A Latent Variable Approach to Determining the Structure of Executive Function in Preschool Children

Journal of Cognition and Development

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 395-423

  Miller, Michael R ^a,b   Giesbrecht, Gerald F ^a,c   Müller, Ulrich ^a   McInerney, Robert J ^a,d   Kerns, Kimberly A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c ALBERTA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d IWK HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; APTITUDE TEST; ARTICLE; CANADA; CHILD; COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ERROR; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LINGUISTICS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SENSE OF COHERENCE; TASK PERFORMANCE; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84863896294     PISSN: 15248372     EISSN: 15327647     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2011.585478     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Analysis of Moment Structures (Amos Version 18.0) [Computer software]. Crawfordville, FL: Amos Development Corporation.
2. Baddeley, A. (1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology (Special Issue: Working Memory), 49A, 5-28.
3. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Fit indices, LaGrange multipliers, constraint changes, and incomplete data in structural models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 163-172.
4. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
5. Bozdogan, H. (2000). Akaike's information criterion and recent developments in information complexity. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 44, 62-91.
6. Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2004). Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26, 571-593.
7. Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1994). Principle-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp. 99-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
8. Carlson, S. M. (2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29, 595-616.
9. Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L. (2004). Executive function and theory of mind: Stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1105-1122.
10. Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72, 1032-1053.
11. Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C. (2002). How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant and Child Development, 11, 73-92.
12. Davis, H. L., & Pratt, C. (1995). The development of theory of mind: The working memory explanation. Australian Journal of Psychology, 47, 25-31.
13. Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal-lobe function (pp. 466-503). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
14. Diamond, A. (2006). The early development of executive functions. In E. Bialystok & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change (pp. 70-95). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
15. Diamond, A., Kirkham, N., & Amso, D. (2002). Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. Developmental Psychology, 38, 352-362.
16. Diamond, A., Prevor, M. B., Callender, G., & Druin, D. P. (1997). Prefrontal cortex cognitive deficits in children treated early and continuously for PKU. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 62, 1-205.
17. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, (3rd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services.
18. Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., & Chee, A. E. H. (2010). The components of working memory updating: An experimental decomposition and individual differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 170-189.
19. Espy, K. A. (1997). The Shape School: Assessing executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 495-499.
20. Espy, K. A., Kaufmann, P. M., McDiarmid, M. D., & Glisky, M. L. (1999). Executive functioning in preschool children: Performance on A-not-B and other delayed response format tasks. Brain and Cognition, 41, 178-199.
21. Fernyhough, C. (2010). Vygotsky, Luria, and the social brain. In B. W. Sokol, U. Müller, J. I. M. Carpendale, A. R. Young & G. Iarocci (Eds.), Self and social regulation (pp. 56-79). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
22. Flynn, E. (2007). The role of inhibitory control in false-belief understanding. Infant and Child Development, 16, 53-69.
23. Flynn, E., O'Malley, C., & Wood, D. (2004). A longitudinal, microgenetic study of the emergence of false-belief understanding and inhibition skills. Developmental Science, 7, 103-115.
24. Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations between inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101-135.
25. Fuster, J. (1989). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe, (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Raven.
26. Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 31-60.
27. Goldman, P. S., Rosvold, H. E., & Mishkin, M. (1970). Evidence for behavioral impairment following prefrontal lobectomy in the infant monkey. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 70, 454-463.
28. Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 532-560.
29. Hongwanishkul, D., Happaney, K. R., Lee, W. S. C., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 617-644.
30. Hughes, C. (1998). Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16, 233-253.
31. Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2007). Executive function and theory of mind: Predictive relations from ages 2 to 4. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1447-1459.
32. Hughes, C., Ensor, R., Wilson, A., & Graham, A. (2010). Tracking executive function across the transition to school: A latent variable approach. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35, 20-36.
33. Hughes, C., & Graham, A. (2002). Measuring executive functions in childhood: Problems and solutions? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7, 131-142.
34. Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017-2036.
35. Jacques, S., Zelazo, P. D., Kirkham, N. Z., & Semcesen, T. K. (1999). Rule selection versus rule execution in preschoolers: An error-detection approach. Developmental Psychology, 35, 770-780.
36. Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychological Review, 17, 213-233.
37. Kerns, K. A., & McInerney, R. (2007). Preschool Tasks [Computer software]. Victoria, BC, Canada: University of Victoria.
38. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
39. Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (1998). NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
40. Lehto, J. E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 59-80.
41. Levin, H. S., Culhane, K. A., Hartmann, J., Evankovich, K., Mattson, A. J., Harward, H. Fletcher, J. M. (1991). Developmental changes in performance on tests of purported frontal-lobe functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 377-395.
42. Loehlin, J. C. (1998). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis, (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex 'frontal-lobe' tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
44. Müller, U., Liebermann, D., Frye, D., & Zelazo, P. D. (2008). Executive function, school readiness, and school achievement. In S. K. Thurman & C. A. Fiorello (Eds.), Applied cognitive research in K-3 classrooms (pp. 41-83). New York, NY: Routledge.
45. O'Hearn, K., Asato, M., Ordaz, S., & Luna, B. (2008). Neurodevelopment and executive function in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 1103-1132.
46. Ozonoff, S., Strayer, D. L., McMahon, W. M., & Filloux, F. (1994). Executive function abilities in autism: An information-processing approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1015-1031.
47. Pennington, B. F. (1997). Dimensions of executive functions in normal and abnormal development. In N. A. Krasnegor, G. R. Lyon & P. S. Goldman-Rakic (Eds.), Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior (pp. 265-281). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
48. Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51-87.
49. Roberts, R. J., Jr., & Pennington, B. F. (1996). An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12, 105-126.
50. Sabbagh, M. A., Xu, F., Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Lee, K. (2006). The development of executive functioning and theory of mind: A comparison of Chinese and U.S. preschoolers. Psychological Science, 17, 74-81.
51. Schoemaker, K., Bunte, T., Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K. A., Deković, M., & Matthys, W. (2012). Executive function deficits in preschool children with ADHD and DBD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 111-119.
52. Spelke, E. S. (2003). What makes us smart? Core knowledge and natural language. In D. Gentner & S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), Language in mind: Advances in the investigation of language and thought (pp. 277-311). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
54. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
55. van der Sluis, S., de Jong, P. F., & van der Leij, A. (2007). Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic. Intelligence, 35, 427-449.
56. Vygotsky, L. S., & Luria, A. R. (1994). Tool and symbol in child development. In J. Valsiner & R. van der Veer (Eds.), The Vygotsky reader (pp. 99-175). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
57. Welsh, J. A., Nix, R. L., Blair, C., Bierman, K. L., & Nelson, K. E. (2010). The development of cognitive skills and gains in academic school readiness for children from low-income families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 45-53.
58. Welsh, M. C. (1991). Rule-guided behavior and self-monitoring on the Tower of Hanoi disk-transfer task. Cognitive Development, 6, 59-76.
59. Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 131-149.
60. Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K. A., & Charak, D. (2008). Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure. Developmental Psychology, 44, 575-587.
61. Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A. (2011). The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 436-452.
62. Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336-1346.
63. Zelazo, P. D. (2006). The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): A method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1, 297-301.
64. Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2010). Executive function in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (, 2nd ed., pp. 574-603). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
65. Zelazo, P. D., Müller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68 (Serial No. 264), 11-119.