Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: Effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes

Neuropsychologia

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 388-402

  Stuss, D T ^a   Levine, B ^a   Alexander, M P ^a,b,c   Hong, J ^a   Palumbo, C ^b   Hamer, L ^a   Murphy, K J ^a   Izukawa, D ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d Mississauga Hospital   (Canada)

Author keywords

Card sorting; Frontal lobes; Localization of process

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; MALE; PERSEVERATION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PROGNOSIS; STROKE;

BRAIN INJURIES; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COGNITION; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 0033976097     PISSN: 00283932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00093-7     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Anderson C.V., Bigler E.D., Blatter D.D. Frontal lobe lesions, diffuse damage, and neuropsychological functioning in traumatic brain-injured patients. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology. 17:1995;900-908.
2. Anderson S.W., Damasio H., Jones R.D., Tranel D. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 13:1991;909-922.
3. Axelrod B.N., Goldman R.S., Heaton R.K., Curtiss G., Thompson L.L., Chelune G.J., Kay G.G. Discriminability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test using the standardization sample. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology. 18:1996;338-342.
4. Bellack A.S., Mueser K.T., Morrison R.L., Tierney A., Podell K. Remediation of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 147:1990;1650-1655.
5. Berman K.F., Ostrem J.L., Randolph C., Gold J., Goldberg T.E., Coppola R., Carson R.E., Herscovitch P., Weinberger D.R. Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychologia. 33:1995;1027-1046.
6. Bornstein R.A. Contribution of various neuropsychological measures to detection of frontal lobe impairment. The International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology. 8:1986;18-22.
7. Braff D., Heaton R.K., Kuck J., Cullum M., Moranville J., Grant I., Zisook S. The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results. Archives of General Psychology. 48:1991;891-898.
8. Brugger P., Monsch A.U., Johnson S.A. Repetitive behavior and repetition avoidance: the role of the right hemisphere. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 21:1996;53-56.
9. Catafau A.M., Parellada E., Lomena F.J., Bernardo M., Pavia J., Ros D., Setoain J., Gonzales-Monclus E. Prefrontal and temporal blood flow in schizophrenia: resting and activation technetium-99 m-HMPAO SPECT patterns in young neuroleptic-naive patients with acute disease. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 35:1994;935-941.
10. Corcoran R., Upton D. A role for the hippocampus in card sorting? Cortex. 29:1993;293-304.
11. Craik F.I.M., Morris L.W., Morris R.G., Loewen E.R. Relations between source amnesia and frontal lobe functioning in older adults. Psychology and Aging. 5:1990;148-151.
12. Damasio H., Damasio A.R. Lesion analysis in neuropsychology. 1989;Oxford University Press, New York.
13. Dias R., Robins T.W., Roberts A.C. Dissociable forms of inhibitory control within prefrontal cortex with an analog of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test: restriction to novel situations and independence from 'on-line' processing. Journal of Neuroscience. 17:1997;9285-9297.
14. Dias R., Robins T.W., Roberts A.C. Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective attentional shifts. Nature. 380:1996;69-72.
15. Drewe E.A. The effect of type and area of brain lesion on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. Cortex. 10:1974;159-170.
16. Eslinger P.J., Damasio A.R. Severe disturbance of higher cognition following bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR. Neurology. 35:1985;1731-1741.
17. Ettlinger G., Teuber H.L., Milner B. The seventeenth international symposium of neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia. 13:1975;125-133.
18. Goldberg T.E., Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F., Pliskin N.H., Podd M.H. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Archives of General Psychiatry. 44:1987;1008-1014.
19. Grafman J., Jonas B., Salazar A. Wisconsin card sorting test performance based on location and size of neuroanatomical lesion in Vietnam veterans with penetrating head injury. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 71:1990;1120-1122.
20. Grant D.A., Berg E.A. A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a weight-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 38:1948;404-411.
21. Green M.F., Satz P., Ganzell S., Vaclav J.F. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia: remediation of a stubborn deficit. American Journal of Psychiatry. 149:1992;62-67.
22. Haut M.W., Cahill J., Cutlip W.D., Stevenson J.M., Makela E.H., Bloomfield S.M. On the nature of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 65:1996;15-22.
23. Heaton R. A manual for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. 1981;Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, Florida.
24. Heck E.T., Bryer J.B. Superior sorting and categorizing ability in a case of bilateral frontal atrophy: An exception to the rule. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 8:1986;313-316.
25. Hermann B.P., Wyler A.R. Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on language function: A controlled study. Annals of Neurology. 23:1988;585-588.
26. Hetherington C.R., Stuss D.T., Finlayson M.A.J. Reaction time and variability 5 and 10 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury. 10:1996;473-486.
27. Janowsky J.S., Shimamura A.P., Kritchevsky M., Squire L.R. Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia. Behavioural Neuroscience. 103:1989;548-560.
28. Kawasaki Y., Maedo M., Urata K., Higashima M., Kiba K., Yamaguchi N., Matsuda H., Hisada K. SPECT analysis of regional cerebral blood flow changes in patients with schizophrenia during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Schizophrenia Research. 10:1993;109-116.
29. Knight R.T. Evoked potential studies of attention capacity in human frontal lobe lesions. Levin H.S., Eisenberg M.H., Benton A.L. Frontal lobe function and dysfunction. 1991;139-153 Oxford University Press, New York.
30. Kopelman M.D. Frontal dysfunction and memory deficits in the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome and Alzheimer-type dementia. Brain. 114:1991;117-137.
31. Levine B., Stuss D.T., Milberg W.P. The effects of aging on conditional associative learning: Process analyses and comparison with focal frontal lesions. Neuropsychology. 11:1997;367-381.
32. Levine B., Stuss D.T., Milberg W.P., Alexander M.P., Schwartz M., Macdonald R. The effects of focal and diffuse brain damage on strategy application: Evidence from focal lesions, traumatic brain injury, and normal aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 4:1998;247-264.
33. Lhermitte F. 'Utilization Behavior' and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain. 106:1983;237-255.
34. Luria A.R. The working brain. An introduction to neuropsychology. 1973;Basic Books, New York.
35. Marenco S., Coppola R., Daniel D.G., Zigun J.R., Weinberger D.R. Regional cerebral blood flow during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in normal subjects studied by xenon-133 dynamic SPECT: comparison of absolute values, percent distribution values, and covariance analysis. Psychiatry Research. 50:1993;177-192.
36. Meichenbaum D, Biemiller A 1990. In search of student expertise in the classroom: a metacognitive analysis. Paper Presented at the Conference on Cognitive Research for Instructional Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
37. Metz J.T., Johnson M., Plishkin N., Luchins J.S. Maintenance of training effects on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test by patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 151:1994;120-122.
38. Milner B. Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin. 27:1971;272-277.
39. Milner B. Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man. Warren J.M., Akert K. The frontal granular cortex and behaviour. 1964;313-334 McGraw-Hill, New York.
40. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes. Archives of Neurology. 9:1963;100-110.
41. Mishkin M. Perseveration of central sets after frontal lesions in monkeys. In: Warren JM, Akert K, editors. The frontal granular cortex and behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 219-41.
42. Mizuno M. Neuropsychological characteristics of right hemisphere damage: investigation by attention tests, concept formation and change test, and self-evaluation task. Keio Journal of Medicine. 40:1991;221-234.
43. Mountain M.A., Snow W.G. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a measure of frontal pathology: a review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 7:1993;108-118.
44. Nagahama Y., Fukuyama H., Yamauchi H., Matsuzaki S., Konishi J., Shibasaki H., Kimura J. Cerebral activation during performance of a card sorting test. Brain. 119:1996;1667-1675.
45. Nelson H.E. A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex. 12:1976;313-324.
46. Oscar-Berman M., McNamara P., Freedman M. Delayed-Response tasks: Parallels between experimental ablation studies and findings in patients with frontal lesions. Levin H.S., Eisenberg H.M., Benton A.L. Frontal lobe function and dysfunction. 1991;256-272 Oxford University Press, New York.
47. Owen A.M., Roberts A.C., Hodges J.R., Summers B.A., Polkey C.E., Robbins T.W. Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease. Brain. 116:1993;1159-1175.
48. Pandya D.N., Yeterian E.H. Comparison of prefrontal architecture and connections. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Part B. 351:1996;1423-1432.
49. Parkin A.J., Walter B.M. Aging, short-term memory, and frontal dysfunction. Psychobiology. 19:1991;175-179.
50. Retzlaff P., Butler M., Vanderploeg R.D. Neuropsychological battery choice and theoretical orientations: a multivariate analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 48:1992;666-672.
51. Rezai K., Andreasen N.C., Alliger R., Cohen G., Swayze V., O'Leary D.S. The neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex. Archives of Neurology. 50:1993;636-642.
52. Robinson A.L., Heaton R.K., Lehman R.A.W., Stilson D.W. The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 48:1980;605-614.
53. Rosvold H.E., Mishkin M. Evaluation of the effects of prefrontal lobotomy on intelligence. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 4:1950;122-126.
54. Rothke S. The role of interpersonal feedback in group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 36:1986;225-240.
55. Sandson J., Albert M.L. Perseveration in behavioral neurology. Neurology. 37:1987;1736-1741.
56. Shallice T., Burgess P.W. Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain. 114:1991;727-741.
57. Stratta P., Mancini F., Mattei P., Casacchia M., Rossi A. Information processing strategy to remediate Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 151:1994;915-918.
58. Stuss D.T. Contribution of frontal lobe injury to cognitive impairment after closed head injury: Methods of assessment and recent findings. Levin H.S., Grafman J., Eisenberg H.M. Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury. 1987;166-177 Oxford University Press, New York.
59. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P., Palumbo C.L., Buckle L., Hamer L., Pogue J. Organizational strategies with unilateral or bilateral frontal lobe injury in word list learning tasks. Neuropsychology. 8:1994;355-373.
60. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P., Hamer L., Palumbo C., Dempster R., Binns M., Levine B., Izukawa D. The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency. Journal of the International Neurological Society. 4:1998;265-278.
61. Stuss D.T., Benson D.F. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin. 95:1984;3-28.
62. Stuss D.T., Benson D.F. The frontal lobes. 1986;Raven Press, New York.
63. Stuss D.T., Benson D.F., Kaplan E.F., Weir W.S., Naeser M.A., Lieberman I., Ferrill D. The involvement of orbitofrontal cerebrum in cognitive tasks. Neuropsychologia. 21:1983;235-248.
64. Stuss D.T., Delgado M., Guzman D.A. Verbal regulation in the control of motor impersistance: a proposed rehabilitation procedure. Journal of Neurologic Rehabilitation. 1:1987;1-6.
65. Stuss D.T., Eskes G.A., Foster J.K. Experimental neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe functions. Boller F., Grafman J. Handbook of neuropsychology. 1994;149-185 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
66. Stuss D.T., Kaplan E.F., Benson D.F., Weir W.S., Chiulli S., Sarazin F.F. Evidence for the involvement of orbitofrontal cortex in memory functions: an interference effect. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology. 96:1982;913-925.
67. Stuss D.T., Shallice T., Alexander M.P., Picton T. A multidisciplinary approach to anterior attentional functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 769:1995;191-212.
68. Teuber H.L. Comment on 'Some Effects of Frontal Lobectomy in Man' by Brenda Milner. Warren J.M., Akert K. The frontal granular cortex and behaviour. 1964;332-333 McGraw-Hill.
69. Trennerry M.R., Jack C.R., Cascino G.D., Sharbrough F.W., Ivnik R.J. Gender differences in post-temporal lobectomy verbal memory and relationships between MRI hippocampal volumes and preoperative verbal memory. Epilepsy Research. 20:1995;69-76.
70. Upton D., Corcoran R. The role of the right temporal lobe in card sorting: a case study. Cortex. 31:1995;405-409.
71. van den Broek M.D., Bradshaw C.M., Szabadi E. Utility of the modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in neuropsychological assessment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 32:1993;333-343.
72. Vollema M., Geurtsen G., van Voorst A. Durable improvements in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research. 16:1995;209-215.
73. Vygotsky LS. Thought and language. Ed and transl. Hanfmann E, Vakar G. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1962.
74. Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F., Zec R.F. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry. 43:1986;114-124.
75. Wilkins A.J., Shallice T., McCarthy R. Frontal lesions and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia. 25:1987;359-365.
76. Young D., Freyslinger M. Scaffolded instruction and the remediation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test deficits in chronic schizophrenia. Scizophrenia Research. 16:1995;199-207.