The Culturally Intelligent Team: The Impact of Team Cultural Intelligence and Cultural Heterogeneity on Team Shared Values

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 941-962

  Adair, Wendi L ^a   Hideg, Ivona ^b   Spence, Jeffrey R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

cultural intelligence; multicultural teams; shared values; teams

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880501152     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: 15525422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022113492894     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adair W. L.,Tinsley C.,Taylor M. S.Research on managing groups and teams. Chen Y., ed. San Diego, CA: Elsevier; 2006:205-232.
2. Aiken L. S.,West S. G.Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1991:.
3. Ang S.,Inkpen A. C.Cultural intelligence and offshort outsourcing success: A framework of firm-level intercultural capability.Decision Sciences. 2008;29:337-358.
4. Ang S.,Van Dyne L.,Koh C.Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence.Group & Organization Management. 2006;31:100-123.
5. Ang S.,Van Dyne L.,Koh C.,Ng K. Y.,Templer K. J.,Tay C.,Chandrasekar N. A.Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation, and task performance.Management and Organization Review. 2007;3:335-371.
6. Arrow H.Stability, bistability, and instability in small group influence patterns.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;72:75-85.
7. Bardi A.,Goodwin R.The dual route to value change: Individual processes and cultural moderators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2011;42:271-287.
8. Bardi A.,Schwartz S. H.Values and behaviour: Strength and structure of relations.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2003;29:1207-1220.
9. Bettenhausen K.,Murnighan J. K.The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1985;30:350-372.
10. Bettenhausen K.,Murnighan J. K.The development of an intragroup norm and the effects of interpersonal and structural challenges.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1991;36:20-35.
11. Bliese P. D.Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions. Klein K. J.Kozlowski S. W. J., ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2000:349-381.
12. Brannen M. Y.,Salk J. E.Partnering across borders: Negotiating organizational culture in a German-Japanese joint venture.Human Relations. 2000;53:451-487.
13. Brett J. M.Negotiating globally: How to negotiate deals, resolve disputes, and make decisions across cultural boundaries. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2007:.
14. Brown M. E.,Treviño L. K.Leader-follower values congruence: Are socialized charismatic leaders better able to achieve it?.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2009;94:478-490.
15. Cannon-Bowers J. A.,Salas E.,Converse S. A.Current issues in individual and group decision making. Castellan N. J., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1993:221-246.
16. Casmir F. L.Third-culture building: A paradigm shift for international and intercultural communication.Communication Yearbook. 1992;16:407-428.
17. Chan D.Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1998;83:234-246.
18. Chatman J.Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1991;36:459-484.
19. Chiu C.,Hong Y.Social psychology of culture. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2006:.
20. Cohen J.Power primer.Psychological Bulletin. 1992;112:155-159.
21. Cohen S. G.,Bailey D. E.What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite.Journal of Management. 1997;23:239-290.
22. Crotty S.,Brett J. M.Fusion creativity: Cultural metacognition and teamwork in multicultural teams. Dubai School of Government; 2010:.
23. Earley P. C.,Ang S.Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; 2003:.
24. Earley P. C.,Gibson C. B.Multinational work teams: A new perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:.
25. Earley P. C.,Mosakowski E.Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning.Academy of Management Journal. 2000;43:26-49.
26. Eby L. T.,Dobbins G. H.Collectivistic orientation in teams: An individual and group-level analysis.Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1997;18:275-295.
27. Eccles J. S.,Wigfield A.Motivational beliefs, values, and goals.Annual Review of Psychology. 2002;53:109-132.
28. Elenkov D. S.,Manev I. M.Senior expatriate leadership's effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence.Journal of World Business. 2009;44:357-369.
29. Fischer R.,Smith P. B.,Richey B.,Ferreira M. C.,Assmar E. M. L.,Maes J.,Stumpf S.How do organizations allocate rewards? The predictive validity of national values, economic and organizational factors across six nations.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2007;38:3-18.
30. Fiske S. T.,Taylor S. E.Social cognition. 1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1991:.
31. Flaherty J.Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. Ang S.Van Dyne L., ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe; 2008:192-205.
32. Fukuyama F.Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York, NY: Free Press; 1995:.
33. Gibson P. C.,Earley C. B.Multinational work teams. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:.
34. Groves K. S.,Feyerherm A. E.Leader cultural intelligence in context: Testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance.Group & Organization Management. 2011;36:535-566.
35. Hall E. T.Beyond culture. Oxford, UK: Anchor; 1976:.
36. Hambrick D. C.,Davison S. C.,Snell S. A.,Snow C. C.When groups consist of multiple nationalities: Towards a new understanding of the implications.Organization Studies. 1998;19:181-205.
37. Hofstede G.Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1980:.
38. Hong Y.-Y.,Morris M. W.,Chiu C.-Y.,Benet-Martinez V.Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition.American Psychologist. 2000;55:709-720.
39. Hong Y.-Y.,Wan C.,No S.,Chiu C.-Y.Handbook of cultural psychology. Kitayama S.Cohen D., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2007:323-345.
40. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. House R. J.Hanges P. J.Javidan M.Dorfman P.Gupta V., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2004:.
41. Imai L.,Gelfand M. J.The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2010;112:83-98.
42. Janssens M.,Brett J. M.Cultural intelligence in global teams: A fusion model of collaboration.Group & Organization Management. 2006;31:124-153.
43. Johnson J. P.,Lenartowicz T.,Apud S.Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model.Journal of International Business Studies. 2006;37:525-543.
44. Kim K.,Kirkman B.,Chen G.Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. Ang S.Van Dyne L., ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe; 2008:71-90.
45. Kirkman B. L.,Shapiro D. L.The impact of cultural values on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in self-managing work teams: The mediating role of employee resistance.Academy of Management Journal. 2001a;44:557-569.
46. Kirkman B. L.,Shapiro D. L.The impact of team members' cultural values on productivity, cooperation, and empowerment in self-managing work teams.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2001b;32:597-617.
47. Kirkman B. L.,Shapiro D. L.Managing multinational teams: Global perspectives Advances in International Management. Shapiro D. L.Von Glinow M. A.Cheng J. L. C., ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2005:33-67.
48. Klein K. J.,Bliese P. D.,Kozlowski S. W. J.,Dansereau F.,Gavin M. B.,Griffin M.,Bligh M. C.Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions. Klein K. J.Kozlowski S. W. J., ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2000:512-553.
49. Klein K. J.,Knight A. P.,Ziegert J. C.,Lim B. C.,Saltz J.When team members' values differ: The moderating role of team leadership.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2011;114:25-36.
50. Klimoski R.,Mohammed S.Team mental model: Construct or metaphor?.Journal of Management. 1994;20:403-437.
51. Kluckhohn F.,Strodtbeck F.Variations in value orientation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1961:.
52. Knafo A.,Roccas S.,Sagiv L.The value of values in cross-cultural research: A special issue in honor of Shalom Schwartz.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2011;42:178-185.
53. Knight D.,Pearce C. L.,Smith K. G.,Olian J. D.,Sims H. P.,Smith K. A.,Flood P.Top management team diversity, group process, and strategic consensus.Strategic Management Journal. 1999;20:445-465.
54. Latané B.Dynamic social impact: The creation of culture by communication.Journal of Communication. 1996;46:13-25.
55. Lau D. C.,Murnighan J. K.Interactions within groups and subgroups: The effects of demographic faultlines.Academy of Management Journal. 2005;48:645-659.
56. Lee L.,Sukoco B. M.The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience.International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2010;21:963-981.
57. Leung K.,Bhagat R. S.,Buchan N. R.,Erez M.,Gibson C. B.Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for future research.Journal of International Business Studies. 2005;36:357-378.
58. LeVine R. A.,Campbell D. T.Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. Oxford, UK: John Wiley; 1972:.
59. Locke R. M.Remaking the Italian economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1995:.
60. Mael F.,Ashforth B. E.Alumni and their alma matter: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification.Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1992;13:102-123.
61. Maznevski M. L.,Chudoba K. M.Bridging space over time: Global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness.Organization Science. 2000;11:473-492.
62. Maznevski M. L.,DiStefano J. J.Global leaders are team players: Developing global leaders through membership on global teams.Human Resource Management. 2000;39:195-208.
63. McGrath J. E.,Berdahl J. L.,Arrow H.Diversity in work teams: Researcher paradigms for a changing workplace. Jackson S. E.Ruderman M. N., ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1995:17-45.
64. Meglino B. M.,Ravlin E. C.Individual values in organizations: Concepts, controversies, and research.Journal of Management. 1998;24:351-389.
65. Moon T.Emotional intelligence correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence.Journal of Managerial Psychology. 2010;25:876-898.
66. Nemeth C. J.Minority dissent and its "hidden" benefits.New Review of Social Psychology. 2002;2:21-28.
67. Nemeth C. J.,Wachter J.,Endicott J.Increasing the size of the minority: Some gains and some losses.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2006;7:15-27.
68. Ng K. Y.,Van Dyne L.,Ang S.From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development.Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2009;8:511-526.
69. Ng K. Y.,Van Dyne L.,Ang S.Conducting multinational research: Applying organizational psychology in the workplace. Ryan A. M.Leong F. T. L.Oswald F. L., ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2012:29-58.
70. Oolders T.,Chernyshenko O. S.,Stark S.Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. Ang S.Van Dyne L., ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe; 2008:145-158.
71. Paige R. M.Handbook of intercultural training. 2004). Instrumentation in intercultural training. In LandisD.BennettJ. M.DennettM. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 85-128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Landis D.Bennett J. M.Dennett M. J., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2004:85-128.
72. Postmes T.,Haslam S. A.,Swaab R. I.Social influence in small groups: An interactive model of social identity formation.European Review of Social Psychology. 2005;16:1-42.
73. Postmes T.,Spears R.,Lee A. T.,Novak R. J.Individuality and social influence in groups: Inductive and deductive routes to group identity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:747-763.
74. Pruitt D. G.Negotiation behavior. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1981:.
75. Rice G.Individual values, organizational context, and self-perceptions of employee creativity: Evidence from Egyptian organizations.Journal of Business Research. 2006;59:233-241.
76. Rockstuhl T.,Seiler S.,Ang S.,Van Dyne L.,Annen H.Beyond EQ and IQ: The role of cultural intelligence in cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world.Journal of Social Issues. 2011;67:825-840.
77. Rokeach M.The nature of human values. New York, NY: Free Press; 1973:.
78. Schaubroeck J.,Lam S. S. K.,Cha S. E.Embracing transformational leadership: Team values and the impact of leader behavior on team performance.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92:1020-1030.
79. Schwartz S. H.Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1992:.
80. Schwartz S. H.Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Kim U.Triandis H. C.Kâǧitçibaşi Ç.Choi S.Yoon G., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1994:85-119.
81. Schwartz S. H.Studying values: Personal adventure, future directions.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2011;42:307-319.
82. Shaffer M.,Miller G.Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. Ang S.Van Dyne L., ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe; 2008:107-125.
83. Shrout P. E.,Fleiss J. L.Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.Psychological Bulletin. 1979;86:420-428.
84. Sinaceur M.,Neale M.Not all threats are created equal: How implicitness and timing affect the effectiveness of threats in negotiations.Group Decision and Negotiation. 2005;14:63-85.
85. Stahl G. K.,Maznevski M. L.,Voigt A.,Jonsen K.Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups.Journal of International Business Studies. 2010;41:690-709.
86. Sternberg R. J.Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1985:.
87. Tajfel H.,Turner J. C.The social psychology of intergroup relations. Austin W. G.Worchel S., ed. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1979:33-48.
88. Tajfel H.,Turner J. C.The social identity theory of intergroup behavior.Psychology of Intergroup Relations. 1986;81:7-24.
89. Tan J. S.,Chua R. Y. J.Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Earley P. C.Ang S., ed. Stanford CA: Stanford Business Books; 2003:258-303.
90. Tjosvold D.,Poon M.,Yu Z. Y.Team effectiveness in China: Cooperative conflict for relationship building.Human Relations. 2005;58:341-367.
91. Triandis H. C.The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.Psychological Review. 1989;96:506-520.
92. Triandis H. C.Applied cross-cultural psychology. Brislin R. W., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1990:34-55.
93. Tuckman B. W.Developmental sequence in small groups.Psychological Bulletin. 1965;63:384-399.
94. Turner J. C.,Hogg M. A.,Oakes P. J.,Reicher S.,Wetherell M. S.Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell; 1987:.
95. van Knippenberg D.,Schippers M. C.Work group diversity.Annual Review of Psychology. 2007;58:515-541.
96. Ward C.,Fischer R.,Lam F. S. Z.,Hall L.The convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of scores on a self-report measure of cultural intelligence.Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2009;69:85-105.
97. Weber J. M.,Murnighan J. K.Suckers or saviors? Consistent contributors in social dilemmas.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:1340-1353.
98. Wheelan S. A.Group processes: A developmental perspective. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 1994:.
99. Yagi N.,Kleinberg J.Boundary work: An interpretive ethnographic perspective on negotiating and leveraging cross-cultural identity.Journal of International Business Studies. 2011;42:629-653.