Emotion Regulation in Workgroups: The Roles of Demographic Diversity and Relational Work Context

Personnel Psychology

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 613-644

  Kim, Eugene ^a   Bhave, Devasheesh P ^b   Glomb, Theresa M ^c  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880701461     PISSN: 00315826     EISSN: 17446570     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/peps.12028     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Adorno TW. (1974). Minima moralia: Reflections from damaged life. London, UK: New Left Books.
2. Alderfer C, Sims A. (2002). Diversity in organizations. In Borman WC, Ilgen D, Klimoski R (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 595-614). New York, NY: Wiley.
3. Allport G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4. Ashkanasy NM, Hartel CEJ, Daus CS. (2002). Diversity and emotion: The new frontiers in organizational behavior research. Journal of Management, 28, 307-338.
5. Barrera M, Ainley SL. (1983). The structure of social support: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 133-143.
6. Barrett LF, Robin L, Pietromonaco PR, Eyssell KM. (1998). Are women the "more emotional" sex? Evidence from emotional experience in social context. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 555-578.
7. Barsade SG. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 644-675.
8. Bartel CA, Saavedra R. (2000). The collective construction of workgroup moods. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 197-231.
9. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
10. Bhave DP, Glomb TM. (2009). Emotional labor demands, wages, and gender: A within-person between-jobs study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 683-707.
11. Bhave DP, Kramer A, Glomb TM. (2010). Work family conflict in workgroups: Social information processing, support, and demographic dissimilarity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 145-158.
12. Bono JE, Vey MA. (2005). Toward understanding emotional management at work: A quantitative review of emotional labor research. In Hartel CE, Ashkanasy NM, Zerbe WJ (Eds.), Emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 213-233). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Bono JE, Vey MA. (2007). Personality and emotional performance: Extraversion, neuroticism, and self-monitoring. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 177-192.
14. Brief AP. (Ed.). (2008). Diversity at work. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
15. Brooks D. (1975). Race and labour in London transport. London, UK: Oxford Univ. Press.
16. Brotheridge C, Grandey A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of "people work." Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.
17. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012). Current Population Survey. [Table 3]. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#charemp.
18. Chatman JA. (2010). Norms in mixed sex and mixed race work groups. Academy of Management Annals, 4, 447-484.
19. Childs M, Keene, T. (2010, April 28). Boomers must work longer after financial crisis. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-04-28/boomers-must-work-longer-after-financial-crisis.html.
20. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Cole MS, Walter F, Bruch H. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 945-958.
22. Côté S, Miners CTH. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 1-28.
23. Cox T. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
24. Crandall CS, Eshleman A. (2003). A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 414-446.
25. Dahling JJ, Perez LA. (2010). Older worker, different actor? Linking age and emotional labor strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 574-578.
26. Dovidio JF, Gaertner SL, Kawakami K. (2003). Intergroup contact: The past, present, and the future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 5-21.
27. Dutton JE, Ragins BR. (Eds.). (2007). Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Ekman P, Friesen WV. (1982). Felt, false and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 238-252.
29. Elfenbein HA. (2007). Emotion in organizations: A review in stages. In Brief A, Walsh J (Eds.), Annals of the Academy of Management (Vol. 1, pp. 315-386). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
30. Ely RJ, Thomas DA. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on workgroup processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229-273.
31. Fischer AH, Manstead ASR. (2008). The social function of emotions. In Lewis M, Haviland-Jones J, Barrett LF (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 456-468). New York, NY: Guilford.
32. Fiske ST. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 357-411). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
33. Gaertner SL, Dovidio JF. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
34. Gaertner SL, Mann JA, Dovidio JF, Murrell AJ, Pomare M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692-704.
35. Gaertner SL, Rust MC, Dovidio JF, Bachman BA, Anastasio PA. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Group Research, 25, 224-249.
36. Gallois C. (1994). Group membership, social rules, and power: A social-psychological perspective on emotional communication. Journal of Pragmatics, 22, 301-324.
37. Geddes D, Callister RR. (2007). Crossing the line(s): A dual threshold model of anger in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 721-746.
38. George JM. (2002). Affect regulation in groups and teams. In Lord RG, Klimoski R, Kanfer R (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 183-218). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
39. Giles H, Coupland N. (1991). Language: Contexts and consequences. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
40. Glomb TM, Kammeyer-Mueller JD, Rotundo M. (2004). Emotional labor demands and compensating wage differentials. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 700-714.
41. Glomb TM, Liao H. (2003). Interpersonal aggression in workgroups: Social influence, reciprocal, and individual effects. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 486-496.
42. Grandey AA. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95-110.
43. Grandey AA. (2003). When "the show must go on": Surface and deep acting as predictors of emotional exhaustion and service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
44. Grandey AA, Diamond JA. (2010). Interactions with the public: Bridging job design and emotional labor perspectives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 338-350.
45. Grandey A, Dieffendorf J, Rupp DE. (2012). Emotional labor in the 21st century: Diverse perspectives on emotion regulation at work. (Eds.), New York, NY: Psychology Press/Routledge.
46. Grandey A, Fisk G, Steiner D. (2005). Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderating role of personal control for U.S. and French employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 893-904.
47. Grant AM. (2007). Relational job design and the motivation to make a prosocial difference. Academy of Management Review, 32, 393-417.
48. Grant AM, Parker SK. (2009). Redesigning work design theories: The rise of relational and proactive perspectives. Academy of Management Annals, 3, 317-375.
49. Gross J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
50. Harrison DA, Klein KJ. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199-1228.
51. Heaphy ED, Dutton JE. (2008). Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology. Academy of Management Review, 33, 137-162.
52. Hewlin PF. (2003). And the award for best actor goes to: Facades of conformity in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 28, 633-642.
53. Hofmann DA, Gavin MB. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Theoretical and methodological implications for organizational science. Journal of Management, 23, 623-641.
54. Hogg MA, Terry DJ. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
55. Hox J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and application. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
56. Hülsheger UR, Schewe AF. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 505-521.
57. Humphrey SE, Nahrgang JD, Morgeson FP. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1332-1356.
58. Jackson SE, Joshi A. (2010). Work team diversity. In Zedeck S (Ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 651-686). Washington, DC: APA.
59. Jackson SE, Joshi A, Erhardt NL. (2003). Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. Journal of Management, 29, 801-830.
60. Jehn KA, Northcraft GB, Neale MA. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-763.
61. Joshi A, Dencker JC, Franz G, Martocchio JJ. (2010). Unpacking generational identities in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 35, 392-415.
62. Joshi A, Liao H, Jackson SE. (2006). Cross-level effects of workplace diversity on sales performance and pay. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 459-481.
63. Joshi A, Roh H. (2007). Context matters: A multilevel framework for work team diversity research. In Martocchio JJ (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 26, pp. 1-48). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
64. Joshi A, Roh H. (2009). The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 599-627.
65. Kanfer R, Kantrowitz TM. (2002). Emotion regulation: Command and control of emotion in work life. In Lord RG, Klimoski R, Kanfer R (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 433-472). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
66. Kelly JR, Barsade SG. (2001). Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 99-130.
67. Kiggundu MN. (1981). Task interdependence and the theory of job design. Academy of Management Review, 6, 499-508.
68. Kim E, Yoon D. (2012). Why does service with a smile make employees happy? A social interaction model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1059-1067.
69. Klein KJ, Conn AB, Smith DB, Sorra JS. (2001). Is everyone in agreement? An exploration of within-group agreement in employee perceptions of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 3-16.
70. Kozlowski SWJ, Bell BS. (2003). Workgroups and teams in organizations. In Borman WC, Ilgen DR (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 333-375). New York, NY: Wiley.
71. Lee R, Skinner J. (1999). Will aging baby boomers bust the federal budget? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13, 117-140.
72. Leslie LM. (2007). Putting differences in context: incorporating the role of status and cooperation into work unit ethnic composition research. Phd dissertation. University of Maryland.
73. Lively KJ. (2000). Reciprocal emotion management: Working together to maintain stratification in private law firms. Work and Occupations, 27, 32-63.
74. Luo M. (2009, April, 12). Longer unemployment for those 45 and older. New York Times.com. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/13age.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
75. Lyons S, Duxbury L, Higgins C. (2005). Are gender differences in basic human values a generational phenomenon? Sex Roles, 53, 763-778.
76. Mann S. (1999). Emotion at work: To what extent are we expressing, suppressing, or faking it? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 347-369.
77. Messick DM, Mackie D. (1989). Intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 45-81.
78. Miller LK, Hamblin RL. (1963). Interdependence, differential rewarding and productivity. American Sociological Review, 38, 768-778.
79. Morgeson FP, Humphrey SE. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1321-1339.
80. Morris JA, Feldman DC. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
81. Morris WN, Reilly NP. (1987). Toward the self-regulation of mood: Theory and research. Motivation and Emotion, 2, 215-249.
82. Motowidlo SJ, Packard JS, Manning MR. (1986). Occupational stress: Its causes and consequences for job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 618-629.
83. Oldham GR, Hackman JR. (2010). Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 463-479.
84. Pettigrew TF. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. In Spence JT, Darley JM, Foss DJ (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 49, pp. 65-85). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
85. Pugh DS. (2002). Emotional regulation in individuals and dyads: Causes, costs, and consequences. In Lord RG, Klimoski RJ, Kanfer R (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 147-182). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
86. Rafaeli A. (1989). When clerks meet customers: A test of variables related to emotional expressions on the job. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 385-393.
87. Rafaeli A, Sutton RI. (1987). The expression of emotion as part of the work role. Academy of Management Review, 12, 23-37.
88. Reynolds RJ, Turner JC, Haslam SA. (2003). Social identity and self-categorization theories: Contribution to understanding identification, salience, and diversity in teams and organizations. In Polzer JT (Ed.), Research in managing groups and teams (Vol. 5, pp. 279-304). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
89. Riordan CM. (2000). Relational demography within groups: Past developments, contradictions, and new directions. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 19, 131-173.
90. Riordan CM, Wayne JH. (2008). A review and examination of demographic similarity measures used to assess relational demography within groups. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 562-592.
91. Roberson QM. (2007). Diversity in the workplace. In Rogelberg SG (Ed.), Encyclopedia of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 158-161). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
92. Roth PL, BeVier CA. (1998). Response rates in HRM/OB survey research: Norms and correlates, 1990-1994. Journal of Management, 24, 97-117.
93. Rupp DE, Spencer S. (2006). When customers lash out: The effects of perceived customer interactional injustice on emotional labor and the mediating role of discrete emotions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 971-978.
94. Schaubroeck J, Jones JR. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 163-183.
95. Schneider B, Reichers, AE. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36, 19-39.
96. Shea GP, Guzzo RA. (1987). Groups as human resources. In Rowland KM, Ferris GR (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resource management (Vol. 5, pp. 323-356). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
97. Shelton JN. (2003). Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6, 171-185.
98. Shin SJ, Kim T, Lee J, Bian L. (2012). Cognitive team diversity and individual team member creativity: A cross-level interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 197-212.
99. Smith ER, Seger CR, Mackie DM. (2007). Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence for four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 431-446.
100. Smola KW, Sutton CD. (2002). Generational differences: Revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 363-383.
101. Snijders TAB, Bosker R. (1999). Introduction to multilevel analysis. London, UK: Sage.
102. Sy T, Côté S, Saavedra R. (2005). The contagious leader: Impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 295-305
103. Tafarodi RW, Kang SJ, Milne AB. (2002). When different becomes similar: Compensatory conformity in bicultural visible minorities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1131-1142.
104. Tajfel H, Turner JC. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Worchel S, Austin W (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
105. Totterdell P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 848-859.
106. Tse HHM, Dasborough MT. (2008). A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships. Group and Organization Management, 33, 194-215.
107. Tsui AS, Egan TD, O'Reilly CA, III. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.
108. Tsui AS, Gutek BA. (1999). Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
109. Tsui AS, Pearce JL, Porter LW, Tripoli AM. (1997). Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1089-1121.
110. Van de Ven AH, Delbecq AL, Koenig R. (1976). Determinants of coordination modes within organizations. American Sociological Review, 41, 322-338.
111. Van der Vegt GS, Van de Vliert E. (2005). Effects of perceived skill dissimilarity and task interdependence on helping in work teams. Journal of Management, 31, 73-89.
112. Walsh JP, Ungson GR. (1991). Organizational memory. Academy of Management Review, 16, 57-91.
113. Wang M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees' psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 455-474.
114. Weick KE. (1979). The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
115. West R, Turner LH. (2010). Introduction to communication theory: Analysis and application. 4th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
116. Wharton AS. (1993). The affective consequences of service work. Work and Occupations, 20, 205-232.
117. Wharton AS. (2009). The sociology of emotional labor. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 147-165.
118. Wharton AS, Erickson RJ. (1995). The consequences of caring: Exploring the links between women's job and family emotion work. The Sociological Quarterly, 36, 273-296.
119. Williams KY, O'Reilly CA. (1998). The complexity of diversity: A review of forty years of research. In Staw B, Sutton R (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 21, pp. 77-140). Greenwich, CT: JAI.