Ecology and neurobiology of toxin avoidance and the paradox of drug reward

Neuroscience

Volumn 160, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 69-84

  Hagen, E H ^a   Sullivan, R J ^b,c   Schmidt, R ^d,e   Morris, G ^e,f   Kempter, R ^d,e,g   Hammerstein, P ^d  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^e BERNSTEIN CENTER FOR COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE   (Germany)

^f CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^g NeuroCure Center for Neurosciences   (Germany)

Author keywords

aversive learning; dopamine; nicotine; pharmacophagy; psychoactive substance use; reward learning

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; DOPAMINE; NEUROTOXIN; NICOTINE; OPIATE DERIVATIVE; PLANT TOXIN;

APPETITE; AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; HERBIVORE; HUMAN; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; REWARD; TASTE AVERSION;

ANIMALS; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; BRAIN; DOPAMINE; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NEURONS; NEUROTOXINS; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; PLANTS; REWARD; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 63649160471     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.077     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Arnsten A.F.T., and Li B.M. Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical functions. Biol Psychiatry 57 11 (2005) 1377-1384
2. Baldwin I.T. An ecologically motivated analysis of plant-herbivore interactions in native tobacco. Plant Physiol 127 4 (2001) 1449-1458
3. Balfour D.J.K. Neuroplasticity within the mesoaccumbens dopamine system and its role in tobacco dependence. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 1 4 (2002) 413-421
4. Balleine B.W., and Killcross S. Parallel incentive processing: an integrated view of amygdala function. Trends Neurosci 29 5 (2006) 272-279
5. Barber T.A., Klunk A.M., Howorth P.D., Pearlman M.F., and Patrick K.E. A new look at an old task: advantages and uses of sickness-conditioned learning in day-old chicks. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 60 2 (1998) 423-430
6. Barbosa P., Gross P., and Kemper J. Influence of plant allelochemicals on the tobacco hornworm and its parasitoid Cotesia congregata. Ecology 72 5 (1991) 1567-1575
7. Barbosa P., Saunders J.A., Kemper J., Trumbule R., Olechno J., and Martinat P. Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids: effects of nicotine on Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Hyposoter annulipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J Chem Ecol 12 6 (1986) 1319-1328
8. Barron A.B., Maleszka R., Helliwell P.G., and Robinson G.E. Effects of cocaine on honey bee dance behaviour. J Exp Biol 212 2 (2009) 163-168
9. Basbaum A.I., and Fields H.L. Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis. Ann Neurol 4 (1978) 451-462
10. Berridge K.C. The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191 3 (2007) 391-431
11. Berridge K.C., and Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 28 3 (1998) 309-369
12. Billing J., and Sherman P.W. Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot. Q Rev Biol 73 1 (1998) 3-49
13. Blair K., Marsh A.A., Morton J., Vythilingam M., Jones M., Mondillo K., Pine D.C., Drevets W.C., and Blair J.R. Choosing the lesser of two evils, the better of two goods: specifying the roles of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate in object choice. J Neurol Sci 26 44 (2006) 11379-11386
14. Boatman J.A., and Kim J.J. A thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway mediates auditory fear conditioning in the intact brain. Eur J Neurosci 24 3 (2006) 894-900
15. Boppré M. Redefining "pharmacophagy.". J Chem Ecol 10 7 (1984) 1151-1154
16. Cappell H., LeBlanc A.E., and Endrenyi L. Aversive conditioning by psychoactive drugs: effects of morphine, alcohol and chlordiazepoxide. Psychopharmacology 29 3 (1973) 239-246
17. Castane A., Soria G., Ledent C., Maldonado R., and Valverde O. Attenuation of nicotine-induced rewarding effects in A2A knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 51 3 (2006) 631-640
18. Chaperon F., and Thiebot M.H. Behavioral effects of cannabinoid agents in animals. Crit Rev Neurobiol 13 3 (1999) 243-281
19. Corbetta M., Patel G., and Shulman G.L. The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron 58 (2008) 306-324
20. Daly J.W., Kaneko T., Wilham J., Garraffo H.M., Spande T.F., Espinosa A., and Donnelly M.A. Bioactive alkaloids of frog skin: combinatorial bioprospecting reveals that pumiliotoxins have an arthropod source. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 22 (2002) 13996-14001
21. Dani J.A. Overview of nicotinic receptors and their roles in the central nervous system. Biol Psychiatry 49 3 (2001) 166-174
22. Davis M. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu Rev Neurosci 15 (1992) 353-375
23. Daw N.D., Kakade S., and Dayan P. Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine. Neural Netw 15 4-6 (2002) 603-616
24. de Landoni J.H. Nicotine. Poisons information monographs. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Last accessed March 6, 2009. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/nicotine.htm
25. Delgado M.R., Olsson A., and Phelps E.A. Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans. Biol Psychiatry 73 1 (2006) 39-48
26. Diamond J.M. The third chimpanzee. HarperCollins (1992)
27. Di Chiara G., and Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 14 (1988) 5274-5278
28. Dicke M., and Sabelis M.W. Infochemical terminology: based on cost-benefit analysis rather than origin of compounds?. Funct Ecol 2 2 (1988) 131-139
29. Dickinson A., and Dearing M.F. Appetitive-aversive interactions and inhibitory processes (1979), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 203-231
30. Dickinson A., and Mackintosh N.J. Classical conditioning in animals. Annu Rev Psychol 29 1 (1978) 587-612
31. DiFranza J.R., Savageau J.A., Fletcher K., Ockene J.K., Rigotti N.A., McNeill A.D., Coleman M., and Wood C. Recollections and repercussions of the first inhaled cigarette. Addict Behav 29 2 (2004) 261-272
32. Dunsmoor J.E., Bandettini P.A., and Knight D.C. Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during pavlovian conditioning. Neuroimage 40 (2008) 811-817
33. Eisner T., and Grant R. Toxicity, odor aversion, and olfactory aposematism. Science 213 4506 (1981) 476
34. Eissenberg T., and Balster R.L. Initial tobacco use episodes in children and adolescents: current knowledge, future directions. Drug Alcohol Depend 59 1 (2000) S41-S60
35. El-Heneidy A.H., Barbosa P., and Gross P. Influence of dietary nicotine on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and its parasitoid, the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter annulipes. Entomol Exp Applicata 46 3 (1988) 227-232
36. Ettenberg A. Opponent process properties of self-administered cocaine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 8 (2004) 721-728
37. Everitt B.J., and Robbins T.W. Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Annu Rev Int Psychol 48 1 (1997) 649-684
38. Everitt B.J., and Robbins T.W. Neural systems of reward for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 8 (2005) 1481-1489
39. Ezzati M., and Lopez A.D. Smoking and oral tobacco use. In: Ezzati M., Lopez A.D., Rogers A., and Murray C.J.L. (Eds). Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors (2004), WHO, Geneva 883-957
40. Fabricant D.S., and Farnsworth N.R. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 1 (2001) 69-75
41. Fagen Z.M., Mansvelder H.D., Keath J.R., and McGehee D.S. Short- and long-term modulation of synaptic inputs to brain reward areas by nicotine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003 (2003) 185-195
42. Fanselow E.E., and Gale G.D. The amygdala, fear, and memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 985 (2003) 125-134
43. Fendt M., and Fanselow M.S. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23 5 (1999) 743-760
44. Field C.B., Behrenfeld M.J., Randerson J.T., and Falkowski P. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281 5374 (1998) 237-240
45. Filip M., Frankowska M., Zaniewska M., Golda A., and Przegalinski E. The serotonergic system and its role in cocaine addiction. Pharmacol Rep 57 6 (2005) 685-700
46. Fink-Jensen A., Fedorova I., Wörtwein G., Woldbye D.P.D., Rasmussen T., Thomsen M., Bolwig T.G., Knitowski K.M., McKinzie D.L., Yamada M., Wess J., and Basile A. Role for m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci Res 74 (2003) 91-96
47. Foulds J., Stapleton J.A., Bell N., Swettenham J., Jarvis M.J., and Russell M.A.H. Mood and physiological effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 44 2-3 (1997) 105-115
48. Freeman K.B., Verendeev A., and Riley A.L. Noradrenergic antagonism enhances the conditioned aversive effects of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 88 4 (2008) 523-532
49. Frey P.W., Maisiak R., and Dugue G. Unconditional stimulus characteristics in rabbit eyelid conditioning. J Expert Psychol Anim Biobehav Proc 2 2 (1976) 175-190
50. Gable R.S. Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances. Addiction 99 6 (2004) 686-696
51. Giurfa M. Associative learning: the instructive function of biogenic amines. Curr Biol 16 20 (2006) 892-895
52. Glanzman D.L. Associative learning: Hebbian flies. Curr Biol 15 11 (2005) R416-R419
53. Gosselin R.E., Smith R.P., and Hodge H.C. Of commercial products. Clinical toxicology II. 5th ed. (1984), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
54. Gotti C., and Clementi F. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to pathology. Prog Neurobiol 74 6 (2004) 363-396
55. Grewal P.S. Nematicidal effects of some plant-extracts to Aphelenchoides composticola (Nematoda) infesting mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Rev Nématol 12 3 (1989) 317-322
56. Guimaraes F.S., DelBel E.A., Padovan C.M., Netto S.M., and de Almeida R.T. Hippocampal 5-ht receptors and consolidation of stressful memories. Behav Brain Res 58 1-2 (1993) 133-139
57. Guindon G.E., and Boisclair D. Past, current and future trends in tobacco use. Economics of Tobacco Control Discussion Papers (2003)
58. Hall F.S., Sora I., Drgonova J., Li X.F.E.I., Goeb M., and Uhl G.R. Molecular mechanisms underlying the rewarding effects of cocaine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1025 (2004) 47-56
59. Hammond J.A., Fielding D., and Bishop S.C. Prospects for plant anthelmintics in tropical veterinary medicine. Vet Res Commun 21 (1997) 213-228
60. Harper J.L. Population biology of plants (1977), Academic Press, London
61. Hill E.M., and Chow K. Life-history theory and risky drinking. Addiction 97 4 (2002) 401-413
62. Hills T. Animal foraging and the evolution of goal-directed cognition. Cogn Sci 30 (2006) 3-41
63. Hnasko T.S., Sotak B.N., and Palmiter R.D. Cocaine-conditioned place preference by dopamine-deficient mice is mediated by serotonin. J Neurol Sci 27 46 (2007) 12484-12488
64. Hollingsworth R.G., Armstrong J.W., and Campbell E. Caffeine as a novel toxicant for slugs and snails. Ann Appl Biol 142 1 (2003) 91-97
65. Horvitz J.C. Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience 96 4 (2000) 651-656
66. Hosokawa T., Kato K., Inoue M., and Mikami A. Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative preference of both rewarding and aversive outcomes. Neurosci Res 57 3 (2007) 434-445
67. Howitz K.T., and Sinclair D.A. Xenohormesis: sensing the chemical cues of other species. Cell 133 (2008) 387-391
68. Huffman M.A. Current evidence for self-medication in primates: A multidisciplinary perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 104 S25 (1997) 171-200
69. Huffman M.A. Primate self-medication. In: Campbell C., Fuentes A., MacKinnon K., Panger M., and Bearder S. (Eds). Primates in perspective (2007), University of Oxford Press, Oxford 677-690
70. Hukkanen J., Jacob P., and Benowitz N.L. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol Rev 57 1 (2005) 79-115
71. Hunt T., and Amit Z. Conditioned taste aversion induced by self-administered drugs: paradox revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 11 1 (1987) 107-130
72. Hyman S.E., Malenka R.C., and Nestler E.J. Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 29 (2006) 565-598
73. Ignelzi R.J., and Atkinson J.H. Pain and its modulation. Part 2. Efferent mechanisms. Neurosurgery 6 (1980) 584-590
74. Iqbal Z., Lateef M., Jabbar A., Ghayur M.N., and Gilani A.H. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Phytother Res 20 1 (2006) 46-48
75. Jackson F.L.C. Two evolutionary models for the interactions of dietary organic cyanogens, hemoglobins, and falciparum malaria. Am J Hum Biol 2 (1990) 521-532
76. Jackson F.L.C. The coevolutionary relationship of humans and domesticated plants. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 39 (1996) 161-176
77. Johansen J.P., and Fields H.L. Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces an aversive teaching signal. Nat Neurosci 7 4 (2004) 398-403
78. Johns T. With bitter herbs they shall eat it: chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine (1990), University of Arizona Press, Tucson
79. Kabelik J., Krejei Z., and Santavy F. Cannabis as a medicament. Bull Narc 12 (1960) 5-23
80. Kalivas P.W., and Volkow N.D. The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1403-1413
81. Karban R., and Agrawal A.A. Herbivore offense. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33 (2002) 641-664
82. Karban R., and Baldwin I.T. Induced responses to herbivory (1997), Chicago University Press
83. Karban R., and English-Loeb G. Tachinid parasitoids affect host plant choice by caterpillars to increase caterpillar survival. Ecology 78 2 (1997) 603-611
84. Kelley A.E., and Berridge K.C. The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. J Neurol Sci 22 9 (2002) 3306-3311
85. Kessler A., and Baldwin I.T. Defensive function of herbivore-induced plant volatile emissions in nature. Science 291 5511 (2001) 2141-2144
86. Kessler D., Gase K., and Baldwin I.T. Field experiments with transformed plants reveal the sense of floral scents. Science 321 5893 (2008) 1200-1202
87. Kester K.M., and Barbosa P. Behavioral responses to host foodplants of two populations of the insect parasitoid Cotesia congregata (Say). Oecologia 99 1 (1994) 151-157
88. Klosterhalfen S., and Klosterhalfen W. Conditioned taste aversion and traditional learning. Psychol Res 47 2 (1985) 71-94
89. Kohler P. The biochemical basis of anthelmintic action and resistance. Int J Parasitol 31 4 (2001) 336-345
90. Koob G.F., and Le Moal M. Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the "dark side" of drug addiction. Nat Neurosci 8 (2005) 1442-1444
91. Korkosz A., Scinska A., Taracha E., Plaznik A., Kukwa A., Kostowski W., and Bienkowski P. Nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion in the rat: effects of ethanol. Eur J Pharmacol 537 1-3 (2006) 99-105
92. Laurent P., Braekman J.-C., and Daloze D. Insect chemical defense. Top Curr Chem 240 (2005) 167-229
93. Laviolette S.R., Alexson T.O., and van der Kooy D. Lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus block the rewarding effects and reveal the aversive effects of nicotine in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 22 19 (2002) 8653-8660
94. Laviolette S.R., and van der Kooy D. Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine transmission dramatically increases sensitivity to the rewarding effects of nicotine in the ventral tegmental area. Mol Psychiatry 8 1 (2003) 50-59
95. Laviolette S.R., and van der Kooy D. The motivational valence of nicotine in the rat ventral tegmental area is switched from rewarding to aversive following blockade of the alpha7-subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 166 3 (2003) 306-313
96. Laviolette S.R., and van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 5 1 (2004) 55-65
97. Law J.H., and Regnier F.E. Pheromones. Annu Rev Biochem 40 1 (1971) 533-548
98. Lee T., and Kim J.J. Differential effects of cerebellar, amygdalar, and hippocampal lesions on classical eyeblink conditioning in rats. J Neurol Sci 24 13 (2004) 3242-3250
99. Lev-Yadun S., and Gould K.S. What do red and yellow autumn leaves signal?. Bot Rev 73 4 (2007) 279-289
100. Lieberman H.R. Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance. Appetite 40 3 (2003) 245-254
101. Lüscher C., and Ungless M.A. The mechanistic classification of addictive drugs. PLoS Med 3 (2006) 2005-2010
102. Mallet J., and Joron M. Evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry: polymorphisms, shifting balance, and speciation. Annu Rev Int Ecol Syst 30 1 (1999) 201-233
103. Mameli-Engvall M., Evrard A., Pons S., Maskos U., Svensson T.H., Changeux J.-P., and Faure P. Hierarchical control of dopamine neuron-firing patterns by nicotinic receptors [comparative study]. Neuron 50 6 (2006) 911-921
104. Mansvelder H.D., De Rover M., McGehee D.S., and Brussaard A.B. Cholinergic modulation of dopaminergic reward areas: upstream and downstream targets of nicotine addiction. Eur J Pharmacol 480 1-3 (2003) 117-123
105. Mansvelder H.D., Keath J.R., and McGehee D.S. Synaptic mechanisms underlie nicotine-induced excitability of brain reward areas. Neuron 33 6 (2002) 905-919
106. Mansvelder H.D., and McGehee D.S. Long-term potentiation of excitatory inputs to brain reward areas by nicotine. Neuron 27 2 (2000) 349-357
107. Mappes J., Marples N., and Endler J.A. The complex business of survival by aposematism. Trends Ecol Evol 20 11 (2005) 598-603
108. Maren S. What the amygdala does and doesn't do in aversive learning. Learn Mem 10 5 (2003) 306-308
109. Maren S., and Quirk G.J. Neuronal signalling of fear memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 5 11 (2004) 844-852
110. Mayr E. Cause and effect in biology. Science 134 (1961) 1501-1506
111. McLaren I.P.L., and Dickinson A. The conditioning connection. Philos Trans Biol Sci 329 1253 (1990) 179-186
112. McPartland J.M. Cannabis as repellent and pesticide. J Int Hemp Assoc 4 2 (1997) 89-94
113. McPartland J.M., and Glass M. Nematicidal effects of hemp (Cannabis sativa) may not be mediated by cannabinoid receptors. N Z J Crop Hort Sci 29 (2001) 301-307
114. Montague P.R., Dayan P., and Sejnowski T.J. A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive hebbian learning [comparative study]. J Neurol Sci 16 5 (1996) 1936-1947
115. Morris G., Arkadir D., Nevet A., Vaadia E., and Bergman H. Coincident but distinct messages of midbrain dopamine and striatal tonically active neurons. Neuron 43 1 (2004) 133-143
116. Morris G., Nevet A., Arkadir D., Vaadia E., and Bergman H. Midbrain dopamine neurons encode decisions for future action. Nat Neurosci 9 8 (2006) 1057-1063
117. Msolla P., Mmbuji W.E., and Kasuku A.A. Field control of bovine parasitic otitis. Trop Anim Health Prod 19 3 (1987) 179-183
118. Nader K., Schafe G.E., and Le Doux J.E. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature 406 6797 (2000) 722-726
119. Nathanson J.A., Hunnicutt E.J., Kantham L., and Scavone C. Cocaine as a naturally occurring insecticide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 20 (1993) 9645-9648
120. Nesse R.M. Evolution and addiction. Addiction 97 4 (2002) 470-471
121. Nesse R.M., and Berridge K.C. Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective. Science 278 (1997) 63-66
122. Nestler E.J. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?. Nat Neurosci 8 (2005) 1445-1449
123. Nitschke J.B., Sarinopoulos I., Mackiewicz K.L., Schaefer H.S., and Davidson R.J. Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation. Neuroimage 29 1 (2006) 106-116
124. Nitschke J.B., Sarinopoulos I., Mackiewicz K.L., Schaefer H.S., and Davidson R.J. Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation. Neuroimage 29 1 (2006) 106-116
125. Nordlund D.A., and Lewis W.J. Terminology of chemical releasing stimuli in intraspecific and interspecific interactions. J Chem Ecol 2 2 (1976) 211-220
126. Novere N., and Changeux J.P. Molecular evolution of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: an example of multigene family in excitable cells. J Mol Evol 40 2 (1995) 155-172
127. Nuttley W.M., Harbinder S., and van der Kooy D. Regulation of distinct attractive and aversive mechanisms mediating benzaldehyde chemotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Learn Mem 8 3 (2001) 170-181
128. Ode P.J. Plant chemistry and natural enemy fitness: effects on herbivore and natural enemy interactions. Annu Rev Entomol 51 (2006) 163-185
129. Pan W.-X., Schmidt R., Wickens J.R., and Hyland B.I. Dopamine cells respond to predicted events during classical conditioning: evidence for eligibility traces in the reward-learning network. J Neurol Sci 25 26 (2005) 6235-6242
130. Parker L.A. Rewarding drugs produce taste avoidance, but not taste aversion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19 1 (1995) 143-151
131. Paton J.J., Belova M.A., Morrison S.E., and Salzman C.D. The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning. Nature 439 7078 (2006) 865-870
132. Pearce J.M., and Dickinson A. Pavlovian counterconditioning: changing the suppressive properties of shock by association with food. J Expert Psychol Anim Biobehav Proc 1 2 (1975) 170-177
133. Petzinger E., and Geyer J. Drug transporters in pharmacokinetics. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 372 6 (2006) 465-475
134. Price P.W., Bouton C.E., Gross P., McPheron B.A., Thompson J.N., and Weis A.E. Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 11 1 (1980) 41-65
135. Pucak M.L., and Grace A.A. Evidence that systemically administered dopamine antagonists activate dopamine neuron firing primarily by blockade of somatodendritic autoreceptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271 (1994) 1181-1192
136. Rao F.V., Andersen O.A., Vora K.A., DeMartino J.A., and van Aalten D.M.F. Methylxanthine drugs are chitinase inhibitors: investigation of inhibition and binding modes. Chem Biol 12 9 (2005) 973-980
137. Rescorla R.A. Effect of us habituation following conditioning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 82 1 (1973) 137-143
138. Reuter M., Ott U., Vaitl D., and Hennig J. Impaired executive control is associated with a variation in the promoter region of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene. J Cogn Neurosci 19 3 (2007) 401-408
139. Revusky S.H. Aversion to sucrose produced by contingent x-irradiation: temporal and dosage parameters. J Comp Physiol Psychol 65 1 (1968) 17-22
140. Revusky S.H., and Bedarf E.W. Association of illness with prior ingestion of novel foods. Science 155 759 (1967) 219-220
141. Rezvani A.H., and Levin E.D. Cognitive effects of nicotine. Biol Psychiatry 49 3 (2001) 258-267
142. Rice M.E., and Cragg S.J. Nicotine amplifies reward-related dopamine signals in striatum. Nat Neurosci 7 6 (2004) 583-584
143. Riemensperger T., Voller T., Stock P., Buchner E., and Fiala A. Punishment prediction by dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila [comparative study]. Curr Biol 15 21 (2005) 1953-1960
144. Risinger F.O., and Oakes R.A. Nicotine-induced conditioned place preference and conditioned place aversion in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51 2-3 (1995) 457-461
145. Robinson T.E., and Berridge K.C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev 18 3 (1993) 247-291
146. Rodriguez E., Cavin J.C., and West J.E. The possible role of Amazonian psychoactive plants in the chemotherapy of parasitic worms-a hypothesis. J Ethnopharmacol 6 3 (1982) 303-309
147. Room R. Room with a view: the dangerousness of drugs. Addiction 101 (2006) 166-168
148. Sahakian B., and Morein-Zamir S. Professor's little helper. Nature 450 7173 (2007) 1157-1159
149. Sarnyai Z., Sibille E.L., Pavlides C., Fenster R.J., McEwen B.S., and Toth M. Impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and functional abnormalities in the hippocampus in mice lacking serotonin (1a) receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 26 (2000) 14731-14736
150. Schroll C., Riemensperger T., Bucher D., Ehmer J., Voller T., Erbguth K., Gerber B., Hendel T., Nagel G., Buchner E., and Fiala A. Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae. Curr Biol 16 17 (2006) 1741-1747
151. Schultz J.C. Shared signals and the potential for phylogenetic espionage between plants and animals. Integr Comp Biol 42 3 (2002) 454-462
152. Schultz W. Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14 2 (2004) 139-147
153. Schultz W. Behavioral dopamine signals. Trends Neurosci 30 5 (2007) 203-210
154. Schultz W., Dayan P., and Montague P.R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275 5306 (1997) 1593-1599
155. Schwaerzel M., Monastirioti M., Scholz H., Friggi-Grelin F., Birman S., and Heisenberg M. Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in Drosophila. J Neurol Sci 23 33 (2003) 10495-10502
156. Seymour B., Daw N., Dayan P., Singer T., and Dolan R. Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum. J Neurol Sci 27 18 (2007) 4826-4831
157. Seymour B., Singer T., and Dolan R. The neurobiology of punishment. Nat Rev Neurosci 8 4 (2007) 300-311
158. Shoaib M. Is dopamine important in nicotine dependence?. J Physiol Paris 92 3-4 (1998) 229-233
159. Singer M.S., and Stireman J.O. Does anti-parasitoid defense explain host-plant selection by a polyphagous caterpillar?. Oikos 100 3 (2003) 554-562
160. Singh H.P., Batish D.R., and Kohli R.K. Autotoxicity: concept, organisms, and ecological significance. Crit Rev Plant Sci 18 6 (1999) 757-772
161. Smiley J.T., Horn J.M., and Rank N.E. Ecological effects of salicin at three trophic levels: new problems from old adaptations. Science 229 4714 (1985) 649-651
162. Smith J.E., Co C., Yin X., Sizemore G.M., Liguori A., Johnson W.E., and Martin T.J. Involvement of cholinergic neuronal systems in intravenous cocaine self-administration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 8 (2004) 841-850
163. Soranzo N., Bufe B., Sabeti P.C., Wilson J.F., Weale M.E., Marguerie R., Meyerhof W., and Goldstein D.B. Positive selection on a high-sensitivity allele of the human bitter-taste receptor TAS2R16. Curr Biol 15 14 (2005) 1257-1265
164. Spence M. Job market signaling. Q J Econ 87 3 (1973) 355-374
165. Steppuhn A., Gase K., Krock B., Halitschke R., and Baldwin I.T. Nicotine's defensive function in nature. PLoS Biol 2 (2004) 1074-1080
166. Sullivan R.J., and Hagen E.H. Psychotropic substance-seeking: evolutionary pathology or adaptation?. Addiction 97 (2002) 389-400
167. Sullivan R.J., Hagen E.H., and Hammerstein P. Revealing the paradox of drug reward in human evolution. Proc R Soc B 275 (2008) 1231-1241
168. Swain T. Secondary compounds as protective agents. Annu Rev 28 (1977) 479-501
169. Thorpe K.W., and Barbosa P. Effects of consumption of high and low nicotine tobacco by Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on survival of gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J Chem Ecol 12 6 (1986) 1329-1337
170. Thurston R., and Fox P.M. Inhibition by nicotine of emergence of Apanteles congregatus from its host, the tobacco hornworm. Ann Entomol Soc Am 65 (1972) 547-550
171. Tomizawa M., and Casida J.E. Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45 (2005) 247-268
172. Ungless M.A. Dopamine: the salient issue. Trends Neurosci 27 12 (2004) 702-706
173. Ungless M.A., Magill P.J., and Bolam J.P. Uniform inhibition of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area by aversive stimuli. Science 303 5666 (2004) 2040-2042
174. Unoki S., Matsumoto Y., and Mizunami M. Participation of octopaminergic reward system and dopaminergic punishment system in insect olfactory learning revealed by pharmacological study. Eur J Neurosci 22 6 (2005) 1409-1416
175. Unoki S., Matsumoto Y., and Mizunami M. Roles of octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons in mediating reward and punishment signals in insect visual learning. Eur J Neurosci 24 7 (2006) 2031-2038
176. Vergoz V., Roussel E., Sandoz J.C., and Giurfa M. Aversive learning in honeybees revealed by the olfactory conditioning of the sting extension reflex. PLoS ONE 2 (2007) e288
177. Vet L.E.M., and Dicke M. Ecology of infochemical by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annu Rev Entomol 37 (1992) 141-172
178. Villalba J.J., and Provenza F.D. Self-medication and homeostatic behaviour in herbivores: learning about the benefits of nature's pharmacy. Animals 1 09 (2007) 1360-1370
179. Wallace A.R. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London. Volume 4 (1867) IXXX-IXXXi
180. Wallace A.R. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications (1889), Macmillan, London
181. Walters E.T., Carew T.J., and Kandel E.R. Classical conditioning in Aplysia californica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76 12 (1979) 6675-6679
182. Walters E.T., Carew T.J., and Kandel E.R. Associative learning in Aplysia: evidence for conditioned fear in an invertebrate. Science 211 4481 (1981) 504-506
183. Wang S.H., Ostlund S.B., Nader K., and Balleine B.W. Consolidation and reconsolidation of incentive learning in the amygdala. J Neurol Sci 25 4 (2005) 830-835
184. Wang X., Thomas S.D., and Zhang J. Relaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes. Hum Mol Genet 13 21 (2004) 2671-2678
185. West R. Theories of addiction. Addiction 96 1 (2001) 3-13
186. Wilensky A.E., Schafe G.E., Kristensen M.P., and LeDoux J.E. Rethinking the fear circuit: the central nucleus of the amygdala is required for the acquisition, consolidation, and expression of pavlovian fear conditioning. J Neurol Sci 26 48 (2006) 12387-12396
187. Wink M. Chemical ecology of alkaloids. In: Roberts M.F., and Wink M. (Eds). Alkaloids: biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications (1998), Plenum Press, New York 265-300
188. Wink M. Interference of alkaloids with neuroreceptors and ion channels. Stud Natl Prod Chem 21 (2000) 3-122
189. Wink M. Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and molecular phylogenetic perspective. Phytochemistry 64 1 (2003) 3-19
190. Wink M. Importance of plant secondary metabolites for protection against insects and microbial infections. In: Rai M., and Carpinella M.C. (Eds). Naturally occurring bioactive compounds (2006), Elsevier 251-268
191. Wink M., and Schimmer O. Modes of action of defensive secondary metabolites. In: Wink M. (Ed). Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology, Vol. 3. Annual plant reviews (1999), Blackwell 17-133
192. Wink M., Schmeller T., and Latz-Brüning B. Modes of action of allelochemical alkaloids: interaction with neuroreceptors, DNA, and other molecular targets. J Chem Ecol 24 11 (1998) 1881-1937
193. Wise R.A., and Rompre P.P. Brain dopamine and reward. Annu Rev Psychol 40 (1989) 191-225
194. Wise R.A., Spindler J., deWit H., and Gerberg G.J. Neuroleptic-induced "anhedonia" in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food. Science 201 4352 (1978) 262-264
195. Wise R.A., Yokel R.A., and DeWit H. Both positive reinforcement and conditioned aversion from amphetamine and from apomorphine in rats. Science 191 4233 (1976) 1273-1275
196. Wolf F.W., and Heberlein U. Invertebrate models of drug abuse. J Neurobiol 54 1 (2003) 161-178
197. World Health Organization. Guidelines for surveillance, prevention and control of echinococcosis/hydatidosis. In: Eckert J., Gemmell M.A., and Souslby E.J.L. (Eds). Echinococcosis-hydatidosis surveillance, prevention and control (1981), FAO/UNEP/WHO 147
198. Wu Q., Reith M.E.A., Walker Q.D., Kuhn C.M., Carroll F.I., and Garris P.A. Concurrent autoreceptor-mediated control of dopamine release and uptake during neurotransmission: an in vivo voltammetric study. J Neurol Sci 22 14 (2002) 6272-6281
199. Yamamoto T. Neural substrates for the processing of cognitive and affective aspects of taste in the brain. Arch Histol Cytol 69 4 (2006) 243-255
200. Zahavi A. Mate selection-a selection for a handicap. J Theor Biol 53 (1975) 205-214
201. Zald D.H., and Pardo J.V. The neural correlates of aversive auditory stimulation. Neuroimage 16 3 Pt 1 (2002) 746-753
202. Zhang H., and Sulzer D. Frequency-dependent modulation of dopamine release by nicotine. Nat Neurosci 7 6 (2004) 581-582