Initial tobacco use episodes in children and adolescents: Current knowledge, future directions

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 59, Issue , 2000, Pages 41-60

  Eissenberg, Thomas ^a   Balster, Robert L ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent smoking; Children; Cigarettes; Experimental tobacco use; Initial tobacco use; Review; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

COTININE; NICOTINE; TOBACCO SMOKE;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONFERENCE PAPER; ETHICS; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK; SMOKING; TOBACCO; TOPOGRAPHY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; COTININE; FEMALE; FORECASTING; HUMANS; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; PLANTS, TOXIC; RESEARCH DESIGN; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SMOKING; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION; TOBACCO, SMOKELESS;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 0034038893     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00164-7     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Arnold L.E. A comparative overview of treatment research methodology: adult versus child and adolescent, psychopharmacological versus psychosocial treatments. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 29:1993;5-17.
2. Arnold L.E., Stoff D.M., Cook E. Jr, Cohen D.J., Kruesi M., Wright C., Hattab J., Graham P., Zametkin A., Castellanos F.X., McMahon W., Leckman J.F. Ethical issues in biological and psychiatric research with children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 34:1995;929-939.
3. Ashton H., Watson D.W. Puffing frequency and nicotine intake in cigarette smokers. Br. Med. J. 3:1970;679-681.
4. Bachman J.G., Wadsworth K.N., O'Malley P.M., Johnston L.D., Schulenberg J.E. Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use in Young Adulthood: The Impacts of New Freedoms and New Responsibilities. 1997;Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey.
5. Baldinger B., Hasenfratz M., Battig K. Effects of smoking abstinence and nicotine abstinence on heart rate, activity and cigarette craving under field condition. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 10:1995;127-136.
6. Bauman K.E., Koch G.G., Bryan E.S., Haley N.J., Downton M.I., Orlandi M.A. On the measurement of tobacco use in adolescents. Validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use and validity of cotinine as an indicator of cigarette smoking. Am. J. Epidemiol. 130:1989;327-337.
7. Bauman K.E., Foshee V.A., Haley N.J. The interaction of sociological and biological factors in adolescent cigarette smoking. Addict. Behav. 17:1992;459-467.
8. Benowitz N.L. Systemic absorption and effects of nicotine from smokeless tobacco. Adv. Dental Res. 11:1997;336-341.
9. Benowitz N.L., Hall S.M., Herning R.I., Jacob P. III, Jones R.T., Osman A.-L. Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. New Engl. J. Med. 309:1983;139-142.
10. Benowitz N.L., Porchet H., Sheiner L., Jacob P. Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44:1988;23-28.
11. Bernstein G.A., Carroll M.E., Crosby R.D., Perwien A.R., Go F.S., Benowitz N.L. Caffeine effects in learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school-age children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 33:1994;407-415.
12. Bewley B.R., Bland J.M., Harris R. Factors associated with the starting of cigarette smoking by primary school children. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 28:1974;37-44.
13. Bono R., Russo R., Arossa W., Scursatone E., Gilli G. Involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in adolescents: urinary cotinine and environmental factors. Arch. Environ. Health. 51:1996;127-131.
14. Boyle R.G., Jensen J., Hatsukami D.K., Severson H.H. Measuring dependence in smokeless tobacco users. Addict. Behav. 20:1995;443-450.
15. Bridges R.B., Combs J.G., Humble J.W., Turbek J.A., Rehm S.R., Haley N.J. Puffing topography as a determinant of smoke exposure. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 37:1990;29-39.
16. Brown R.A., Lewinsohn P.M., Seeley J.R., Wagner E.F. Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 35:1996;1602-1610.
17. Burchfiel C.M., Higgins M.W., Kellar J.B., Butler W.J., Donahue R.P. Initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents of Tecumseh, Michigan. Am. J. Epidemiol. 130:1989;410-415.
18. Butschky M.F., Bailey D., Henningfield J.E., Pickworth W.B. Smoking without nicotine delivery decreases withdrawal in 12-h abstinent smokers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50:1994;91-96.
19. Chan C.-C., Chen Y.-C., Wang J.-D. Comparison of questionnaires, cigarette butt counts, and nicotine concentration measurements in predicting schoolchildren nicotine exposure. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53:1994;524-528.
20. Charlin V.L., Sussman S., Dent C.W., Stacy A.W., Graham J.W., Baravich M., Hahn G., Burton D., Flay B.R. Three methods of assessing adolescent school-level experimentation of tobacco products. Eval. Rev. 14:1990;297-307.
21. Chassin L., Presson C.C., Sherman S.J., Edwards D.A. The natural history of cigarette smoking: predicting young-adult smoking outcomes from adolescent smoking patterns. Health Psychol. 9:1990;701-716.
22. Cohen S.J., Katz D.P., Drook C.A., Christen A.G., McDonald J.L., Olson B.L., Cloys L.A., Stookey G.K. Overreporting of smokeless tobacco use by adolescent males. J. Behav. Med. 11:1988;383-393.
23. Colby, S.M., Tiffany, S.T., Shiffman, S., Niaura, R.S., 2000. Measuring nicotine dependence among youth: a review of available approaches and instruments. Drug Alcohol Depend. (in press).
24. Cook D.G., Whincup P.H., Papacosta O., Strachan D.P., Jarvis M.J., Bryant A. Relation of passive smoking as assessed by salivary cotinine concentration and questionnaire to spirometric indices in children. Thorax. 48:1993;14-20.
25. Curry S.J., Peterson A.V. Jr, Mann S.L. Investigation of first opportunities to use cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. Health Educ. Res. 4:1989;27-34.
26. Davis T.C., Arnold C., Nandy I., Bocchini J.A., Gottlieb A., George R.B., Berkel H. Tobacco use among male high school athletes. J. Adolesc. Health. 21:1997;97-101.
27. Djordjevic M.V., Fan J., Ferguson S., Hoffman D. Self-regulation of smoking intensity. Smoke yields of the low-nicotine, low-'tar' cigarettes. Carcinogenesis. 16:1995;2015-2021.
28. Djordjevic M.V., Hoffman D., Hoffmann I. Nicotine regulates smoking patterns. Prevent. Med. 26:1997;435-440.
29. Eissenberg, T., Adams, C., Riggins, E.C.R. III, Likness, M., 2000. Smokers' sex and the effects of tobacco cigarettes: subject-rated and physiological measures. Nicotine Tobacco Res. (in press).
30. Elder J.P., De Moor C., Young R.L., Wildey M.B., Molgaard C.A., Golbeck A.L., Sallis J.F., Stern R.A. Stages of adolescent tobacco-use acquisition. Addict. Behav. 15:1990;449-454.
31. Ershler J., Leventhal H., Fleming R., Glynn K. The quitting experience for smokers in sixth through twelfth grades. Addict. Behav. 14:1989;365-378.
32. Escobedo L.G., Anda R.F., Smith P.F., Remington P.L., Mast E.E. Sociodemographic characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States. Implications for smoking prevention policy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 264:1990;1550-1555.
33. Fagerstrom K.O. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict. Behav. 3:1978;235-241.
34. Fant, R.V., Henningfield, J.E., Nelson, R.A., Pickworth, W.B., 2000. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans. Tobacco Control (in press).
35. Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products to protect children and adolescents: final rule. Fed. Reg. 61:1996;44396-45318. August 28, 21 CFR Part 801, et al.
36. Foulds J., Stapelton J.A., Bell N., Swettenham J., Jarvis M., Russell M.A.H. Mood and physiological effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 44:1997;105-115.
37. Fowler J.S., Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Pappas N., Logan J., MacGregor R., Alexoff D., Wolf A.P., Warner D., Cilento R., Zezulkova I. Neuropharmacological actions of cigarette smoke: brain monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibition. J. Addict. Dis. 17:1998;23-34.
38. Friedman L.S., Lichtenstein E., Biglan A. Smoking onset among teens, an empirical analysis of initial situations. Addict. Behav. 10:1985;1-13.
39. Gorsuch R.L., Butler M.C. Initial drug abuse: a review of social predisposing psychological factors. Psychol. Bull. 83:1976;120-137.
40. Gritz E.R., Baer-Weiss V., Benowitz N.L., Van Vunakis H., Jarvik M.E. Plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations in habitual smokeless tobacco users. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 30:1981;201-209.
41. Grodin M.A., Alpert J.J. Children as participants in medical research. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 35:1988;1389-1401.
42. Hahn G., Charlin V.L., Sussman S., Dent C.W., Flay B., Hansen W.B., Burton D. Adolescents' first and most recent use situations of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes: similarities and differences. Addict. Behav. 15:1990;439-448.
43. Hatsukami D., Morgan S.F., Pickens R.W., Hughes J.R. Smoking topography in a non-laboratory environment. Int. J. Addict. 22:1987;719-725.
44. Hatsukami D., Anton D., Keenan R., Callies A. Smokeless tobacco abstinence effects and nicotine gum dose. Psychopharmacology. 106:1992;60-66.
45. Henningfield J.E., Keenan R.M. Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61:1993;743-750.
46. Henningfield J.E., Nemeth-Coslett R. Nicotine dependence: interface between tobacco and tobacco-related disease. Chest. 93:1988;37S-55S.
47. Henningfield J.E., Yingling J., Griffiths R.R., Pickens R. An inexpensive portable device for measuring puffing behavior by cigarette smokers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 12:1980;811-813.
48. Henningfield J.E., Fant R.V., Tomar S.L. Smokeless tobacco: an addictive drug. Adv. Dental Res. 11(3):1997;330-335.
49. Herning R.I., Jones R.T., Benowitz N.L., Mines A.H. How a cigarette is smoked determines blood nicotine levels. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 33:1983;84-90.
50. Hirschman R.S., Leventhal H., Glynn K. The development of smoking behavior: conceptualization and supportive cross-sectional survey data. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 14:1984;184-206.
51. Hofer I., Nil R., Wyss F., Battig K. The contribution of cigarette yield, consumption, inhalation and puffing behaviour to the prediction of smoke exposure. Clin. Invest. 70:1992;343-351.
52. Jarvis M.J., McNeill A.D., Bryant A., Russell M.A.H. Factors determining exposure to passive smoking in young adults living at home: quantitative analysis using saliva cotinine concentrations. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20:1981;126-131.
53. Jarvis M.J., Tunstall-Pedoe H., Feyerabend C., Vesey C., Salloojee Y. Biochemical markers of smoke absorption and self reported exposure to passive smoking. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 38:1984;335-339.
54. Jarvis M.J., Tunstall-Pedoe H., Feyerabend C., Vesey C., Salloojee Y. Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from non-smokers. Am. J. Public Health. 77:1987;1435-1438.
55. Kessler D.A., Natanblut S.L., Wilkenfeld J.P., Lorraine C.C., Mayl S.L., Bernstein I.B.G., Thompson L. Nicotine addiction, a pediatric disease. J. Pediatr. 130:1997;518-524.
56. Klin A., Cohen D.J. The immorality of not knowing: the ethical imperative to conduct research in child and adolescent psychiatry. Hattab J. Ethics in Child Psychiatry. 1994;Gelfen, Jerusalem, Israel.
57. Kozlowski L.T., Harford M.R. On the significance of never using a drug: an example from cigarette smoking. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 85:1976;433-434.
58. Levine R.J. Adolescents as research subjects without permission of their parents or guardians: ethical considerations. J. Adolesc. Health. 17:1995;287-297.
59. McAlister A.L., Krosnick J.A., Milburn M.A. Causes of adolescent cigarette smoking: tests of a structural equation model. Soc. Psychol. Q. 47:1984;24-36.
60. McNeill A.D. The development of dependence on smoking in children. Br. J. Addict. 86:1991;589-592.
61. McNeill A.D., West R.J., Jarvis M., Jackson P., Bryant A. Cigarette withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers. Psychopharmacology. 90:1986;533-536.
62. McNeill A.D., Jarvis M., West R. Subjective effects of cigarette smoking in adolescents. Psychopharmacology. 92:1987;115-117.
63. McNeill A.D., Jarvis M.J., West R., Russell M.A.H., Bryant A. Saliva cotinine as an indicator of cigarette smoking in adolescents. Br. J. Addict. 82:1987;1355-1360.
64. McNeill A.D., Jarvis M.J., Stapleton J.A., West R.J., Bryant A. Nicotine intake in young smokers: longitudinal study of saliva cotinine concentrations. Am. J. Public Health. 79:1989;172-175.
65. Moody P.M. Human smoking patterns and smoke deliveries. Int. J. Addict. 19:1984;431-439.
66. Najem G.R., Batuman F., Smith A.M., Feuerman M. Patterns of smoking among inner-city teenagers: smoking has a pediatric age of onset. J. Adolesc. Health. 20:1997;226-231.
67. NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Children as Participants in Research Involving Human Subjects. 1998;NIH, Washington, DC. NIH Guide, March 6.
68. Noland M.P., Kryscio R.J., Riggs R.S., Linville L.H., Perritt L.J., Tucker T.C. Saliva cotinine and thiocyanate: chemical indicators of smokeless tobacco use and cigarette use in adolescents. J. Behav. Med. 11:1988;423-433.
69. Olincey A., Young D.A., Freedman R. Increased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in schizophrenic smokers compared to other smokers. Biol. Psychiatr. 42:1997;1-5.
70. Pederson L.L., Koval J.J., O'Connor K. Are psychosocial factors related to smoking in grade-6 students? Addict. Behav. 22:1997;169-181.
71. Perkins K.A., Grobe J.E., Fonte C., Goettler J., Caggiula A.R., Reynolds W.A., Stiller R.L., Scierka A., Jacob R.G. Chronic and acute tolerance to subjective, behavioral, and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in humans. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270:1994;628-638.
72. Pershagen G. Smokeless tobacco. Br. Med. Bull. 52:1996;50-57.
73. Pickworth W.B., Bunker E.B., Henningfield J.E. Transdermal nicotine: reduction of smoking with minimal abuse liability. Psychopharmacology. 115:1994;9-14.
74. Pomerleau O.F., Collins A.C., Shiffman S., Pomerleau C.S. Why some people smoke and others do not: new perspectives. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61:1993;723-731.
75. Pomerleau O.F., Pomerleau C.S., Namenek R.J. Early experiences with tobacco among women smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers. Addiction. 93:1998;595-599.
76. Prokhorov A.V., Pallonen U.E., Fava J.L., Ding L., Niaura R. Measuring nicotine dependence among high-risk adolescent smokers. Addict. Behav. 21:1996;117-127.
77. Rieben F.W. Smoking behaviour and increase in nicotine and carboxyhaemoglobin in venous blood. Clin. Invest. 70:1992;335-342.
78. Riley W.T., Kaugers G.E., Grisius T.M., Page D.G., Burns J.C., Svirsky J.A. Adult smokeless tobacco use and age of onset. Addict. Behav. 21:1996;135-138.
79. Rojas N.L., Killen J.D., Haydel K.F., Robinson T.N. Nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 152:1998;151-156.
80. Rudorfer M.V. Challenges in medication clinical trials. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 29:1993;35-44.
81. Russell M.A.H. The nicotine addiction trap: a 40-year sentence for four cigarettes. Br. J. Addict. 85:1990;293-300.
82. Russell M.A.H., Jarvis M.J., Devitt G., Feyerabend C. Nicotine intake in snuff users. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 283:1981;814-817.
83. Schuh K.J., Schuh L.M., Henningfield J.E., Stitzer M.L. Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler: abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacology. 130:1997;352-361.
84. Severson H.H., Eakin E.G., Lichtenstein E., Stevens V.J. The inside scoop on the stuff called snuff: an interview study of 94 adult male smokeless tobacco users. J. Subst. Abuse. 2:1990;77-85.
85. Shadel, W.G., Shiffman, S., Niaura, R., Nichter, M., Abrams, D.B., 2000. Current models of nicotine dependence: what is known and what is needed to advance understanding of tobacco etiology among youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. (in press).
86. Shiffman S., Hickcox M., Paty J.A., Gnys M., Richards T., Kassel J.D. Individual differences in the context of smoking lapse episodes. Addict. Behav. 22:1997;797-811.
87. Silverstein B., Feld S., Kozlowski L.T. The availability of low-nicotine cigarettes as a cause of cigarette smoking among teenage females. J. Health Soc. Behav. 21:1980;383-388.
88. Silverstein B., Kelly E., Swan J., Kozlowski L.T. Physiological predisposition toward becoming a cigarette smoker: experimental evidence for a sex difference. J. Health Soc. Behav. 21:1982;383-388.
89. Simon T.R., Sussman S., Dent C.W., Burton D., Flay B.R. Prospective correlates of exclusive or combined adolescent use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: a replication-extension. Addict. Behav. 20:1995;517-524.
90. Soria R., Stapleton J.M., Gilson S.F., Sampson-Cone A., Henningfield J.E., London E.D. Subjective and cardiovascular effects of intravenous nicotine in smokers and non-smokers. Psychopharmacology. 128:1996;221-226.
91. Stanton W.R. DSM-III-R tobacco dependence and quitting during late adolescence. Addict. Behav. 20:1995;595-603.
92. Strachan D.P., Jarvis M.J., Feyerabend C. Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and middle ear effusion in 7-year-old children. Br. Med. J. 298:1989;1549-1552.
93. Sullivan, P.F., Kendlar, K.S., 2000. The genetic epidemiology of smoking. Nicotine Tobacco Res. (in press).
94. Sussman S., Hahn G., Dent C.W., Stacy A.W., Burton D., Flay B.R. Naturalistic observation of adolescent tobacco use. Int. J. Addict. 28:1993;803-811.
95. Tomar S.L., Giovino G.A. Incidence and predictors of smokeless tobacco use among US youth. Am. J. Public Health. 88:1998;20-26.
96. Trout D., Decker J., Mueller C., Bernert J.T., Pirkle J. Exposure of casino employees to environmental tobacco smoke. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 40:1998;270-276.
97. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report to the Surgeon General. 1994;US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA.
98. Reasons for tobacco use and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal among adolescent and young adult tobacco users - United States, 1993. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 43:1994;745-750.
99. Incidence of initiation of cigarette smoking - United States, 1965-1996. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 47:1998;837-840.
100. Tobacco use among high school students - United States, 1997. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 47:1998;229-233.
101. Selected cigarette smoking initiation and quitting behaviors among high school students - United States, 1997, 1998. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 47:1998;386-389.
102. Vitiello B., Jensen P.S. Medications development and testing in children and adolescents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54:1997;871-876.
103. Wiecha J.M. Differences in patterns of tobacco use in Vietnamese, African-American, Hispanic, And Caucasian adolescents in Worcester, Massachusetts. Am. J. Prev. Med. 12:1996;29-37.
104. Zacny J.P., Stitzer M.L. Effect of puff size instructions on puff volume. Addict. Behav. 11:1986;17-23.
105. Zacny J.P., Stitzer M.L., Brown F.J., Yingling J.E., Griffiths R.R. Human cigarette smoking: effects of puff and inhalation parameters on smoke exposure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 240:1987;554-564.