language development. Developmental Review 2006, 26:55-88.
55. Hölzel B.K., Lazar S.W., Gard T., Schuman-Olivier Z., Vago D.R., Ott U. How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2011, 6:537-559.
56. Hughes C., Ensor R.A. How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function?. Social interaction and the development of executive function. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development 2009, Vol. 123:35-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.234.
57. Hughes C., Ensor R., Wilson A., Graham A. Tracking executive function across the transition to school: a latent variable approach. Developmental Neuropsychology 2010, 35:20-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565640903325691.
58. Huizink A.C. Psychological measures of prenatal stress as predictor of infant temperament. Journal of American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 2002, 41:1078-1085.
59. Ilan A.B., Polich J. P300 and response time from a manual Stroop task. Clinical Neurophysiology 1999, 110:367-373.
60. Joseph J. Genetic research in psychiatry and psychology: a critical review. Handbook of developmental science, behavior, and genetics 2010, 557-625. Blackwell, Malden, MA. K.E. Hood, C.T. Halpern, G. Greenberg, R.M. Lerner (Eds.).
61. Joseph J. The " missing heritability" of psychiatric disorders: elusive genes or non-existent genes?. Applied Developmental Science 2012, 16:65-83.
62. Jurado M.B., Roselli M. The elusive nature of executive functions: a review. Neuropsychology Review 2007, 17:213-233.
63. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2003, 10:144-156.
64. Kim S., Kochanska G. Child-temperament moderates effects of parent-child mutuality on self-regulation: a relationship-based path for emotionally negative infants. Child Development 2012, 83:1275-1289.
65. Kishiyama M.M., Boyce T.W., Jimenez A.M., Perry L.M., Knight R.T. Socioeconomic disparities affect prefrontal function in children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2008, 21:1106-1115.
66. Kramer D.A. Commentary: gene-environment interplay in the context of genetics, epigenetics, and gene expression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005, 44:19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000145804.30112.6b.
67. Kusché C.A., Greenberg M.T. The PATHS curriculum 1994, Developmental Research and Programs, Inc, Seattle.
68. Lakes K.D., Hoyt W.T. Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial arts training. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2004, 25:283-302.
69. Landry S.H., Miller-Loncar C.L., Smith K.E., Swank P.R. The role of early parenting in children's development of executive processes. Developmental Neuropsychology 2002, 21:15-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN2101_2.
70. Lerner R.M. Structure and process in relational developmental systems theories: a commentary on contemporary changes in the understanding of developmental change across the life-span. Human Development 2011, 54:34-43.
71. Lerner R.M., Overton W.F. Exemplifying the integrations of the relational developmental system: synthesizing theory, research, and application to promote positive development and social justice. Journal of Adolescent Research 2008, 23:245-255.
72. Lewis-Morrarty E., Dozier M., Bernard K., Terracciano S.M., Moore S.V. Cognitive flexibility and theory of mind outcomes among foster children: preschool follow-up results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2012, 51:S17-S22.
73. Lewis C., Carpendale J.I.M. Introduction: links between social interaction and executive function. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2009, 123:1-15.
74. Lewis E.E., Dozier M., Ackerman J., Sepulveda-Kozakowski S. The effect of placement instability on adopted children's inhibitory control abilities and oppositional behavior. Developmental Psychology 2007, 43:1415-1427.
75. Lidstone J.S., Meins E., Fernyhough C. The roles of private speech and inner speech in planning during middle childhood: evidence from a dual task paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2010, 107:438-451.
76. Lupien S.J., King S., Meaney M.J., McEwen B.S. Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Development and Psychopathology 2001, 13:653-676.
77. Lupien S.J., McEwen B.S., Gunnar M.R., Heim C. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behavior and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009, 10:434-445.
78. Matte-Gagné C., Bernier A. Prospective relations between maternal autonomy support and child executive functioning: investigating the mediating role of child language ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2011, 110:611-625.
79. McDermott J.M., Westerlund A., Zeanah C.H., Nelson C.A., Fox N.F. Early adversity and neural correlates of executive function: implications for academic adjustment. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2012, 25:S59-S66.
80. McGowan P.O., Sasaki A., D'Alessio A.C., Dymov S., Labonte B., Szyf M., et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience 2009, 12:342-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2270.
81. Meaney M.J. Nature, nurture, and the disunity of knowledge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001, 935:50-61.
82. Melby-Lervåg M., Hulme C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology 2012, (Advance online publication). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028228.
83. Mezzacappa E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children. Child Development 2004, 75:1373-1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00746.x.
84. Miller M.R., Giesbrecht G.F., Müller U., McInerney R.J., Kerns K.A. A latent variable approach to determining the structure of executive function in preschool children. Journal of Cognition and Development 2012, 13:395-423.
85. Miller, M. R., Müller, U., Giesbrecht, G. F., Kerns, K., & Carpendale, J. I. M. (in press). The contribution of executive function and social understanding to preschoolers' letter and math skills. Cognitive Development.
86. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: the role of the frontal lobes. Archives of Neurology 1963, 9:100-110.
87. Miyake A., Friedman N.P. The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2012, 8:8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458.
88. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A., Wager T.D. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex " frontal lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 41:49-100.
89. Mizoguchi K., Ishige A., Takeda S., Aburada M., Tabira T. Endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining prefrontal cortical cognitive function. The Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:5492-5499.
90. Moreno S., Bialystok E., Barac R., Schellenberg E.G., Cepeda N.J., Chau T. Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function. Psychological Science 2011, 22:425-433.
91. Moses L.J., Tahiroglu D. Clarifying the relation between executive function and children's theories of mind. Self and social regulation 2010, 218-233. Oxford University Press, New York. B.W. Sokol, U. Müller, J.I.M. Carpendale, A.R. Young, G. Iarocci (Eds.).
92. Muhammed A., Carroll C., Kolb B. Stress during development alters dendritic morphology in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2012, 216:103-109.
93. Müller U., Hammond S.I., Carpendale J.I.M., Bibok M.B., Liebermann-Finestone D.P. Knowing minds, controlling actions: the developmental relations between theory of mind and executive function from 2 to 4 years. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2012, 111:331-348.
94. Müller U., Jacques S., Brocki K., Zelazo P.D. The executive function of language in preschool children. Private speech, executive functioning, and the development of verbal self-regulation 2009, 53-68. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. A. Winsler, C. Fernyhough, I. Montero (Eds.).
95. Müller U., Liebermann D., Frye D., Zelazo P.D. Executive function, school readiness, and school achievement. Applied cognitive research in K-3 classrooms 2008, 41-83. Routledge, New York, NY. S.K. Thurman, C.A. Fiorello (Eds.).
96. Murmu M.S., Salomon S., Biala Y., Weinstock M., Braun K., Bock J. Changes of spine density and dendritic complexity in the prefrontal cortex in offspring of mothers exposed to stress during pregnancy. European Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 24:1477-1487.
97. Mychasiuk R., Gibb R., Kolb B. Prenatal stress alters dendritic morphology and synaptic connectivity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of developing offspring. Synapse 2012, 66:308-314.
98. Noble K.G., Houston S.M., Kan E., Sowell E.R. Neural correlates of socioeconomic status on the developing human brain. Developmental Science 2012, 15:516-527.
99. Noble K.G., McCandliss B.D., Farah M.J. Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science 2007, 10:464-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x.
100. Noble K.G., Norman M.F., Farah M.J. Neurocognitive correlations of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children. Developmental Science 2005, 8:74-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00394.x.
101. Norman D.A., Shallice T. Attention to action: willed and automatic control of behavior. Consciousness and self-regulation 1986, Vol. 4:4-18. Plenum, New York.
102. Nyhus E., Barceló F. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the cognitive assessment of prefrontal executive functions: a critical update. Brain and Cognition 2009, 71:437-451.
103. Overton W.F., Müller U. Development across the life span: philosophy, concepts, theory. Handbook of psychology: developmental psychology 2012, Vol. 6:19-58. I. B. Weiner (Editor-in-chief), Wiley, New York.
104. O'Connor T.G., Heron J., Golding J., Beveridge M., Glover V. Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioral/emotional problems at 4 years: report from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 180:502-508.
105. Parker S.T., McKinney M.L. Evolution of cognitive development in monkeys, apes, and humans 1999, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
106. Pears K., Fisher P.A. Developmental, cognitive, and neuropsychological functioning in preschool-aged foster children: associations with prior maltreatment and placement history. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2005, 26:112-122.
107. Pellicano E. The development of core cognitive skills in autism: a 3-year prospective study. Child Development 2010, 81:1400-1416.
108. Petanjek Z., JudaŠ M., Šimic G., RaŠin M.R., Uylings H.B.M., Rakic P. Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in human prefrontal cortex. PNAS 2011, 108:13281-13286.
109. Piaget J. Biology and knowledge 1971, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, (Original work published 1967).
110. Portmann A. A zoologist looks at humankind 1990, Columbia University Press, New York, (Original work published 1944).
111. Rasmussen C., Bisanz J. Executive functioning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: profiles and age-related differences. Child Neuropsychology 2009, 15:201-215.
112. Razaida R.D.S., Kishiyama M.M. Effects of socioeconomic status on brain development, and how cognitive neuroscience may contribute to levelling the playing field. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2010, 4:1-11.
113. Rhoades B.L., Greenberg M.T., Lanza S.T., Blair C. Demographic and familial predictors of early executive function development: contribution of a person-centered perspective. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2011, 108:638-662.
114. Riggs N.R., Blair C.B., Greenberg M.T. Concurrent and 2-year longitudinal relations between executive function and the behavior of 1st and 2nd grade children. Child Neuropsychology 2003, 9:267-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/chin.9.4.267.23513.
115. Riggs N.R., Greenberg M.T., Kusché C.A., Pentz M. The meditational role of neurocognition in the behavioral outcomes of a social-emotional prevention program in elementary school students: effects of the PATHS curriculum. Prevention Science 2006, 7:91-102.
116. Rueda M.R., Rothbart M.K., McCandliss B.D., Saccomanno L., Posner M.I. Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2005, 102:14931-14936.
117. Sarsour K., Sheridan M., Jutte D., Nuru-Jeter A., Hinshaw S., Boyce T.W. Family socioeconomic status and child executive functions: the roles of language, home environment, and single parenthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2011, 17:120-132.
118. Somel M., Franz H., Yan Z., Lorenc A., Guo S., Giger T., et al. Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain. PNAS 2009, 106:5743-5748.
119. Spencer-Smith M., Anderson V. Healthy and abnormal development of the prefrontal cortex. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2009, 12:279-297.
120. Stuss D.T., Levine B., Alexander M.P., Hong J., Palumbo C., Hamer L., et al. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:388-402.
121. Tang Y.Y., Lu Q., Geng X., Stein E.A., Yang Y., Posner M.I. Short-term meditation induces white matter changes in the anterior cingulate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:15649-15652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00250.x.
122. Tang Y.Y., Ma Y., Fan Y., Feng H., Wang J., Feng S., et al. Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short term meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:8865-8870.
123. Tang Y.Y., Yang L., Leve L.D., Harold G.T. Improving executive function and its neurobiological mechanisms through a mindfulness-based intervention: advances within the field of developmental neuroscience. Child Development Perspectives 2012, (Advance online publication).
124. Tranel D., Anderson S.W., Benton A. Development of the concept of " executive function" and its relationship to the frontal lobes. Handbook of neuropsychology 1994, Vol. 9:125-148. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
125. Van den Bergh B.R., Mennes M., Oosterlaan J., Stevens V., Stiers P., Marcoen A., et al. High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to impulsivity during performance on cognitive tasks in 14- and 15-year-olds. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 2005, 29:259-269.
126. van der Sluis S., de Jong P.F., van der Leij A. Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic. Intelligence 2007, 35:427-449.
127. Van Zeijl J., Mesman J., Stolk M.N., Alink R.A.L., van IJzendoorn M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., et al. Differential susceptibility to discipline: the moderating effect of child temperament on the association between maternal discipline and early childhood externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology 2007, 21:626-636.
128. Vygotsky L.S. Thought and language 1962, Wiley, Oxford.
129. Vygotsky L.S. Mind in society 1978, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
130. Vygotsky L.S., Luria A. Tool and symbol in child development. The Vygotsky reader 1994, 99-174. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. R. van der Veer, J. Valsiner (Eds.).
131. Weickert C.S., Webster M.J., Gondipalli P., Rothmond D., Fatula R.J., Herman M.M., et al. Postnatal changes in the dopaminergic markers in the prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2007, 144:1109-1119.
132. Weinstock M. Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behavior of the offspring. Progress in Neurobiology 2001, 65:427-451.
133. Willcutt E.G., Doyle A.E., Nigg J.T., Faraone S.V., Pennington B.F. Validity of the executive function theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:1336-1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006.
134. Wood D., Bruner J.S., Ross G. The role of tutoring in problem-solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1976, 17:89-100.
135. Yang L., Song F., Shen Y., Cui Y., Tang Y.Y. Integrative body-mind training improves self-regulation in children 2010, August, Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Cognitive science, Beijing, China.
136. Young S.E., Friedman N.P., Miyake A., Willcutt E.G., Corley R.P., Haberstick B.C., et al. Behavioral disinhibition: liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:117-130.
137. Zelazo P.D., Carlson S.M. Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives 2012, (Advance online publication). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x.
138. Zelazo P.D., Lee W.S.C. Brain development: an overview. Cognition, biology, and methods 2010, Vol. 1:89-114. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York. R.M. Lerner, W.F. Overton (Eds.).
139. Zelazo P.D., Lyons K.E. The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: a developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child Development Perspectives 2012, 6:154-160.
140. Zelazo P.D., Müller U. Executive functioning in typical and atypical children. Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development 2010, 574-603. Blackwell, Oxford. 2nd ed. U. Goswami (Ed.).