Mitochondrial dynamics in cardiovascular health and disease

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 400-414

  Ong, Sang Bing ^a   Hall, Andrew R ^b   Hausenloy, Derek J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYBRID PROTEIN; MITOFUSIN 1; MITOFUSIN 2; OPTIC ATROPY 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CYTOPLASM; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HEART; HEART DEVELOPMENT; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PROTECTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; PLEIOTROPY; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; MICE; MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

MUS MUSCULUS;

EID: 84879858842     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: 15577716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4777     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Alexander C, Votruba M, Pesch UE, Thiselton DL, Mayer S, Moore A, Rodriguez M, Kellner U, Leo-Kottler B, Auburger G, Bhattacharya SS, and Wissinger B. OPA1, encoding a dynamin-related GTPase, is mutated in autosomal dominant optic atrophy linked to chromosome 3q28. Nat Genet 26: 211-215, 2000.
2. Alirol E, James D, Huber D, Marchetto A, Vergani L, Martinou JC, and Scorrano L. The mitochondrial fission protein hFis1 requires the endoplasmic reticulum gateway to induce apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 17: 4593-4605, 2006. (Pubitemid 44665731)
3. Amchenkova AA, Bakeeva LE, Chentsov YS, Skulachev VP, and Zorov DB. Coupling membranes as energytransmitting cables. I. Filamentous mitochondria in fibroblasts and mitochondrial clusters in cardiomyocytes. J Cell Biol 107: 481-495, 1988.
4. Arbustini E, Diegoli M, Fasani R, Grasso M, Morbini P, Banchieri N, Bellini O, Dal BB, Pilotto A, Magrini G, Campana C, Fortina P, Gavazzi A, Narula J, and Vigano M. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Pathol 153: 1501-1510, 1998. (Pubitemid 28509907)
5. Ashrafian H, Docherty L, Leo V, Towlson C, Neilan M, Steeples V, Lygate CA, Hough T, Townsend S, Williams D, Wells S, Norris D, Glyn-Jones S, Land J, Barbaric I, Lalanne Z, Denny P, Szumska D, Bhattacharya S, Griffin JL, Hargreaves I, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Cheeseman M, Watkins H, and Dear TN. A mutation in the mitochondrial fission gene Dnm1l leads to cardiomyopathy. PLoS Genet 6: e1001000, 2010.
6. Bach D, Pich S, Soriano FX, Vega N, Baumgartner B, Oriola J, Daugaard JR, Lloberas J, Camps M, Zierath JR, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Laville M, Palacin M, Vidal H, Rivera F, Brand M, and Zorzano A. Mitofusin-2 determines mitochondrial network architecture and mitochondrial metabolism. A novel regulatory mechanism altered in obesity. J Biol Chem 278: 17190-17197, 2003. (Pubitemid 36799599)
7. Baines CP, Kaiser RA, Purcell NH, Blair NS, Osinska H, Hambleton MA, Brunskill EW, Sayen MR, Gottlieb RA, Dorn GW, Robbins J, and Molkentin JD. Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death. Nature 434: 658-662, 2005. (Pubitemid 40488559)
8. Bleazard W, McCaffery JM, King EJ, Bale S, Mozdy A, Tieu Q, Nunnari J, and Shaw JM. The dynamin-related GTPase Dnm1 regulates mitochondrial fission in yeast. Nat Cell Biol 1: 298-304, 1999. (Pubitemid 129495781)
9. Brady NR, Hamacher-Brady A, and Gottlieb RA. Proapoptotic BCL-2 family members and mitochondrial dysfunction during ischemia/reperfusion injury, a study employing cardiac HL-1 cells and GFP biosensors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1757: 667-678, 2006. (Pubitemid 43993858)
10. Brickley K, Smith MJ, Beck M, and Stephenson FA. FRIG-1 and OIP106, members of a novel gene family of coiled-coil domain proteins: Association in vivo and in vitro with kinesin. J Biol Chem 280: 14723-14732, 2005. (Pubitemid 40562820)
11. Brooks C, Wei Q, Cho SG, and Dong Z. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in acute kidney injury in cell culture and rodent models. J Clin Invest 119: 1275-1285, 2009.
12. Cai Q, Baxter GF, and Yellon DM. Reduction of infarct size in isolated rat heart by CsA and FK506: Possible role of phosphatase inhibition. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 12: 499-501, 1998. (Pubitemid 29002790)
13. Cereghetti GM and Scorrano L. The many shapes of mitochondrial death. Oncogene 25: 4717-4724, 2006. (Pubitemid 44187621)
14. Cereghetti GM, Stangherlin A, Martins dB, Chang CR, Blackstone C, Bernardi P, and Scorrano L. Dephosphorylation by calcineurin regulates translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 15803-15808, 2008.
15. Chang CR and Blackstone C. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of Drp1 regulates its GTPase activity and mitochondrial morphology. J Biol Chem 282: 21583-21587, 2007. (Pubitemid 47195725)
16. Chen H, Detmer SA, Ewald AJ, Griffin EE, Fraser SE, and Chan DC. Mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2 coordinately regulate mitochondrial fusion and are essential for embryonic development. J Cell Biol 160: 189-200, 2003. (Pubitemid 36254953)
17. Chen KH, Guo X, Ma D, Guo Y, Li Q, Yang D, Li P, Qiu X, Wen S, Xiao RP, and Tang J. Dysregulation of HSG triggers vascular proliferative disorders. Nat Cell Biol 6: 872-883, 2004. (Pubitemid 39207252)
18. Chen L, Gong Q, Stice JP, and Knowlton AA. Mitochondrial OPA1, apoptosis, and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 84: 91-99, 2009.
19. Chen Y, Liu Y, and Dorn GW. Mitochondrial fusion is essential for organelle function and cardiac homeostasis. Circ Res 109: 1327-1331, 2011.
20. Chung S, Dzeja PP, Faustino RS, Perez-Terzic C, Behfar A, and Terzic A. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is required for the cardiac differentiation of stem cells. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 4: S60-S67, 2007. (Pubitemid 46151906)
21. Cipolat S, Martins dB, Dal Zilio B, and Scorrano L. OPA1 requires mitofusin 1 to promote mitochondrial fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 15927-15932, 2004. (Pubitemid 39507904)
22. Cribbs JT and Strack S. Reversible phosphorylation of Drp1 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and calcineurin regulates mitochondrial fission and cell death. EMBO Rep 8: 939-944, 2007. (Pubitemid 47500477)
23. de Brito OM and Scorrano L. Mitofusin 2 tethers endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria. Nature 456: 605-610, 2008.
24. de Brito OM and Scorrano L. Mitofusin 2: A mitochondriashaping protein with signaling roles beyond fusion. Antioxid Redox Signal 10: 621-633, 2008.
25. Delettre C, Lenaers G, Griffoin JM, Gigarel N, Lorenzo C, Belenguer P, Pelloquin L, Grosgeorge J, Turc-Carel C, Perret E, Astarie-Dequeker C, Lasquellec L, Arnaud B, Ducommun B, Kaplan J, and Hamel CP. Nuclear gene OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein, is mutated in dominant optic atrophy. Nat Genet 26: 207-210, 2000.
26. Dimmer KS and Scorrano L. (De)constructing mitochondria: What for? Physiology (Bethesda) 21: 233-241, 2006.
27. Dohm JA, Lee SJ, Hardwick JM, Hill RB, and Gittis AG. Cytosolic domain of the human mitochondrial fission protein fis1 adopts a TPR fold. Proteins 54: 153-156, 2004. (Pubitemid 38036922)
28. Dorn GW, Clark CF, Eschenbacher WH, Kang MY, Engelhard JT, Warner SJ, Matkovich SJ, and Jowdy CC. MARF and Opa1 control mitochondrial and cardiac function in Drosophila. Circ Res 108: 12-17, 2011.
29. Ehses S, Raschke I, Mancuso G, Bernacchia A, Geimer S, Tondera D, Martinou JC, Westermann B, Rugarli EI, and Langer T. Regulation of OPA1 processing and mitochondrial fusion by m-AAA protease isoenzymes and OMA1. J Cell Biol 187: 1023-1036, 2009.
30. Fang L, Moore XL, Gao XM, Dart AM, Lim YL, and Du XJ. Down-regulation of mitofusin-2 expression in cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 80: 2154-2160, 2007. (Pubitemid 46755331)
31. Fransson A, Ruusala A, and Aspenstrom P. Atypical Rho GTPases have roles in mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 278: 6495-6502, 2003. (Pubitemid 36800910)
32. Fransson S, Ruusala A, and Aspenstrom P. The atypical Rho GTPases Miro-1 and Miro-2 have essential roles in mitochondrial trafficking. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 344: 500-510, 2006.
33. Frederick RL, McCaffery JM, Cunningham KW, Okamoto K, and Shaw JM. Yeast Miro GTPase, Gem1p, regulates mitochondrial morphology via a novel pathway. J Cell Biol 167: 87-98, 2004. (Pubitemid 39363417)
34. Frezza C, Cipolat S, Martins dB, Micaroni M, Beznoussenko GV, Rudka T, Bartoli D, Polishuck RS, Danial NN, De Strooper B, and Scorrano L. OPA1 controls apoptotic cristae remodeling independently from mitochondrial fusion. Cell 126: 177-189, 2006.
35. Gandre-Babbe S and van der Bliek AM. The novel tailanchored membrane protein Mff controls mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission in mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 19: 2402-2412, 2008.
36. Glater EE, Megeath LJ, Stowers RS, and Schwarz TL. Axonal transport of mitochondria requires milton to recruit kinesin heavy chain and is light chain independent. J Cell Biol 173: 545-557, 2006. (Pubitemid 43765201)
37. Griffin EE, Graumann J, and Chan DC. The WD40 protein Caf4p is a component of the mitochondrial fission machinery and recruits Dnm1p to mitochondria. J Cell Biol 170: 237-248, 2005. (Pubitemid 41043806)
38. Guo X, Chen KH, Guo Y, Liao H, Tang J, and Xiao RP. Mitofusin 2 triggers vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis via mitochondrial death pathway. Circ Res 101: 1113-1122, 2007. (Pubitemid 350146437)
39. Guo YH, Chen K, GaoW, Li Q, Chen L,Wang GS, and Tang J. Overexpression of Mitofusin 2 inhibited oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in rabbit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 363: 411-417, 2007. (Pubitemid 47496120)
40. Hales KG and Fuller MT. Developmentally regulated mitochondrial fusion mediated by a conserved, novel, predicted GTPase. Cell 90: 121-129, 1997. (Pubitemid 28009424)
41. Halestrap AP. Mitochondria and reperfusion injury of the heart-A holey death but not beyond salvation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 41: 113-121, 2009.
42. Hall AR and Hausenloy DJ. The shape of things to come: Mitochondrial fusion and fission in the adult heart. Cardiovasc Res 94: 391-392, 2012.
43. Hausenloy DJ, Duchen MR, and Yellon DM. Inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening at reperfusion protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 60: 617-625, 2003. (Pubitemid 37501119)
44. Hausenloy DJ, Maddock HL, Baxter GF, and Yellon DM. Inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening: A new paradigm for myocardial preconditioning? Cardiovasc Res 55: 534-543, 2002. (Pubitemid 34874948)
45. Hausenloy DJ and Scorrano L. Targeting cell death. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82: 370-373, 2007. (Pubitemid 47414363)
46. Hausenloy DJ and Yellon DM. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: Its fundamental role in mediating cell death during ischaemia and reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 35: 339-341, 2003. (Pubitemid 36411694)
47. Head B, Griparic L, Amiri M, Gandre-Babbe S, and van der Bliek AM. Inducible proteolytic inactivation of OPA1 mediated by the OMA1 protease in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 187: 959-966, 2009.
48. Hom J and Sheu SS. Morphological dynamics of mitochondria- A special emphasis on cardiac muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 46: 811-820, 2009.
49. Hom J, Yu T, Yoon Y, Porter G, and Sheu SS. Regulation of mitochondrial fission by intracellular Ca(2 + ) in rat ventricular myocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1797: 913-921, 2010.
50. Hom JR, Quintanilla RA, Hoffman DL, de Mesy Bentley KL, Molkentin JD, Sheu SS, and Porter GA, Jr. The permeability transition pore controls cardiac mitochondrial maturation and myocyte differentiation. Dev Cell 21: 469-478, 2011.
51. Hoppel CL, Tandler B, Fujioka H, and Riva A. Dynamic organization of mitochondria in human heart and in myocardial disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 1949-1956, 2009.
52. Huang P, Yu T, and Yoon Y. Mitochondrial clustering induced by overexpression of the mitochondrial fusion protein Mfn2 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Eur J Cell Biol 86: 289-302, 2007. (Pubitemid 46825259)
53. Ishihara N, Eura Y, and Mihara K. Mitofusin 1 and 2 play distinct roles in mitochondrial fusion reactions via GTPase activity. J Cell Sci 117: 6535-6546, 2004. (Pubitemid 40214575)
54. Ishihara N, Nomura M, Jofuku A, Kato H, Suzuki SO, Masuda K, Otera H, Nakanishi Y, Nonaka I, Goto Y, Taguchi N, Morinaga H, Maeda M, Takayanagi R, Yokota S, and Mihara K. Mitochondrial fission factor Drp1 is essential for embryonic development and synapse formation in mice. Nat Cell Biol 11: 958-966, 2009.
55. Jahani-Asl A, Cheung EC, Neuspiel M, Maclaurin JG, Fortin A, Park DS, McBride H, and Slack RS. Mitofusin 2 protects cerebellar granule neurons against injury induced cell death. J Biol Chem 282: 23788-23798, 2007. (Pubitemid 47328040)
56. James DI, Parone PA, Mattenberger Y, and Martinou JC. hFis1, a novel component of the mammalian mitochondrial fission machinery. J Biol Chem 278: 36373-36379, 2003. (Pubitemid 37139965)
57. Jofuku A, Ishihara N, and Mihara K. Analysis of functional domains of rat mitochondrial Fis1, the mitochondrial fission-stimulating protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333: 650-659, 2005. (Pubitemid 40848338)
58. Jones BA and Fangman WL. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in yeast requires a protein containing a region related to the GTP-binding domain of dynamin. Genes Dev 6: 380-389, 1992.
59. Kanzaki Y, Terasaki F, Okabe M, Otsuka K, Katashima T, Fujita S, Ito T, and Kitaura Y. Giant mitochondria in the myocardium of a patient with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy: Transmission and 3-dimensional scanning electron microscopy. Circulation 121: 831-832, 2010.
60. Karbowski M, Lee YJ, Gaume B, Jeong SY, Frank S, Nechushtan A, Santel A, Fuller M, Smith CL, and Youle RJ. Spatial and temporal association of Bax with mitochondrial fission sites, Drp1, and Mfn2 during apoptosis. J Cell Biol 159: 931-938, 2002. (Pubitemid 36055748)
61. Kasahara A and Scorrano L. Mitochondrial morphology affects cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells through calcineurin and notch signalling pathways. Heart 97: 20 e7, 2011.
62. Koshiba T, Detmer SA, Kaiser JT, Chen H, McCaffery JM, and Chan DC. Structural basis of mitochondrial tethering by mitofusin complexes. Science 305: 858-862, 2004. (Pubitemid 39038419)
63. Kraus B and Cain H. Giant mitochondria in the human myocardium- Morphogenesis and fate. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 33: 77-89, 1980. (Pubitemid 10109848)
64. Lee YJ, Jeong SY, Karbowski M, Smith CL, and Youle RJ. Roles of the mammalian mitochondrial fission and fusion mediators Fis1, Drp1, and Opa1 in apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 15: 5001-5011, 2004. (Pubitemid 39392214)
65. Liesa M, Palacin M, and Zorzano A. Mitochondrial dynamics in mammalian health and disease. Physiol Rev 89: 799-845, 2009.
66. Lim SY, Davidson SM, Hausenloy DJ, and Yellon DM. Preconditioning and postconditioning: The essential role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 75: 530-535, 2007. (Pubitemid 47080966)
67. Liu X and Hajnoczky G. Ca2 + -dependent regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by the Miro-Milton complex. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 1972-1976, 2009.
68. Liu X and Hajnoczky G. Altered fusion dynamics underlie unique morphological changes in mitochondria during hypoxia-reoxygenation stress. Cell Death Differ 18: 1561-1572, 2011.
69. Lugus JJ, Ngoh GA, Bachschmid MM, and Walsh K. Mitofusins are required for angiogenic function and modulate different signaling pathways in cultured endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 51: 685-693, 2011.
70. Macaskill AF, Brickley K, Stephenson FA, and Kittler JT. GTPase dependent recruitment of Grif-1 by Miro1 regulates mitochondrial trafficking in hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 40: 301-312, 2009.
71. Makino A, Scott BT, and Dillmann WH. Mitochondrial fragmentation and superoxide anion production in coronary endothelial cells from a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 53: 1783-1794, 2010.
72. Makino A, Suarez J, Gawlowski T, Han W, Wang H, Scott BT, and Dillmann WH. Regulation of mitochondrial morphology and function by O-GlcNAcylation in neonatal cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300: R1296-R1302, 2011.
73. Nakagawa T, Shimizu S, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi O, Otsu K, Yamagata H, Inohara H, Kubo T, and Tsujimoto Y. Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition regulates some necrotic but not apoptotic cell death. Nature 434: 652-658, 2005. (Pubitemid 40488558)
74. Neuspiel M, Zunino R, Gangaraju S, Rippstein P, and McBride H. Activated mitofusin 2 signals mitochondrial fusion, interferes with Bax activation, and reduces susceptibility to radical induced depolarization. J Biol Chem 280: 25060-25070, 2005. (Pubitemid 40934597)
75. Olichon A, Elachouri G, Baricault L, Delettre C, Belenguer P, and Lenaers G. OPA1 alternate splicing uncouples an evolutionary conserved function in mitochondrial fusion from a vertebrate restricted function in apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 14: 682-692, 2007. (Pubitemid 46444506)
76. Ong SB and Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial morphology and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 88: 16-29, 2010.
77. Ong SB, Subrayan S, Lim SY, Yellon DM, Davidson SM, and Hausenloy DJ. Inhibiting mitochondrial fission protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 121: 2012-2022, 2010.
78. Otera H, Wang C, Cleland MM, Setoguchi K, Yokota S, Youle RJ, and Mihara K. Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 191: 1141-1158, 2010.
79. Palmer CS, Osellame LD, Laine D, Koutsopoulos OS, Frazier AE, and Ryan MT. MiD49 and MiD51, new components of the mitochondrial fission machinery. EMBO Rep 12: 565-573, 2011.
80. Papanicolaou KN, Khairallah RJ, Ngoh GA, Chikando A, Luptak I, O'Shea KM, Riley DD, Lugus JJ, Colucci WS, Lederer WJ, Stanley WC, and Walsh K. Mitofusin-2 maintains mitochondrial structure and contributes to stressinduced permeability transition in cardiac myocytes. Mol Cell Biol 31: 1309-1328, 2011.
81. Papanicolaou KN, Ngoh GA, Dabkowski ER, O'Connell KA, Ribeiro RF, Stanley WC, and Walsh K. Cardiomyocyte deletion of mitofusin-1 leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and improves tolerance to ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302: H167-179, 2012.
82. Papanicolaou KN, Ngoh GA, Dabkowski ER, O'Connell KA, Ribeiro RF, Jr., Stanley WC, and Walsh K. Cardiomyocyte deletion of mitofusin-1 leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and improves tolerance to ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302: H167-H179, 2012.
83. Parra V, Eisner V, Chiong M, Criollo A, Moraga F, Garcia A, Hartel S, Jaimovich E, Zorzano A, Hidalgo C, and Lavandero S. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics during ceramide-induced cardiomyocyte early apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 77: 387-397, 2008. (Pubitemid 351197639)
84. Piot C, Croisille P, Staat P, Thibault H, Rioufol G, Mewton N, Elbelghiti R, Cung TT, Bonnefoy E, Angoulvant D, Macia C, Raczka F, Sportouch C, Gahide G, Finet G, Andre-Fouet X, Revel D, Kirkorian G, Monassier JP, Derumeaux G, and Ovize M. Effect of cyclosporine on reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl JMed 359: 473-481, 2008.
85. Piquereau J, Caffin F, Novotova M, Prola A, Garnier A, Mateo P, Fortin D, Huynh lH, Nicolas V, Alavi MV, Brenner C, Ventura-Clapier R, Veksler V, and Joubert F. Down-regulation of OPA1 alters mouse mitochondrial morphology, PTP function, and cardiac adaptation to pressure overload. Cardiovasc Res 94: 408-417, 2012.
86. Porter GA, Jr., Hom J, Hoffman D, Quintanilla R, de Mesy BK, and Sheu SS. Bioenergetics, mitochondria, and cardiac myocyte differentiation. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 31: 75-81, 2011.
87. Rapaport D, Brunner M, Neupert W, and Westermann B. Fzo1p is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 273: 20150-20155, 1998. (Pubitemid 28377572)
88. Rehman J. Empowering self-renewal and differentiation: The role of mitochondria in stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 88: 981-986, 2010.
89. Rice SE and Gelfand VI. Paradigm lost: milton connects kinesin heavy chain to miro on mitochondria. J Cell Biol 173: 459-461, 2006. (Pubitemid 43765192)
90. Russo GJ, Louie K, Wellington A, Macleod GT, Hu F, Panchumarthi S, and Zinsmaier KE. Drosophila Miro is required for both anterograde and retrograde axonal mitochondrial transport. J Neurosci 29: 5443-5455, 2009.
91. Santel A and Frank S. Shaping mitochondria: The complex posttranslational regulation of the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1. IUBMB Life 60: 448-455, 2008.
92. Santel A, Frank S, Gaume B, Herrler M, Youle RJ, and Fuller MT. Mitofusin-1 protein is a generally expressed mediator of mitochondrial fusion in mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 116: 2763-2774, 2003. (Pubitemid 36857227)
93. Santel A and Fuller MT. Control of mitochondrial morphology by a human mitofusin. J Cell Sci 114: 867-874, 2001. (Pubitemid 32266258)
94. Saotome M, Safiulina D, Szabadkai G, Das S, Fransson A, Aspenstrom P, Rizzuto R, and Hajnoczky G. Bidirectional Ca2 + -dependent control of mitochondrial dynamics by the Miro GTPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 20728-20733, 2008.
95. Sesaki H and Jensen RE. Ugo1p links the Fzo1p and Mgm1p GTPases for mitochondrial fusion. J Biol Chem 279: 28298-28303, 2004. (Pubitemid 38900108)
96. Shen T, Zheng M, Cao C, Chen C, Tang J, Zhang W, Cheng H, Chen KH, and Xiao RP. Mitofusin-2 is a major determinant of oxidative stress-mediated heart muscle cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 282: 23354-23361, 2007. (Pubitemid 47311963)
97. Smirnova E, Griparic L, Shurland DL, and van der Bliek AM. Dynamin-related protein Drp1 is required for mitochondrial division in mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 12: 2245-2256, 2001. (Pubitemid 33051954)
98. Smirnova E, Shurland DL, Ryazantsev SN, and van der Bliek AM. A human dynamin-related protein controls the distribution of mitochondria. J Cell Biol 143: 351-358, 1998. (Pubitemid 28487855)
99. Stojanovski D, Koutsopoulos OS, Okamoto K, and Ryan MT. Levels of human Fis1 at the mitochondrial outer membrane regulate mitochondrial morphology. J Cell Sci 117: 1201-1210, 2004. (Pubitemid 38456101)
100. Suzuki M, Jeong SY, Karbowski M, Youle R, and Tjandra N. The solution structure of human mitochondria fission protein Fis1 reveals a novel TPR-like helix bundle. J Mol Biol 334: 445-458, 2003. (Pubitemid 37386346)
101. Tandler B, Dunlap M, Hoppel CL, and Hassan M. Giant mitochondria in a cardiomyopathic heart. Ultrastruct Pathol 26: 177-183, 2002. (Pubitemid 34625952)
102. Tandler B and Hoppel CL. Possible division of cardiac mitochondria. Anat Rec 173: 309-323, 1972.
103. Tieu Q, Okreglak V, Naylor K, and Nunnari J. The WD repeat protein, Mdv1p, functions as a molecular adaptor by interacting with Dnm1p and Fis1p during mitochondrial fission. J Cell Biol 158: 445-452, 2002. (Pubitemid 34851703)
104. Trudeau K, Molina AJ, Guo W, and Roy S. High glucose disrupts mitochondrial morphology in retinal endothelial cells: Implications for diabetic retinopathy. Am J Pathol 177: 447-455, 2010.
105. Twig G, Elorza A, Molina AJ, Mohamed H, Wikstrom JD, Walzer G, Stiles L, Haigh SE, Katz S, Las G, Alroy J, Wu M, Py BF, Yuan J, Deeney JT, Corkey BE, and Shirihai OS. Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy. EMBO J 27: 433-446, 2008. (Pubitemid 351161653)
106. Wakabayashi J, Zhang Z, Wakabayashi N, Tamura Y, Fukaya M, Kensler TW, Iijima M, and Sesaki H. The dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 is required for embryonic and brain development inmice. J Cell Biol 186: 805-816, 2009.
107. Wang JX, Jiao JQ, Li Q, Long B, Wang K, Liu JP, Li YR, and Li PF. miR-499 regulates mitochondrial dynamics by targeting calcineurin and dynamin-related protein-1. Nat Med 17: 71-78, 2011.
108. Wang X and Schwarz TL. The mechanism of Ca2 + -dependent regulation of kinesin-mediated mitochondrial motility. Cell 136: 163-174, 2009.
109. Wasiak S, Zunino R, McBride HM. Bax/Bak promote sumoylation of DRP1 and its stable association with mitochondria during apoptotic cell death. J Cell Biol. 177: 439-450, 2007. (Pubitemid 46718273)
110. Yoon Y, Krueger EW, Oswald BJ, and McNiven MA. The mitochondrial protein hFis1 regulates mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells through an interaction with the dynamin-like protein DLP1. Mol Cell Biol 23: 5409-5420, 2003. (Pubitemid 36950895)
111. Yoon Y, Pitts KR, Dahan S, and McNiven MA. A novel dynamin-like protein associates with cytoplasmic vesicles and tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 140: 779-793, 1998. (Pubitemid 28141217)
112. Yoon YS, Yoon DS, Lim IK, Yoon SH, Chung HY, Rojo M, Malka F, Jou MJ, Martinou JC, and Yoon G. Formation of elongated giant mitochondria in DFO-induced cellular senescence: involvement of enhanced fusion process through modulation of Fis1. J Cell Physiol 209: 468-480, 2006. (Pubitemid 44484638)
113. Yu T, Robotham JL, and Yoon Y. Increased production of reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic conditions requires dynamic change of mitochondrial morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 2653-2658, 2006.
114. Zhao J, Liu T, Jin S, Wang X, Qu M, Uhlen P, Tomilin N, Shupliakov O, Lendahl U, and Nister M. Human MIEF1 recruits Drp1 to mitochondrial outer membranes and promotes mitochondrial fusion rather than fission. EMBO J 30: 2762-2778, 2011.
115. Zhou W, Chen KH, Cao W, Zeng J, Liao H, Zhao L, and Guo X. Mutation of the protein kinase A phosphorylation site influences the anti-proliferative activity of mitofusin Atherosclerosis 211: 216-23, 2010.
116. Zuchner S, Mersiyanova IV, Muglia M, Bissar-Tadmouri N, Rochelle J, Dadali EL, Zappia M, Nelis E, Patitucci A, Senderek J, ParmanY, EvgrafovO, Jonghe PD, Takahashi Y, Tsuji S, Pericak-Vance MA, Quattrone A, Battaloglu E, Polyakov AV, Timmerman V, Schroder JM, and Vance JM. Mutations in the mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin 2 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A. Nat Genet 36: 449-451, 2004. (Pubitemid 38620027)