Episodic memories and their relevance for psychoactive drug use and addiction

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue APR 2013, 2013, Pages

  Müller, Christian P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Addiction; Drug instrumentalization; Episodic drug memory; Experimental consumption

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876348490     PISSN: 16625153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00034     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. Abel, E. L. (1980) Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. Plenum Press: New York.
2. Aggleton, J.P., and Brown, M.W. (1999) Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. Behav. Brain Sci. 22, 425-444.
3. Aggleton, J.P., and Brown, M.W. (2005) Contrasting hippocampal and perirhinal cortex function using immediate early gene imaging. Q J Exp Psychol B 58, 218-233.
4. Ahmed, S.H. (2010) Validation crisis in animal models of drug addiction: beyond nondisordered drug use toward drug addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 172-184.
5. Amendt, G. (2003) No drugs No future. Europa Verlag, Hamburg.
6. Ameri, A. (1999) The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 58, 315-348.
7. American Psychiatrtric Association (1994) Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington DC.
8. Anderson, S.M., Famous, K.R., Sadri-Vakili, G., Kumaresan, V., Schmidt, H.D., Bass, C.E., Terwilliger, E.F., Cha, J.H., and Pierce, R.C. (2008) CaMKII: a biochemical bridge linking accumbens dopamine and glutamate systems in cocaine seeking. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 344-353.
9. Argilli, E., Sibley, D.R., Malenka, R.C., England, P.M., Bonci, A. (2008) Mechanism and time course of cocaine-induced long-term potentiation in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 28, 9092-9100.
10. Bardo, M.T. (1998) Neuropharmacological mechanisms of drug reward: beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 12, 37-67.
11. Bardo, M. T., and Bevins, R. A. (2000) Conditioned place preference: what does it add to our preclinical understanding of drug reward? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 153(1), 31-43.
12. Bast, T. (2007) Toward an integrative perspective on hippocampal function: from the rapid encoding of experience to adaptive behavior. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 253-281.
13. Belin, D., and Everitt, B. J. (2008) Cocaine seeking habits depend upon dopaminedependent serial connectivity linking the ventral with the dorsal striatum. Neuron 57(3), 432-41.
14. Belin, D., Mar, A.C., Dalley, J.W., Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (2008) High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science 320, 1352-1355.
15. Belin, D., Jonkman, S., Dickinson, A., Robbins, T. W, and Everitt, B.J. (2009) Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: relevance for the understanding of addiction. Behav. Brain Res. 199, 89-102.
16. Bilbao, A., Parkitna, J.R., Engblom, D., Perreau-Lenz, S., Sanchis-Segura, C., Schneider, M., Konopka, W., Westphal, M., Breen, G., Desrivieres, S., Klugmann, M., Guindalini, C., Vallada, H., Laranjeira, R., de Fonseca, F.R., Schumann, G., Schutz, G., and Spanagel, R. (2008) Loss of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV in dopaminoceptive neurons enhances behavioral effects of cocaine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17549-17554.
17. Blokland, A. (1995) Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter for learning and memory? Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 21, 285-300.
18. Boening, J.A. (2001) Neurobiology of an addiction memory. J. Neural Transm. 108 (6), 755-65.
19. Bonson, K.R., Grant, S.J., Contoreggi, C.S., Links, J.M., Metcalfe, J., Weyl, H.L., Kurian, V., Ernst, M., and London, E.D. (2002) Neural systems and cueinduced cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 376-386.
20. Borgland, S.L., Malenka, R.C., Bonci, A. (2004) Acute and chronic cocaine-induced potentiation of synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area: electrophysiological and behavioral correlates in individual rats. J. Neurosci. 24, 7482-7490.
21. Bouton, M.E., and Moody, E. W. (2004) Memory processes in classical conditioning. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 28(7), 663-674.
22. Bowers, M.S., Chen, B.T., Bonci, A. (2010) AMPA receptor synaptic plasticity induced by psychostimulants: the past, present, and therapeutic future. Neuron 67, 11-24.
23. Boyd, C.J., McCabe, S.E., Cranford, J.A., and Young, A. (2006) Adolescents' motivations to abuse prescription medications. Pediatrics 118(6), 2472-2480.
24. Boys, A., Marsden, J., and Strang, J. (2001) Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young people: a functional perspective. Health Education Research 16, 457-469.
25. Boys, A., and Marsden, J. (2003) Perceived functions predict intensity of use and problems in young polysubstance users. Addiction 98, 951-963.
26. Breiter, H.C., Gollub, R.L., Weisskoff, R.M., Kennedy, D.N., Makris, N., Berke, J.D., Goodman, J.M., Kantor, H.L., Gastfriend, D.R., Riorden, J.P., Mathew, R.T., Rosen, B.R., and Hyman, S.E. (1997) Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron 19, 591-611.
27. Brown, S.A., Goldman, M.S., Inn, A., and Anderson, L.R. (1980) Expectations of reinforcement from alcohol: their domain and relation to drinking patterns. J. Cons. Clin. Psychol. 48, 419-426.
28. Brown, S.A. (1985) Expectancies versus background in the prediction of college drinking patterns. J. Cons. Clin. Psychol. 53, 123-130.
29. Campbell, J.C., Szumlinski, K.K., and Kippin, T.E. (2009) Contribution of early environmental stress to alcoholism vulnerability. Alcohol 43(7), 547-554.
30. Cauli, O., and Morelli, M. (2005) Caffeine and the dopaminergic system. Behav. Pharmacol. 16, 63-77.
31. Childress, A.R., Mozley, P.D., McElgin, W., Fitzgerald, J., Reivich, M., and O'Brien, C.P. (1999) Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 11-18.
32. Consolo, S., Caltavuturo, C., Colli, E., Recchia, M., Di Chiara, G. (1999) Different sensitivity of in vivo acetylcholine transmission to D1 receptor stimulation in shell and core of nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 89, 1209-1217.
33. Dean, L.G., Kendal, R.L., Schapiro, S.J., Thierry, B., and Laland, K.N. (2012) Identification of the social and cognitive processes underlying human cumulative culture. Science 335, 1114-1118.
34. Del Boca, F.K., Darkes, J., Goldman, M.S., and Smith, G.T. (2002) Advancing the expectancy concept via the interplay between theory and research. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 26(6), 926-935.
35. Dere, E., Kart-Teke, E., Huston, J.P., De Souza Silva, M.A. (2006) The case for episodic memory in animals. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30, 1206-1224.
36. Dere, E., Huston, J.P., De Souza Silva, M.A. (2007) The pharmacology, neuroanatomy and neurogenetics of one-trial object recognition in rodents. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 31, 673-704.
37. Dere, E., Easton, A., Nadel, L., and Huston, J.P. (2008). Handbook of Episodic Memory, New York Elsevier.
38. De Wit, H., and Stewart, J. (1981) Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 75(2), 134-143.
39. Deroche Gamonet, V., Belin, D., Piazza, P.V. (2004) Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat. Science 305, 1014-1017.
40. Di Chiara, G., and Imperato, A. (1988) Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5274-5278.
41. Di Chiara, G., and North, R.A. (1992) Neurobiology of opiate abuse. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 185-193.
42. Di Chiara, G. (1995) The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation. Drug Alcohol Depend. 38, 95-137.
43. Dong, Y., Saal, D., Thomas, M., Faust, R., Bonci, A., Robinson, T., Malenka, R.C. (2004) Cocaine-induced potentiation of synaptic strength in dopamine neurons: behavioral correlates in GluRA(-/-) mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 14282-14287.
44. Dong, L., Bilbao, A., Laucht, M., Henriksson, R., Yakovleva, T., Ridinger, M., Desrivieres, S., Clarke, T.K., Lourdusamy, A., Smolka, M.N., Cichon, S., Blomeyer, D., Treutlein, J., Perreau-Lenz, S., Witt, S., Leonardi-Essmann, F., Wodarz, N., Zill, P., Soyka, M., Albrecht, U., Rietschel, M., Lathrop, M., Bakalkin, G., Spanagel, R., and Schumann, G. (2011) Effects of the circadian rhythm gene period 1 (per1) on psychosocial stress-induced alcohol drinking. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 1090-1098.
45. Drummond, D.C., Cooper, T., and Glautier, S.P. (1990) Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment. Br. J. Addict. 85, 725-743.
46. Easton, A.C., Lucchesi, W., Lourdusamy, A., Lenz, B., Solati, J., Golub, Y., Lewczuk, P., Fernandes, C., Desrivieres, S., Dawirs, R.R., Moll, G.H., Kornhuber, J., Frank, J., Hoffmann, P., Soyka, M., Kiefer, F., the GESGA consortium, Schumann, G., Giese, K.P., and Müller, C.P. (2013a) αCaMKII autophosphorylation controls the establishment of alcohol reinforcement by altering dopamine-serotonin balance. Neuropsychopharmacology, in press.
47. Easton, A.C., Lourdusamy, A., Loth, E., Toro, R., Giese, K.P., Kornhuber, J., de Quervain D.J., Papassotiropoulos A., Fernandes, C., Müller, C.P., Schumann, G., and the IMAGEN consortium (2013b) alphaCaMKII gene (CAMK2 polymorphisms predict spatial working memory performance in humans. Mol. Psychiatry, in press.
48. Eichenbaum, H. (1997) How does the brain organize memories? Science 277, 330-332.
49. Eissenberg, T., and Balster, R. L. (2000) Initial tobacco use episodes in children and adolescents: current knowledge, future directions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 59 Suppl 1, S41-S60.
50. EMCDDA (2012) European Monitoring Center for Addictive Drugs, State of the drug problem 2009; http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2012.
51. Everitt, B.J., and Robbins, T.W. (2005) Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neurosci. 8(11), 1481-1489.
52. Everitt, B.J., Hutcheson, D.M., Ersche, K.D., Pelloux, Y., Dalley, J.W., and Robbins, T.W. (2007) The orbital prefrontal cortex and drug addiction in laboratory animals and humans. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1121, 576-597.
53. Faleiro, L.J., Jones, S., Kauer, J.A. (2004) Rapid synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic synapses on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area in response to acute amphetamine injection. Neuropsychopharm. 29, 2115-2125.
54. Ferrario, C.R., Gorny, G., Crombag, H.S., Li, Y., Kolb, B., and Robinson, T.E. (2005) Neural and behavioral plasticity associated with the transition from controlled to escalated cocaine use. Biol. Psychiatry 58, 751-759.
55. Foltin, R.W., and Haney, M. (2000) Conditioned effects of environmental stimuli paired with smoked cocaine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 149(1), 24-33.
56. Frederiksen, N.J., Bakke, S.L., Dalum, P. (2012) "No alcohol, no party": An explorative study of young Danish moderate drinkers. Scand. J. Public Health 40, 585-590.
57. Friedman, L.S., Lichtenstein, E., and Biglan, A. (1985) Smoking onset among teens: an empirical analysis of initial situations. Addictive Behaviors 10, 1-13.
58. Gawin, F.H. (1991) Cocaine addiction: psychology and neurophysiology. Science 251, 1580-1586.
59. Giese, K.P., Fedorov, N.B., Filipkowski, R.K., and Silva, A.J. (1998) Autophosphorylation at Thr286 of the alpha calcium-calmodulin kinase II in LTP and learning. Science 279, 870-873.
60. Goldberg, S.R. (1975) Stimuli associated with drug injections as events that control behavior. Pharmacol. Rev. 27(3), 325-340.
61. Goldman, M.S., Brown, S.A., Christiansen, B.A., and Smith, G.T. (1991) Alcoholism and memory: broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research. Psychol. Bull. 110(1), 137-146.
62. Goldstein, R.Z., Tomasi, D., Rajaram, S., Cottone, L.A., Zhang, L., Maloney, T., Telang, F., Ia-Klein, N., Volkow. N.D. (2007) Role of the anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortex in processing drug cues in cocaine addiction. Neuroscience 144, 1153-1159.
63. Grant, S., London, E.D., Newlin, D.B., Villemagne, V.L., Liu, X., Contoreggi, C., Phillips, R.L., Kimes, A.S., and Margolin, A. (1996) Activation of memory circuits during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12040-12045.
64. Green, A.R., Mechan, A.O., Elliott, J.M., O'Shea, E., and Colado, M.I. (2003) The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"). Pharmacol. Rev. 55, 463-508.
65. Gustafson, R. (1991) Is the strength and the desirability of alcohol-related expectancies positively related? A test with an adult Swedish sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 28, 145-150.
66. Haber, S.N., Fudge, J.L., and McFarland, N.R. (2000) Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J. Neurosci. 20(6), 2369-2382.
67. Hagen, E.H., Sullivan, R.J., Schmidt, R., Morris, G., Kempter, R., and Hammerstein, P. (2009) Ecology and neurobiology of toxin avoidance and the paradox of drug reward. Neuroscience 160, 69-84.
68. Hassan, Z., Muzaimi, M., Navaratnam, V., Yusoff, N.H., Suhaimi, F.W., Vadivelu, R., Vicknasingam, B.K., Amato, D., von Hörsten, S., Ismail, N.I., Jayabalan, N., Hazim, A.I., Mansor, S.M., and Müller, C.P. (2013) From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 138-151.
69. Heath, D.B. (2000) Drinking occasions: Comparative Perspectives on Alcohol and Culture, Brunner/Mazel.
70. Hellemans, K.G., Everitt, B.J., and Lee, J.L. (2006) Disrupting reconsolidation of conditioned withdrawal memories in the basolateral amygdala reduces suppression of heroin seeking in rats. J. Neurosci. 26, 12694-12699.
71. Henn, C., Loffelholz, K., Klein, J. (1998) Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of ethanol on hippocampal acetylcholine release. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 357, 640-647.
72. Heyne, A., May, T., Goll, P., and Wolffgramm, J. (2000) Persisting consequences of drug intake: towards a memory of addiction. J. Neural Transm. 107(6), 613-638.
73. Huffman, M.A. (2003) Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 62 (2), 371-381.
74. Huston, J.P., Mondadori, C., and Waser, P.G. (1974) Facilitation of learning by reward of post-trial memory processes. Experientia 30, 1038-1040.
75. Huston, J.P., Mueller, C.C., and Mondadori, C. (1977) Memory facilitation by posttrial hypothalamic stimulation and other reinforcers: a central theory of reinforcement. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1, 143-150.
76. Huston, J.P., de Souza Silva, M.A. Topic, B., Müller, C.P. (2013) What's conditioned in conditioned place preference? Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 34(3): 162-166.
77. Hyman, S.E., and Malenka, R.C. (2001) Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 695-703.
78. Hyman, S.E., Malenka, R.C., and Nestler, E.J. (2006) Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29, 565-598.
79. Imperato, A., Obinu, M.C., Demontis, M.V., Gessa, G.L. (1992) Cocaine releases limbic acetylcholine through endogenous dopamine action on D1 receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 229, 265-267.
80. Imperato, A., Obinu, M.C., Gessa, G.L. (1993a) Effects of cocaine and amphetamine on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 238, 377-381.
81. Imperato, A., Obinu, M.C., Gessa, G.L. (1993b) Stimulation of both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors facilitates in vivo acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. Brain Res. 618, 341-345.
82. Imperato, A., Obinu, M.C., Mascia, M.S., Casu, M.A., Zocchi, A., Cabib, S., Puglisi-Allegra, S. (1996) Strain-dependent effects of dopamine agonists on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus: an in vivo study in mice. Neuroscience 70, 653-660.
83. Irvine, E.E., von Hertzen, L.S., Plattner, F., Giese, K.P. (2006) alphaCaMKII autophosphorylation: a fast track to memory. Trends Neurosci. 29, 459-465.
84. Iversen, L.L. (2000) The Science of Marihuana. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
85. Johanson, C.E., and Fischman, M.W. (1989) The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. Pharmacol. Rev. 41, 3-52.
86. Jones, R.T. (1971) Marihuana-induced "high": influence of expectation, setting and previous drug experience. Pharmacol. Rev. 23, 359-369.
87. Kalivas, P.W., Sorg, B.A., and Hooks, M.S. (1993) The pharmacology and neural circuitry of sensitization to psychostimulants. Behav. Pharmacol. 4, 315-334.
88. Kandel, E.R., and Pittenger, C. (1999) The past, the future and the biology of memory storage. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 354, 2027-2052.
89. Kandel, E.R. (2001) The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses. Science 294, 1030-1038.
90. Kauer, J.A., and Malenka, R.C. (2007) Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 844-858.
91. Kelley, A.E. (2004) Memory and addiction: shared neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms. Neuron 44, 161-179.
92. Kidorf, M., Sherman, M.F., Johnson, J.G., and Bigelow, G.E. (1995) Alcohol expectancies and changes in beer consumption of first-year college students. Addict. Behav. 20, 225-231.
93. Kilts, C.D., Schweitzer, J.B., Quinn, C.K., Gross, R.E., Faber, T.L., Muhammad, F., Ely, T.D., Hoffman, J.M., and Drexler, K.P. (2001) Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58, 334-341.
94. Kippin, T.E. (2011) Does drug mis-instrumentalization lead to drug abuse? Behav. Brain Sci. 34, 316-317.
95. Knowlton, B.J., Mangels, J.A., Squire, L.R. (1996) A neostriatal habit learning system in humans. Science 273, 1399-1402.
96. Kolb, B., Gorny, G., Li, Y.L., Samaha, A.N., and Robinson, T.E. (2003) Amphetamine or cocaine limits the ability of later experience to promote structural plasticity in the neocortex and nucleus accumbens. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10523-10528.
97. Koob, G.F. (1992) Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 177-184.
98. Koob, G.F., Sanna, P.P., and Bloom, F.E. (1998) Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron 21, 467-476.
99. Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., and Engels, R. (2005) Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 25, 841-861.
100. Larsson, A., Edstrom, L., Svensson, L., Soderpalm, B., Engel, J.A. (2005) Voluntary ethanol intake increases extracellular acetylcholine levels in the ventral tegmental area in the rat. Alcohol Alcohol. 40, 349-358.
101. Lee, J.L., Di Ciano, P., Thomas. K.L., and Everitt, B.J. (2005) Disrupting reconsolidation of drug memories reduces cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuron 47, 795-801.
102. Lee, J.L., Milton, A.L., and Everitt, B.J. (2006) Cue-induced cocaine seeking and relapse are reduced by disruption of drug memory reconsolidation. J. Neurosci. 26, 5881-5887.
103. Leigh, B.C. (1989) In search of the Seven Dwarves: issues of measurement and meaning in alcohol expectancy research. Psychol. Bull. 105(3), 361-373.
104. Leigh, B.C., and Stacy, A.W. (2004) Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups. Addiction 99, 215-227.
105. Lende, D.H., and Smith, E.O. (2002) Evolution meets biopsychosociality: an analysis of addictive behavior. Addiction 97, 447-458.
106. Lende, D.H., Leonard, T., Sterk, C.E., and Elifson, K. (2007) Functional methamphetamine use: The insider's perspective. Addiction Res. Therapy 15[5], 465-477.
107. Li, Y.L., Kolb, B., and Robinson, T.E. (2003) The location of persistent amphetamineinduced changes in the density of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1082-1085.
108. Licata, S.C., and Pierce, R.C. (2003) The roles of calcium/calmodulin-dependent and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases in the development of psychostimulantinduced behavioral sensitization. J. Neurochem. 85, 14-22.
109. Liu, J., Suncion-Chin, M., Liu, P., and Dopico, A.M. (2006) CaM kinase II phosphorylation of slo Thr107 regulates activity and ethanol responses of BK channels. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 41-49.
110. Lozano, G.A. (1998) Parasitic stress and self-medication in wild animals. Adv. Stud. Behav. 27, 291-317.
111. Mameli, M., Bellone, C., Brown, M.T., Lüscher, C. (2011) Cocaine inverts rules for synaptic plasticity of glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 414-416.
112. Markou, A. (2008) Neurobiology of nicotine dependence. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363, 3159-3168.
113. McBride, W.J., Murphy, J.M., and Ikemoto, S. (1999) Localization of brain reinforcement mechanisms: intracranial self-administration and intracranial place-conditioning studies. Behav. Brain Res. 101, 129-152.
114. McBride, W.J., Le, A.D., and Noronha, A. (2002) Central nervous system mechanisms in alcohol relapse. Alc. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 280-286.
115. McGaugh, J.L. (2000) Memory--a century of consolidation. Science 287, 248-251
116. Mello, N.K. (1972) Behavioral studies of alcoholism. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), Biology of Alcoholism, (pp. 210-219) New York: Plenum Press.
117. Miller, P.M., Smith, G.T., and Goldman, M.S. (1990) Emergence of alcohol expectancies in childhood: a possible critical period. J. Stud. Alc. 51, 343-349.
118. Miller, C.S. (2001) Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance. Addiction 96(1), 115-137.
119. Milner, B., Squire, L.R., and Kandel, E.R. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory. Neuron 20(3), 445-468.
120. Morris, R.G., Anderson, E., Lynch, G.S., and Baudry, M. (1986) Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5. Nature 319, 774-776.
121. Moser, M.B., Trommald, M., and Andersen, P. (1994) An Increase in Dendritic Spine Density on Hippocampal Ca1 Pyramidal Cells Following Spatial-Learning in Adult-Rats Suggests the Formation of New Synapses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 12673-12675.
122. Müller, C.P., and Huston, J.P. (2007) Dopamine activity in the occipital and temporal cortices of rats: dissociating effects of sensory but not pharmacological stimulation. Synapse 61, 254-258.
123. Müller, C.P., De Souza Silva, M.A., DePalma, G., Tomaz, C., Carey, R.J., and Huston, J.P. (2002) The selective serotonin(1A)-receptor antagonist WAY 100635 blocks behavioral stimulating effects of cocaine but not ventral striatal dopamine increase. Behav. Brain Res. 134, 337-346.
124. Müller, C.P., Thönnessen, H., Barros, M., Tomaz, C., Carey, R.J., and Huston, J.P. (2004) Hippocampus 5-HT(1A)-receptors attenuate cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and the increase in hippocampal but not nucleus accumbens 5-HT. Hipppocampus 14, 710-721.
125. Müller, C.P., Carey, R.J., Huston, J.P., and De Souza Silva, M.A. (2007a) Serotonin and psychostimulant addiction: focus on 5-HT1A-receptors. Prog. Neurobiol. 81, 133-178.
126. Müller, C.P., De Souza Silva, M.A., and Huston, J.P. (2007b) Double dissociating effects of sensory stimulation and cocaine on serotonin activity in the occipital and temporal cortices. Neuropharmacology 52, 854-862.
127. Müller, C.P., Pum, M.E., Schumann, G., and Huston, J.P. (2010) The Role of Serotonin in Drug Addiction. In: The Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin, pp. 507-546. Eds C.P. Müller, B.L. Jacobs. Academic Press: London.
128. Müller C.P., and Schumann G. (2011a) Drugs as an instrument: A new framework for non-addictive psychoactive drug use. Behav. Brain Sci. 34(6), 293-310.
129. Müller C.P., and Schumann G. (2011b) To use or not to use: Expanding the view on non-addictive psychoactive drug consumption and its implications. Behav. Brain Sci. 34(6), 328-347.
130. Müller, C.P., Pum, M.E., Amato, D., Schüttler, J., Huston, J.P., de Souza Silva, M.A. (2011c) The in-vivo neurochemistry of the brain during general anesthesia, J. Neurochem. 119, 419-446.
131. Nesse, R.M., and Berridge, K.C. (1997) Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective. Science 278, 63-66.
132. Nestler, E.J. (2002) Common molecular and cellular substrates of addiction and memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 78, 637-647.
133. Nestler EJ (2008) Review. Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of DeltaFosB. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363, 3245-3255.
134. Nestler, E.J., and Aghajanian, G.K. (1997) Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 278, 58-63.
135. O'Brien, C.P., Testa, T., O'Brien, T.J., Brady, J.P., and Wells, B. (1977) Conditioned narcotic withdrawal in humans. Science 195, 1000-1002.
136. O'Brien, C.P., Childress, A.R., Ehrman, R., and Robbins, S.J. (1998) Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion? J. Psychopharmacol. 12(1), 15-22.
137. O'Malley, P.M., and Johnston, L.D. (2002) Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. J. Stud. Alc. Suppl, 23-39.
138. Olmstead, M.C. (2006) Animal models of drug addiction: Where do we go from here? Q. J. Exp. Psychol.(Colchester.) 59(4), 625-653.
139. Overton, D.A. (1968) Visual cues and shock sensitivity in the control of T-maze choice by drug conditions. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66, 216-219.
140. Patrick, M.E., and Maggs, J.L. (2008) Short-term changes in plans to drink and importance of positive and negative alcohol consequences. J. Adolesc. 31, 307-321.
141. Peele, S., and Brodsky, A. (2000) Exploring psychological benefits associated with moderate alcohol use: a necessary corrective to assessments of drinking outcomes? Drug Alcohol Depend. 60, 221-247.
142. Perry, E., Walker, M., Grace, J., Perry, R. (1999) Acetylcholine in mind: a neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness? Trends Neurosci. 22, 273-280.
143. Piazza, P.V., Deminiere, J.M., Le, M.M., Simon, H. (1989) Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science 245, 1511-1513.
144. Pierce, R.C., Kumaresan, V. (2006) The mesolimbic dopamine system: the final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30, 215-238.
145. Porrino, L.J., Lyons, D., Smith, H.R., Daunais, J.B., and Nader, M.A. (2004) Cocaine self-administration produces a progressive involvement of limbic, association, and sensorimotor striatal domains. J. Neurosci. 24(14), 3554-3562.
146. Pum, M., Carey, R.J., Huston, J.P., and Müller, C.P. (2007) Dissociating effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on dopamine and serotonin in the perirhinal, entorhinal, and prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 193, 375-390.
147. Pum, M.E., Huston, J.P., Müller, C.P. (2009) The role of cortical serotonin in anxiety and locomotor activity in Wistar rats. Behav. Neurosci. 123, 449-454.
148. Quirion, R., Richard, J., Wilson, A. (1994) Muscarinic and nicotinic modulation of cortical acetylcholine release monitored by in vivo microdialysis in freely moving adult rats. Synapse 17, 92-100.
149. Rex, A., Marsden, C.A., Fink, H. (1993) Effect of diazepam on cortical 5-HT release and behaviour in the guinea-pig on exposure to the elevated plus maze. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 110, 490-496.
150. Richardson, N.R., and Roberts, D.C.S. (1996) Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: A method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. J. Neurosci. Meth. 66(1), 1-11.
151. Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (1999) Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 398, 567-570.
152. Robbins, T.W., Ersche, K.D., and Everitt, B.J. (2008) Drug addiction and the memory systems of the brain. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1141, 1-21.
153. Robinson, T.E., and Kolb, B. (1997) Persistent structural modifications in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex neurons produced by previous experience with amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 17, 8491-8497.
154. Robinson, T.E., and Kolb, B. (1999) Alterations in the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex following repeated treatment with amphetamine or cocaine. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1598-1604.
155. Robinson, T.E., Gorny, G., Mitton, E., and Kolb, B. (2001) Cocaine self-administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex. Synapse 39, 257-266.
156. Robinson, T.E., and Kolb, B. (2004) Structural plasticity associated with exposure to drugs of abuse. Neuropharmacology 47, 33-46.
157. Rodriguez, E., and Wrangham, R. (1993) Zoopharmacognosy: the use of medicinal plants by animals. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 27, 89-105.
158. Rueter, L.E., Fornal, C.A., Jacobs, B.L. (1997) A critical review of 5-HT brain microdialysis and behavior. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 117-137.
159. Saal, D., Dong, Y., Bonci, A., Malenka, R.C. (2003) Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron 37, 577-582.
160. SAMHSA (2011) National survey on drug use and health, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville (http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2011SummNatFindDetTables/Index.asp x).
161. Sanchis-Segura, C., and Spanagel, R. (2006) Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview. Addict. Biol. 11 (1), 2-38.
162. Sarter, M., Hasselmo, M.E., Bruno, J.P., Givens, B. (2005) Unraveling the attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: interactions between signal-driven and cognitive modulation of signal detection. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 48, 98-111.
163. Schultz, W. (2000) Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 199-207.
164. Schumann, G., Coin, L.J., Lourdusamy, A., Charoen, P., Berger, K.H., Stacey, D., Desrivieres, S., et al. (2011) Genome-wide association and genetic functional studies identify autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) in the regulation of alcohol consumption. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 7119-7124.
165. Seiden, L.S., Sabol, K.E., and Ricaurte, G.A. (1993) Amphetamine-effects on catecholamine systems and behavior. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 33, 639-677.
166. Shaham, Y., Shalev, U., Lu, L., de Wit, H., and Stewart, J. (2003) The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings. Psychopharmacology 168(1-2), 3-20.
167. Sher, K.J., Grekin, E.R., and Williams, N.A. (2005) The development of alcohol use disorders. Ann. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 1, 493-523.
168. Siegel, S. (1975) Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 89, 498-506.
169. Siegel, S., Hinson, R.E., Krank, M.D., and McCully, J. (1982) Heroin "overdose" death: contribution of drug-associated environmental cues. Science 216, 436-437.
170. Siegel, S. (1988) Drug anticipation and the treatment of dependence. NIDA Res. Monogr. 84, 1-24.
171. Simons, J., Correia, C.J., and Carey, K.B. (2000) A comparison of motives for marihuana and alcohol use among experienced users. Addic. Behav. 25, 153-160.
172. Skogen, J.C., Harvey, S.B., Henderson, M., Stordal, E., and Mykletun, A. (2009) Anxiety and depression among abstainers and low-level alcohol consumers. The Nord-Trondelag Health Study. Addiction 104, 1519-1529.
173. Spanagel, R. (2009) Alcoholism: a systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behavior. Physiol. Rev. 89, 649-705.
174. Spealman, R.D., and Goldberg, S.R. (1978) Drug self-administration by laboratory animals: control by schedules of reinforcement. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 18, 313-339.
175. Spear, L.P. (2000) The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24, 417-463.
176. Stacey, D., Clarke, T.K., and Schumann, G. (2009) The genetics of alcoholism. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 11, 364-369.
177. Stacey, D., Bilbao, A., Maroteaux, M., Jia, T., Easton, A.C., Longueville, S., Nymberg, C., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G.J., Büchel, C., Carvalho, F., Conrod, P.J., Desrivieres, S., Fauth-Bühler, M., Fernandez-Medarde, A., Flor, H., Gallinat, J., Garavan, H., Bokde, A.L., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., Lathrop, M., Lawrence, C., Loth, E., Lourdusamy, A., Mann, K.F., Martinot, J.L., Nees, F., Palkovits, M., Paus, T., Pausova, Z., Rietschel, M., Ruggeri, B., Santos, E., Smolka, M.N., Staehlin, O., Jarvelin, M.R., Elliott, P., Sommer, W.H., Mameli, M., Müller, C.P., Spanagel, R., Girault, J.A., and Schumann, G. (2012) RASGRF2 regulates alcohol-induced reinforcement by influencing mesolimbic dopamine neuron activity and dopamine release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 21128-21133.
178. Squire, L.R., Knowlton, B., and Musen, G. (1993) The structure and organization of memory. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 44, 453-95.
179. Stolerman, I. (1992) Drugs of abuse: behavioural principles, methods and terms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 170-176.
180. Summers, K.L., Giacobini, E. (1995) Effects of local and repeated systemic administration of (-)nicotine on extracellular levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in rat cortex. Neurochem. Res. 20, 753-759.
181. Tani, Y., Saito, K., Imoto, M., Ohno, T. (1998) Pharmacological characterization of nicotinic receptor-mediated acetylcholine release in rat brain--an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 351, 181-188.
182. Tretter, F., Gebicke-Haerter, P.J., Albus, M., an der Heiden, U., and Schwegler, H. (2009) Systems biology and addiction. Pharmacopsychiatry 42 Suppl 1, S11-S31.
183. Tulving, E. (2001) Episodic memory and common sense: how far apart? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356, 1505-1515.
184. Tulving, E. (2002) Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53, 1-25.
185. Tupala, E., and Tiihonen, J. (2004) Dopamine and alcoholism: neurobiological basis of ethanol abuse. Prog. Neuropsychopharm. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 1221-1247.
186. Tzschentke, T.M. (2007) Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict. Biol. 12(3-4), 227-462.
187. Ungless, M.A., Whistler, J.L., Malenka, R.C., and Bonci, A. (2001) Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons. Nature 411, 583-587.
188. Ungless, M.A., Argilli, E., Bonci, A. (2010) Effects of stress and aversion on dopamine neurons: implications for addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 151-156.
189. Vanderschuren, L.J., and Kalivas, P.W. (2000) Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization: a critical review of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 151(2-3), 99-120.
190. Vanderschuren, L.J., and Everitt, B.J. (2004) Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Science 305, 1017-1019.
191. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Ma, Y.M., Fowler, J.S., Zhu, W., Maynard, L., Telang, F., Vaska, P., Ding, Y.S., Wong, C., and Swanson, J.M. (2003) Expectation enhances the regional brain metabolic and the reinforcing effects of stimulants in cocaine abusers. J. Neurosci. 23(36), 11461-11468.
192. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Ma, Y.M., Fowler, J.S., Wong, C., Jayne, M., Telang, F., and Swanson, J.M. (2006) Effects of expectation on the brain metabolic responses to methylphenidate and to its placebo in non-drug abusing subjects. Neuroimage 32 (4), 1782-1792.
193. Waldorf, D., Reinarman, C, and Murphy, S. (1991) Cocaine changes: the experience of using and quitting, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
194. Wanat, M.J., Bonci, A. (2008) Dose-dependent changes in the synaptic strength on dopamine neurons and locomotor activity after cocaine exposure. Synapse 62, 790-795.
195. Wang, M., Vijayraghavan, S., and Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (2004) Selective D2 receptor actions on the functional circuitry of working memory. Science 303, 853-856.
196. Waskow, I.E., Olsson, J.E., Salzman, C., and Katz, M.M. (1970) Psychological effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 22, 97-107.
197. White, N.M. (1989) Reward or reinforcement: what's the difference? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13(2-3), 181-186.
198. White, N.M. (1996) Addictive drugs as reinforcers: multiple partial actions on memory systems. Addiction 91, 921-949.
199. White, N.M., Milner, P.M. (1992) The psychobiology of reinforcers. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 43, 443-471.
200. Wiens, F., Zitzmann, A., Lachance, M. A., Yegles, M., Pragst, F., Wurst, F. M., von Holst, D., Guan, S.L., and Spanagel, R. (2008) Chronic intake of fermented floral nectar by wild treeshrews. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 10426-10431.
201. Wikler, A., and Pescor, F.T. (1967) Classical conditioning of a morphine abstinence phenomenon, reinforcement of opioid-drinking behavior and "relapse" in morphine-addicted rats. Psychopharmacologia 10, 255-284.
202. Williams, G.V., and Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1995) Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376, 572-575.
203. Williams, M.J., Adinoff, B. (2008) The role of acetylcholine in cocaine addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 1779-1797.
204. Willuhn, I., Burgeno, L.M., Everitt, B.J., and Phillips, P.E. (2012) Hierarchical recruitment of phasic dopamine signaling in the striatum during the progression of cocaine use. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 20703-20708.
205. Wise, R.A. (1994) A brief history of the anhedonia hypothesis. In: Appetite: Neural and Behavioural Base, pp. 234-263. Eds C. R. Legg, D. A. Both. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
206. Wise, R.A. (2002) Brain reward circuitry: Insights from unsensed incentives. Neuron 36(2), 229-240.
207. Witten, I.B., Lin, S.C., Brodsky, M., Prakash, R., Diester, I., Anikeeva, P., Gradinaru, V., Ramakrishnan, C., Deisseroth, K. (2010) Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning. Science 330, 1677-1681.
208. Woolf, N.J., Butcher, L.L. (2011) Cholinergic systems mediate action from movement to higher consciousness. Behav. Brain Res. 221, 488-498.
209. Zinberg, N. E. (1984) Drug, Set, and Setting: the Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. Yale University Press: New Haven.
210. Zocchi, A., Pert, A. (1994) Alterations in striatal acetylcholine overflow by cocaine, morphine, and MK-801: relationship to locomotor output. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 115, 297-304.
211. Zweifel, L.S., Argilli, E., Bonci, A., Palmiter, R.D. (2008) Role of NMDA receptors in dopamine neurons for plasticity and addictive behaviors. Neuron 59, 486-496.