Addictive drugs as reinforcers: Multiple partial actions on memory systems

Addiction

Volumn 91, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 921-950

  White, Norman M ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; COCAINE; MORPHINE; NICOTINE;

BRAIN; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG MECHANISM; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; MONKEY; MOUSE; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; RAT; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW;

EID: 0030018068     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03586.x     Document Type: Review

References (303)

1. ABLEITNER, A. & HERZ, A. (1989) Limbic brain structures are important sites of kappa-opioid receptor-mediated actions in the rat: a [14C]-2-deoxyglucose study, Brain Research, 478, 326-336.
2. ALEXANDER, G. E., DELONG, M. R. & STRICK, P. L. (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357-381.
3. ALKANA, R. L. & PARKER, E. S. (1979) Memory facilitation by post-training injection of ethanol, Psych-opharmacology, 66, 117-119.
4. AMIT, Z. & STERN, M. H. (1969) Alcohol ingestion without oropharyngeal sensations, Psychonomic Science, 15, 162-163.
5. AMIT, Z. & SMITH, B. R. (1992) Differential ethanol intake in Tryon maze-bright and Tryon maze-dull rats: implications for the validity of the animal model of selectively bred rats for high ethanol consumption, Psychopharmacology, 108, 136-140.
6. AMIT, Z., BROWN, Z. & SKLAR, L. S. (1976) Intraventricular self-administration of morphine in naive laboratory rats, Psychopharmacology, 48, 291-294.
7. AMTT, Z., BROWN, Z. W., LEVITAN, D. E. & VGREN, S.-O. (1977) Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: I. Suppression of ethanol consumption in laboratory rats following dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibition, Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 230, 65-75.
8. BALLEINE, B. (1992) Instrumental performance following a shift in primary motivation depends on incentive learning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 18, 236-250.
9. BALSTER, R. L. & SCHUSTER, C. R. (1973) A comparison of d-amphetamine, 1-amphetamine, and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1, 67-71.
10. BEACH, H. D. (1957) Morphine addiction in rats, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 11, 104-112.
11. BECHARA, A. & VAN DER KOOY, D. (1985) Opposite motivational effects of endogenous opiods in brain and periphery, Nature, 314, 533-534.
12. BECHARA, A. & VAN DER KOOY, D. (1987) Kappa receptors mediate the peripheral aversive effects of opiates, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 28, 227-233.
13. BECHARA, A. & VAN DER KOOY, D. (1989) The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: a brain-stem output of the limbic system critical for the conditioned place preferences produced by morphine and amphetamine, Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 3400-3409.
14. BECHARA, A. & VAN DER KOOY, D. (1992) A single brain stem substrate mediates the motivational ef-fects of both opiates and food in nondeprived rats but not in deprived rats, Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 351-363.
15. BINDRA, D. (1969) The interrelated mechanisms of reinforcement and motivation, and the nature of their influence on response, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17, 1-37.
16. BINDRA, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 41-91.
17. BLAHA, C. D. & WINN, P. (1993) Modulation of dopamine efflux in the striatum following cholinergic stimulation of the substantia nigra in intact and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats, Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1035-1044.
18. BOYLE, A. E., SMITH, B. R., SPIVAK, K. & AMIT, Z. (1994) Voluntary ethanol consumption in rats: The importance of the exposure paradigm in determining final intake outcome, Behavioural Pharmacology, 5, 502-512.
19. BOZARTH, M. A. & WISE, R. A. (1981) Intracranial self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area in rats, Life Sciences, 28, 551-555.
20. BOZARTH, M. A. & WISE, R. A. (1988) Anatomically distinct opiate receptor fields mediate reward and physical dependence, Science, 224, 516-517.
21. BRAZELL, M. P., MITCHELL, S. N. & GRAY, J. A. (1991) Effect of acute administration of nicotine on in vivo release of noradrenaline in the hippocampus of freely-moving rats: a dose-response and antagonist study, Neuropharmacology, 30, 823-833.
22. BREESE, C. R., HAMPSON, R. E. & DEADWYLER, S. A. (1989) Hippocampal place cells: stereotypy and plasticity, Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1097-1111.
23. BROWN, E. E. & FIBIGER, H. C. (1993) Differential effects of excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala on cocaine-induced conditioned locomotion and conditioned place preference, Psychopharmacology, 113, 123-130.
24. BROWN, Z. W. & AMIT, Z. (1977) The effects of selective catecholamine depletions by 6-hydroxy-do-pamine on ethanol preference in rats, Neuroscience Letters, 5, 333-336.
25. BROWN, Z. W., AMIT, Z., LEVITAN, D. E., VGREN, S.-O. & SUTHERLAND, E. A. (1977) Noradrenergic mediadon of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: II. Extinction of ethanol drinking behavior in laboratory rats by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Implications for treatment procedures in human alcoholics, Archives Internationales de Pharma-codynamie et de Therapie, 230, 76-82.
26. BUTTERS, N., MARTONE, M., WHITE, B., GRANHOLM, E. & WOLFE, J. (1986) Clinical validators: comparisons of demented and amnesic patients, in: POON, L. (Ed. ) Handbook of Clinical Assessment of Memory, 337-352 (Washington, American Psychological Association).
27. CABANAC, M. & FERBER, C. (1987) Pleasure and preference in a two-dimensional sensory space, Appetite, 8, 15-28.
28. CABANAC, M., MINAIRE, Y. & ADAIR, E. R. (1968) Influence of internal factors on the pleasantness of a gustative sweet sensation, Communications in Behavioral Biology, 1, 77-82.
29. CAINE, S. B. & KOOB, G. F. (1994) Effects of mesolimbic dopamine depletion on responding maintained by cocaine and food, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 61, 213-221.
30. CANDLAND, D. K., FELL, J. P., KEEN, E., LESHNER, A. I., TARPY, R. M. & PLUTCHIK, R. (1977) Emotion (Monterey, CA, Brooks-Cole).
31. CANU, T., COOK, R. G. & MICZEK, K. A. (1990) Opiate antagonists enhance the working memory of rats in the radial maze, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 36, 521-525.
32. CARR, G. D. & WHITE, N. M. (1984) The relationship between stereotypy and memory improvement produced by amphetamine, Psychopharmacology, 82, 203-209.
33. CARR, G. D. & WHITE, N. M. (1986) Anatomical dissociation of amphetamine's rewarding and aversive effects: an intracranial microinjection study, Psychopharmacology, 89, 340-346.
34. CASTELLANO, C., LIBRI, V. & AMMASSARI-TEULE, M. (1988) The amygdala mediates the impairing effect of the selective k-opioid receptor agonist U-50, 488 on memory in CD1 mice, Behavioural Brain Research, 30, 251-258.
35. CASTELLANO, C., INTROINI-COLLISON, I. B., PAVONE, F. & McGAUGH, J. L. (1989) Effects of naloxone and naltrexone on memory consolidation in CD1 mice: involvement of GABAergic mechanisms, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 32, 563-567.
36. CAZALA, P., DARRACQ, C. & SAINT-MARC, M. (1987) Self-administration of morphine into the lateral hypothalamus in the mouse, Brain Research, 416, 283-288.
37. CLARKE, P. B. S. & FIBIGER, H. C. (1987) Apparent absence of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in rats, Psychopharmacology, 92, 84-88.
38. COHEN, N. J. & SQUIRE, L. R. (1980) Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing what, Science, 210, 207-209.
39. CORRIGALL, W. A. (1991) Understanding brain mechanisms in nicotine reinforcement, British Journal of Addictions, 86, 507-510.
40. CORRIGALL, W. A. & COEN, K. M. (1989) Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule, Psychopharmacology, 99, 473-178.
41. CORRIGALL, W. A. & COEN, K. M. (1991a) Cocaine self-administration is increased by both D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 39, 799-802.
42. CORRIGALL, W. A. & COEN, K. M. (1991b) Selective dopamine antagonists reduce nicotine self-administration, Psychopharmacology, 104, 171-176.
43. CORRIGALL, W. A. & LINSEMAN, M. A. (1988) Conditioned place preference produced by intrahippocampal morphine, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 30, 787-789.
44. CORRIGALL, W. A., FRANKLIN, K. B. J., COEN, K. M. & CLARKE, P. B. S. (1992) The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine, Psychopharmacology, 107, 285-289.
45. Cox, B. M., GOLDSTEIN, A. & NELSON, W. T. (1984) Nicotine self-administration in rats, British Journal of Pharmacology, 83, 49-55.
46. CROW, T. J. (1973) Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation: 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications, Psychological Medicine, 3, 66-73.
47. CUNNINGHAM, C. L. (1979) Flavor and location aversions produced by ethanol, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 27, 362-367.
48. CUNNINGHAM, C. L. & PRATHER, L. K. (1992) Conditioning trial duration affects ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice, Animal Learning and Behavior, 20, 187-194.
49. CUNNINGHAM, C. L., MALOTT, D. H., DICKINSON, S. D. & RISINGER, F. O. (1992) Haloperidol does not alter expression of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference, Behavioural Brain Research, 50, 1-5.
50. DAFNY, N., BROWN, M., BURKS, T. F. & RIGOR, B. M. (1979) Patterns of unit responses to incremental doses of morphine in central gray, reticular formation, medial thalamus, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, septum and hippocampus in unanesthetized rats, Neuropharmacology, 18, 489-495.
51. DAMSMA, G., WESTERINK, B. H. C., DE VRIES, J. B. & HORN, A. S. (1988) The effect of systemically applied cholinergic drugs on the striatal release of dopamine and its metabolites, as determined by automated brain dialysis in conscious rats, Neuroscience Letters, 89, 349-354.
52. DAVIDSON, T. L. & JARRARD, L. E. (1993) A role for hippocampus in the utilization of hunger signals, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 59, 167-171.
53. DAVIS, M. (1992) The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 353-375.
54. DEMINIERE, J. M., TAGHZOUTI, K., TASSIN, J. P., LE MOAL, M. & SIMON, H. (1988) Increased sensitivity to amphetamine and facilitation of amphetamine self-administration after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the amygdala, Psychopharmacology, 94, 232-236.
55. DENOBLE, V. J., MELE, P. C. & PORTER, J. H. (1985) Intravenous self-administration of pentobarbital and ethanol in rats, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 23, 759-763.
56. DEVINE, D. P. & WISE, R. A. (1994) Self-administration of morphine, DAMGO, and DPDPE into the ventral tegmental area of rats, Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 1978-1984.
57. DICHIARA, G., ACQUAS, E. & CARBONI, E. (1992) Drug motivation and abuse: a neurobiological perspective, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 207-219.
58. DIVAC, I. (1968) Functions of the caudate nucleus, Acta Biologiae Experimentalis (Warsaw), 28, 107-120.
59. DOTY, B. & DOTY, L. (1966) Facilitating effects of amphetamine on avoidance conditioning in relation to age and problem difficulty, Psychopharmacology, 9, 234-241.
60. DOUGHTERY, J., MILLER, D., TODD, G. & KOSTENBAUDER, H. B. (1981) Reinforcing and other behavioral effects of nicotine, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 5, 487-495.
61. DRUMMOND, D. C. (1991) Individual therapy with drug-takers: getting started, in: GLASS, I. B. (Ed.) Addiction Behaviour, pp. 240-243 (London, Tavistock/Routledge).
62. DUNN, L. T. & EVERITT, B. J. (1988) Double dissociations of the effects of amygdala and insular cortex lesions on conditioned taste aversion, passive avoidance and neophobia in the rat using the excitotoxin ibotenic acid, Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 3-23.
63. DWORKIN, S. I., GUERIN, G. F., Co, C., GOEDERS, N. E. & SMITH, J. E. (1988a) Lack of an effect of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens on intravenous morphine self-administration, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 30, 1051-1057.
64. DWORKIN, S. I., GUERIN, G. F., GOEDERS, N. E. & SMITH, J. E. (1988b) Kainic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuate morphine self-administration, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 29, 175-181.
65. ELKINS, R. L. (1980) Attenuation of X-ray-induced taste aversions by olfactory-bulb or amygdaloid lesions, Physiology and Behavior, 24, 515-521.
66. ESTES, W. K. (1991) Cognitive architectures from the standpoint of an experimental psychologist, Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 1-28.
67. EVANGELISTA, A. M., GATTONI, R. C. & IZQUIERDO, I. (1970) Effect of amphetamine, nicotine and hexamethonium on performance of a conditioned response during acquisition and retention trials, Psychopharmacology, 3, 91-96.
68. EVERITT, B. J., MORRIS, K. A., OBRIEN, A. & ROBBINS, T. W. (1991) The basolateral amygdala-ventral striatal system and conditioned place preference: further evidence of limbic-striatal interactions underlying reward-related processes, Neuroscience, 42, 1-18.
69. FAIMAN, C. P., DE ERAUSQUIN, G. A. & BARATTI, C. M. (1991) The enhancement of retention induced by vasopressin in mice may be mediated by an activation of central nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 56, 183-199.
70. FALKOWSKI, W. (1991) Group psychotherapy for alco-holics and drug addicts, in: GLASS, I. B. (Ed.) Addiction Behaviour, pp. 244-248 (London, Tavistock/Routledge).
71. FANSELOW, M. S. & KIM, J. J. (1994) Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala, Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 210-212.
72. FERRARI, C. M., O'CONNOR, D. A. & RILEY, A. L. (1991) Cocaine-induced taste aversions: effect of route of administration, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 38, 267-271.
73. FREUND, R. K., JUNGSCHAFFER, D. A. & COLLINS, A. C. (1990) Nicotine effects in mouse hippocampus are blocked by mecamylamine, but not other nicotinic antagonists, Brain Research, 511, 187-191.
74. GAFFAN, D. (1987) Amnesia, personal memory and the hippocampus: experimental neuropsychological studies in monkeys, in: STAHL, S. M., IVERSE.N, S. D. & GOODMAN, E. C. (Eds) Cognitive Neurochemistry, pp. 46-56 (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
75. GALLAGHER, M., KING, R. A. & YOUNG, N. B. (1983) Opiate antagonists improve spatial memory, Science, 221, 975-976.
76. GARCIA, J. & KOELLJNG, R. A. (1966) Relationship of cue to consequence in avoidance learning, Psychonomic Science, 7, 439-450.
77. GARCIA, J., HANKJNS,-W. G. & RUSINIAK, K. W. (1976) Flavor aversion studies, Science, 192, 265-266.
78. GARCIA, J. & KIMELDORF, D. J. (1957) Temporal relationship within the conditioning of a saccharine aversion through radiation exposure, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50, 180-183.
79. GARG, M. & HOLLAND, H. C. (1968) Consolidation and maze learning: a further study of post-trial injections of a stimulant drug (nicotine), International Journal of Neuropharmacology, 7, 55-59.
80. GEORGE, F. R. (1993) Genetic models in the study of alcoholism and substance abuse mechanisms, Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 17, 345-361.
81. GERFEN, C. R. (1992) The neostriatal mosaic: Multiple levels of compattmentaL organization in the basal ganglia, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 285-320.
82. GILL, K., FRANCE, C. & AMIT, Z. (1986) Voluntary ethanol consumption in rats: an examination of blood/brain ethanol levels and behavior, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 10, 457-462.
83. GUCK, S. D., Cox, R. D. & CRANE, A. M. (1975) Changes in morphine self-administration and morphine dependence after lesions of the caudate nucleus in rats, Psychopharmacology, 41, 219-224.
84. GLICKMAN, S. E. & SCHIFF, B. B. (1967) A biological theory of reinforcement, Psychological Review, 74, 81-109.
85. GOEDERS, N. E. & SMITH, J. E. (1983) Cortical dopaminergic involvement in cocaine reinforcement, Science, 221, 773-775.
86. GOEDERS, N. E. & SMITH, J. E. (1986) Reinforcing properties of cocaine in the medial prefrontal cortex: primary action on presynaptic dopaminergic terminals, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 25, 191-199.
87. GOLD, P. E. & McGAUGH, J. L. (1975) A single trace, two process view of memory storage processes, in: DEUTSCH, D. & DEUTSCH, J. A. (Eds) Short Term Memory (New York, Academic Press).
88. GOLDBERG, S. R. & HENNINGFIELD, J. E. (1988) Reinforcing effects of nicotine in humans and experimental animals responding under intermittent schedules of iv drug injection, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 30, 227-234.
89. GRANT, K. A. & JOHANSON, C. E. (1988) Oral ethanol self-administration in free-feeding rhesus monkeys, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 780-784.
90. GRAYBIEL, A. M., MORATALLA, R. & ROBERTSON, H. A. (1990) Amphetamine and cocaine induce drugspecific activation of the c-fos gene in striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87, 6912-6916.
91. GRECKSCH, G., OTT, T. & MATTHIES, H. (1978) Influence of post-training intrahippocampally applied oxotremorine on the consolidation of a brightness discrimination, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 8, 215-218.
92. GROVES, P. M. (1983) A theory of the functional organization of the neostriatum and the neostriatal control of voluntary movement, Brain Research Reviews, 5, 109-132.
93. HARLEY, C., MILWAY, J. S. & LACAILLE, J. C. (1989) Locus coeruleus potentiation of dentate gyrus responses: evidence for two systems, Brain Research Bulletin, 22, 643-650.
94. HAYCOCK, J. W., DEADWYLER, S. A., SIDEROFF, S. I. & McGAUGH, J. L. (1973) Retrograde amnesia and cholinergic systems in the caudate-putamen complex and dorsal hippocampus of the rat, Experimental Neurology, 41, 201-213.
95. HEMBY, S. E., JONES, G. H., JUSTICE, JR, J. B. & NEILL, D. B. (1992) Conditioned locomotor activity but not conditioned place preference following intra-accumbens infusions of cocaine, Psychopharmacology, 106, 330-336.
96. HENNINGFIELD, J. E. & GOLDBERG, S. R. (1983) Nicotine as a reinforcer in human subjects and laboratory animals, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 19, 989-992.
97. HENNINGFIELD, J. E. & GOLDBERG, S. R. (1988) Pharmacologic determinants of tobacco self-administration by humans, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 30, 221-226.
98. HIROI, N. & WHITE, N. M. (1990) The reserpine-sensitive dopamine pool mediates ( + )-amphetamineconditioned reward in the place preference paradigm, Brain Research, 510, 33-42.
99. HIROI, N. & WHITE, N. M. (1991a) The amphetamine conditioned place preference: differential involvement of dopamine receptor subtypes and two dopaminergic terminal areas, Brain Research, 552, 141-152.
100. HIROI, N. & WHITE, N. M. (1991b) The lateral nucleus of the amygdala mediates expression of the amphetamine conditioned place preference, Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 2107-2116.
101. HIRSH, R. (1974) The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: a theory, Behavioral Biology, 12, 421-444.
102. HIRSH, R. (1980) The hippocampus, conditional operations and cognition, Physiological Psychology, 8, 175-182.
103. HIRSH, R. & KRAJDEN, J. (1982) The hippocampus and the expression of knowledge, in: ISAACSON, R. L. & SPEAR, N. E. (Eds) The Expression of Knowledge, pp. 213-241 (New York, Plenum).
104. HIRSH, R., DAVIS, R. E. & HOLT, L. (1979) Fornixthalamus fibers, motivational states, and contextual retrieval, Experimental Neurology, 65, 373-390.
105. HIRSH, R., HOLT, L. & MOSSERI, A. (1978) Hippocampal mossy fibers motivation states and contextual retrieval, Experimental Neurology, 62, 68-79.
106. HIRSH, R., LEBER, B. & GILLMAN, R, (1978) Fornix fibers and motivational states as controllers of behavior: a study stimulated by the contextual retrieval theory, Behavioral Biology, 22, 463-475.
107. HOEBEL, B. G., MONACO, A. P., HERNANDEZ, L., AULISI, E. F., STANLEY, B. G. & LENARD, L. G. (1983) Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain, Psychopharmacology, 81, 158-163.
108. HULL, C. L. (1943) Principles of Behavior (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts).
109. HUNT, W. A., MAJCHROWICZ, E. & DALTON, T. K. (1979) Alterations in high-affinity choline uptake in brain after acute and chronic ethanol treatment, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 210, 259-263.
110. HURD, Y. L., WEISS, F., KOOB, G. & UNGERSTEDT, U. (1990) The influence of cocaine self-administration on in vivo dopamine and acetylcholine neurotrans-mission in rat caudate-putamen, Neuroscience Letters, 109, 227-233.
111. HUSTON, J. P. & OITZL, M.-S. (1989) The relationship between reinforcement and memory: parallels in the rewarding and mnemonic effects of the neuropeptide substance P, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 13, 171-180.
112. HUSTON, J. P., MONDADORI, C. & WASER, P. G. (1974) Facilitation of learning by reward of post-trial memory processes, Experientia, 30, 1038-1040.
113. HUSTON, J. P., MUELLER, C. C. & MONDADORI, C. (1977) Memory facilitation by posttrial hypothalamic stimulation and other reinforcers: a central theory of reinforcement, Biobehavioral Reviews, 1, 143-150.
114. IMPERATO, A., OBINU, M. C. & GESSA, G. L. (1993) Effects of cocaine and amphetamine on aceryl-choline release in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus, European Journal of Pharmacology, 238, 377-381.
115. INNIS, N. K. (1992) Tolman and Tryon, American Psychologist, 47, 190-197.
116. INTROINI-COLLISON, I. B., NAGAHARA, A. H. & MCGAUGH, J. L. (1989) Memory enhancement with intra-amygdala post-training naloxone is blocked by concurrent administration of propranolol, Brain Research, 476, 94-101.
117. INTROINI-COLLISON, I. B., MCGAUGH, J. L. & BARATTI, C. M. (1985) Pharmacological evidence of a central effect of naltrexone, morphine, and beta-endorphin and a peripheral effect of met- and leu-enkephalin on retention of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 44, 434-446.
118. ISAAC, W. L., NONNEMAN, A. J., NEISWANDER, J., LANDERS, T. & BARDO, M. T. (1989) Prefrontal cortex lesions differentially disrupt cocaine reinforced conditioned place preference but not conditioned taste aversion, Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 345-355.
119. IWAMOTO, E. T. (1990) Nicotine conditions place preferences after intracerebral admininstration in rats, Psychopharmacology, 100, 251-257.
120. IWATSUBO, K. & CLOUET, D. H. (1975) Dopaminesensitive adenylate cyclase of the caudate nucleus of rats treated with morphine or haloperidol, Biochemical Pharmacology, 24, 1499-1503.
121. IZARD, C. E. (1972) Patterns of Emotions (New York, Academic).
122. IZQUIERDO, I., DA CUNHA, C., ROSAT, R., JERUSALINSKY, D., FERREIKA, M. B. C. & MEDINA, J. H. (1992) Neurotransmitter receptors involved in post-training memory processing by the amygdala, medial septum, and hippocampus of the rat, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 58, 16-26.
123. JAFFARD. R. & DESTRADE, C. (1982) Learning and memory processes as related to genotypic or experimental variations of hippocampal and cholinergic activity in inbred strains of mice, in: LEIBLICH, I. (Ed. ) Genetics of the Brain, pp. 299-322 (Amsterdam, Elsevier Biomedical Press).
124. JAFFARD, R., DESTRADE, C., SOUMIREU-MOURAT, B., DURKTN, T. & EBEL, A. (1980) Changes in hippocampal cholinergic activity following learning in mice, Neuroscience Letters, 19, 349-352.
125. JANAK, P. H., KEPPEL, G. & MARTINEZ JR, J. L. (1992) Cocaine enhances retention of avoidance conditioning in rats, Psychopharmacology, 106, 383-387.
126. JENSEN, R. A., GILBERT, D. G., MELISKA, C. J., LANDRUM, T. A. & SZARY, A. B. (1990) Characterization of a dose-response curve for nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion in rats: relationship to elevation of plasma endorphin concentration, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 53, 428-440.
127. JOHNSTON, D., HOPKINS, W. F. & GRAY, R. (1989) The role of norepinephrine in long-term potentiation at mossy-fiber synapses in the hippocampus, in: BYRNE, J. H. & BERRY, W. O. (Eds) Neural Models of Plasticity, 307-328 (San Diego, CA, Academic Press).
128. JONES, B. & MISHKIN, M. (1972) Limbic lesions and the problem of stimulus-reinforcement associations, Experimental Neurology, 36, 362-377.
129. JOPE, R. J. & JENDEN, D. J. (1981) Effects of acute ethanol treatment on cholinergic functions in rats, Substances Alcohol Actions/Misuses, 2, 15-23.
130. KESNER, R. P. & WILBURN, M. W. (1974) A review of electrical stimulation of the brain in the context of learning and retention, Behavioral Biology, 10, 259-292.
131. KIMBLE, D. P. (1981) Latent learning in hippocampally lesioned rats, Physiology and Behavior, 26, 1055-1059.
132. KLINER, D. J. & PICKENS, R. (1982) Indicated preference for drugs of abuse, International Journal of the Addictions, 17, 543-547.
133. KOOB, G. F. (1992a) Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 13, 177-184.
134. KOOB, G. F. (1992b) Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 171-191.
135. KOZLOWSKI, L. T. & WILKINSON, D. A. (1987) Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco and drug researchers, British Journal of Addictions, 82, 31-36.
136. KUCZENSKI, R., SEGAL, D. S. & AIZENSTEIN, M. L. (1991) Amphetamine, cocaine, and fencamfamine: relationship between locomotor and stereotypy response profiles and caudate and accumbens dopamine dynamics, Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 2703-2712.
137. LAMB, R. J., PRESTON, K. L., SCHINDLER, C. W. et al. (1991) The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 259, 1165-1173.
138. LAMBERTY, G. J., BECKWITH, B. E., PETROS, T. V. & Ross, A. R. (1990) Posttrial treatment with ethanol enhances recall of prose narratives, Physiology and Behavior, 48, 653-658.
139. LANDAUER, T. K. (1969) Reinforcement as consolidation, Psychological Review, 76, 82-96.
140. LEBLANC, A. E. & CAPPELL, H. (1974) Attenuation of punishing effects of morphine and amphetamine by chronic prior treatment, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 691-698.
141. LEMAIRE, G. A. & MEISCH, R. A. (1985) Oral drug self-administration in rhesus monkeys: interactions between drug amount and fixed ratio size, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44, 377-389.
142. LINSEMAN, M. A. (1976) Effects of lesions of the caudate nucleus on morphine dependence in the rat, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 5, 465-472.
143. LINSEMAN, M. A. & CORRIGALL, W. A. (1982) Effects of morphine on CA1 versus dentate hippocampal field potentials following systemic administration in freely-moving rats, Neuropharmacology, 21, 361-366.
144. LITTLETON, J. (1991) Drug dependence as pharmacological adaptation, in: GIASS, I. B. (Ed.) Addiction Behaviours, 11-14 (London, Tavistock/Routledge).
145. LYNESS, W. H. & SMITH, F. L. (1992) Influence of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons on intravenous ethanol self-administration in the rat, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 42, 187-192.
146. LYNESS, W. H., FRIEDLE, N. M. & MOORE, K. E. (1979) Destruction of dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens: effect on d-amphetamine self-administration, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 11, 553-556.
147. MACKEY, W. B., KELLER, J. & VAN DER KOOY, D. (1986) Visceral cortex lesions block conditioned taste aversions induced by morphine, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 24, 71-78.
148. MAEDA, H., MORIMOTO, H. & YANAGIMOTO, K. (1993) Response characteristics of amygdaloid neurons provoked by emotionally significant environmental stimuli in cats, with special reference to response durations, Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 71, 374-378.
149. MALMO, R. B. (1975) On Emotions, Needs, and Our Archaic Brain (New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
150. MANLEY, L. D., KUCZENSKI, R., SEGAL, D. S., YOUNG, S. J. & GROVES, P. M. (1992) Effects of frequency and pattern of medial forebrain bundle stimulation on caudate dialysate dopamine and serotonin, Journal of Neurochemistry, 58, 1491-1498.
151. MARKOU, A. & KOOB, G. F. (1992) Construct validity of a self-stimulation threshold paradigm: effects of reward and performance manipulations, Physiology and Behavior, 51, 111-119.
152. MARTINEZ, J. L., VASQUEZ, B. J., RIGTER, H., ET AI., (1980) Attenuation of amphetamine-induced enhancement of learning by adrenal demedullation, Brain Research, 195, 433-443.
153. MCAULIFFE, W. E. & GORDON, R. A. (1974) A test of Lindesmith's theory of addiction: the frequency of euphoria among long-term addicts, American Journal of Sociology, 79, 795-840.
154. MCBRIDE, W. J., MURPHY, J. M., LUMENG, L. & LI, T.-K. (1988) Effects of RO 15-4513, fluoxetine and desipramine on the intake of ethanol, water and food by the alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 30, 1045-1050.
155. MCDONALD, R. J. & WHITE, N. M. (1993) A triple dissociation of memory systems: hippocampus, amygdala and dorsal striatum, Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 3-22.
156. MCDONALD, R. J. & WHITE, N. M. (1994) Parallel information processing in the water maze: evidence for independent memory systems involving dorsal striatum and hippocampus, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 61, 260-270.
157. MCGAUGH, J. L. (1966) Time dependent processes in memory storage, Science, 153, 1351-1358.
158. MCGAUGH, J. L. & GOLD, P. E. (1989) Hormonal modulation of memory, in: BRUSH, R. B. & LEVINE, S. (Eds) Psychoendocrinology, 305-339 (New York, Academic).
159. MCGAUGH, J. L. & HERZ, M. J. (1972) Memory Consolidation (San Francisco, Albion).
160. MCGAUGH, J. L., INTROINI-COLLISON, I. B., NAGAHARA, A. H., CAHILL, L., BRIONI, J. D. & CASTELLANO, C. (1990) Involvement of the amygdaloid complex in neuromodulatory influences on memory storage, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 14, 425-431.
161. MCGREGOR, A. & ROBERTS, D. C. S. (1993) Dopaminergic antagonism within the nucleus accumbens or the amygdala produces differential effects on intravenous cocaine self-administration under fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, Brain Research, 624, 245-252.
162. MEISCH, R. A. & BEARDSLEY, P. (1975) Ethanol as a reinforcer for rats: effects of concurrent access to water and alternate positions of water and ethanol, Psychopharmacology, 43, 19-23.
163. MEISCH, R. A. & THOMPSON, T. (1971) Ethanol intake in the absence of concurrent food reinforcement, Psychopharmacology, 22, 72-79.
164. MESSIER, C. & WHITE, N. M. (1984) Contingent and non-contingent actions of sucrose and saccharin reinforcers: effects on taste preference and memory, Physiology and Behavior, 32, 195-203.
165. MESSING, R. B., JENSEN, R. A., MARTINEZ, J. L. et al (1979) Naloxone enhancement of memory, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 27, 266-275.
166. MESSING, R. B., RIJK, H. & RIGTER, H. (1983) Facilitation of hot plate response learning by pre- and post-training naltrexone administration, Psychopharmacology, 81, 33-36.
167. MESSING, R. B., JENSEN, R. A., VASQUEZ, B. J., MARTINEZ, J. L., SPIEHLER, V. R. & MCGAUGH, J. L. (1981) Opiate modulation of memory, in: MARTINEZ, J. L., JENSEN, R. A., MESSING, R. B., RIGTER, H. & MCGAUGH, J. L. (Eds) Endogenous Peptides in Learning and Memory Processes, pp. 431-443 (New York, Academic Press).
168. MILNER, P. M. (1977) Theories of reinforcement, drive and motivation, in: IVERSEN, L. L., IVERSEN, S. D. & SNYDER, S. H. (Eds) Handbook of Psychopharmacology, Vol 7: Principles of Behavioral Pharmacology, 181-200 (New York, Plenum Press).
169. MILNER, B., CORKIN, S. & TEUBER, H.-L. (1968) Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M, Neuropsychologia, 6, 215-234.
170. MISHKIN, M. & PETRI, H. L. (1984) Memories and habits: some implications for the analysis of learning and retention, in: SQUIRE, L. R. & BUTTERS, N. (Eds) Neuropsychology of Memory, pp. 287-296 (New York, Guilford Press).
171. MISHKIN, M., MALAMUT, B. & BACHEVALIER, J. (1984) Memories and habits: two neural systems, in: LYNCH, G., MCGAUGH, J. L. & WEINBERGER, N. M. (Eds) Neurobiology of Human Memory and Learning, pp. 65-77 (New York, Guilford Press).
172. MITCHELL, S. N., BRAZELL, M. P., JOSEPH, M. H., ALAVIJEH, M. S. & GRAY, J. A. (1989) Regionally specific effects of acute and chronic nicotine on rates of catecholamine and 5-hydroxytriptamine synthesis in rat brain, European Journal of Pharmacology, 167, 311-322.
173. MOLEMAN, P. & BRUINVELS, J. (1979) Effect of morphine on dopaminergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain and striatum, Journal of Neural Transmission, 46, 225-237.
174. MOLLENAUER, S., BRYSON, R., ROBISON, M., SARDO, J. & COLEMAN, C. (1993) EtOH self-administration in anticipation of noise stress in C57BL/6J mice, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 46, 35-38.
175. MORENCY, M. A. & BENINGER, R. J. (1986) Dopaminergic substrates of cocaine-induced place conditioning, Brain Research, 399, 33-41.
176. MUCHA, R. F., VAN DER KOOY, D., OSHAUGHNESSY, M. & BUCENIEKS, P. (1982) Drug reinforcement studied by the use of place conditioning in rat, Brain Research, 243, 91-105.
177. MURRAY, E. A. (1990) Representational memory in nonhuman primates, in: KESNER, R. P. & OLTON, D. S. (Eds) Neurobiology of Comparative Cognition, 127-155 (Hilldale, NJ, Earlbaum).
178. NACHMAN, M. & ASHE, J. H. (1973) Learned taste aversions in rats as a function of dosage, concentration, and route of administration of LiC1, Physiology and Behavior, 10, 73-78.
179. NACHMAN, M. & ASHE, J. H. (1974) Effects of basolateral amygdala lesions on neophobia, learned taste aversions, and sodium appetite in rats, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 622-643.
180. O'BRIEN, C. P. & CHILDRESS, A. R. (1991) Behaviour therapy of drug dependence, in: GLASS, I. B. (Ed. ) Addiction Behaviour, pp. 230-235 (London, Tavistock/Routledge).
181. O'BRIEN, C. P., CHILDRESS, A. R., MCLELLAN, A. T. & EHRMAN, R. (1992) Classical conditioning in drugdependent humans, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 400-415.
182. O'KEEFE, J. & NADEL, L. (1978) The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
183. OHNO, M., YAMAMOTO, T. & WATANABE, S. (1993) Blockade of hippocampal nicotinic receptors impairs working memory but not reference memory in rats, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 45, 89-93.
184. OLDS, M. E. (1979) Hypothalamic substrate for the positive reinforcing properties of morphine in the rat, Brain Research, 168, 351-360.
185. OLDS, M. E. (1982) Reinforcing effects of morphine in the nucleus accumbens, Brain Research, 237, 429-440.
186. OLMSTEAD, M. C. & FRANKLIN, K. B. J. (1993) Effects of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesions on morphine-induced conditioned place preference and analgesia in the formalin test, Neuroscience, 57, 411-418.
187. OLMSTEAD, M. C. & FRANKLIN, K. G. B. (1994) The development of a conditioned place preference (CPP) to morphine: I. Effects of lesions of various CNS sites, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 1230 (Abstract).
188. OLTON, D. S. (1982) Spatially organized behaviors of animals: behavioral and neurological studies, in: POTEGAL, M. (Ed. ) Spatial Abilities: Develop Physiological Foundations, pp. 335-360 (New York, Academic Press).
189. OLTON, D. S. & SAMUELSON, R. J. (1976) Remembrances of places past: spatial memory in the rat, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2, 97-116.
190. OLTON, D. S., WALKER, J. A. & GAGE, F. H. (1978) Hippocampal connections and spatial discrimination, Brain Research, 139, 295-308.
191. OSSENKOPP, K.-P. & GIUGNO, L. (1990) Nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversions are enhanced in rats with lesions of the area postrema, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 36, 625-630.
192. PACKARD, M. G. & WHITE, N. M. (1989) Memory facilitation produced by dopamine receptor agonists: role of receptor subtype and mnemonic requirements, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 33, 511-518.
193. PACKARD, M. G. & WHITE, N. M. (1990) Lesions of the caudate nucleus selectively impair 'reference memory' acquisition in the radial maze, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 53, 39-50.
194. PACKARD, M. G. & WHITE, N. M. (1991) Dissociation of hippocampal and caudate nucleus memory systems by post-training intracerebral injection of dopamine agonists, Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 295-306.
195. PACKARD, M. G., CAHILL, L. & MCGAUGH, J. L. (1993) Effects of post-training d-amphetamine injections into hippocampus, amygdala and caudate nucleus on retention in spatial and cued water maze tasks, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 1226.
196. PACKARD, M. G., HIRSH, R. & WHITE, N. M. (1989) Differential effects of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on two radial maze tasks: evidence for multiple memory systems, Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1465-1472.
197. PACKARD, M. G., WILLIAMS, C. L. & MCGAUGH, J. L. (1992) Enhancement of win-shift radial maze retention by peripheral posttraining administration of damphetamine and 4-OH amphetamine, Psychobiology, 20, 280-285.
198. PANKSEPP, J., HERMAN, B. H., CONNOR, R., BISHOP, P. & SCOTT, J. P. (1978) The biology of social attachments: opiates alleviate separation distress, Biological Psychiatry, 13, 607-618.
199. PARKER, E. S., BIRNBAUM, I. M., WEINGARTNER, H., HARTLEY, J. T., STILLMAN, R. C. & WYATT, R. J. (1980) Retrograde enhancement of human memory with alcohol, Psychopharmacology, 69, 219-222.
200. PARKER, T. H., ROBERTS, R. K., HENDERSON, G. I., HOYUMPA, A. M., SCHMIDT, D. E. & SCHENKER, S. (1978) The effects of ethanol on cerebral regional acetylcholine concentration and utilization, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 159, 270-275.
201. PAVLOV, I. P. (1927) Conditioned Reflexes (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
202. PENFIELD, W. & MILNER, B. (1958) Memory deficit produced by bilateral lesions in the hippocampal zone, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 79, 475-497.
203. PETRI, H. L. & MISHKIN, M. (1993) Behaviorism, cognitivism and the neuropsychology of memory, American Scientist, 82, 30-37.
204. PETTIT, H. O., ETTENBERG, A., BLOOM, F. E. & KOOB, G. F. (1984) Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats, Psychopharmacology, 84, 167-173.
205. PHILLIPS, A. G. & CARR, G, D. (1987) Cognition and the basal ganglia: a possible substrate for procedural knowledge, Canadian Journal of Neurological Science, 14, 381-385.
206. PHILLIPS, A. G., SPYRAKI, C. & FIBIGER, H. C. (1982) Conditioned place preference with amphetamine and opiates as reward stimuli: attenuation by haloperidol, in: HOEBEL, B. G. & NOVIN, D. (Eds) The Neural Basis of Feeding and Reward, pp. 455-464 (Brunswick, ME, Haer Institute).
207. PICKBNS, R. & HARRIS, W. C. (1968) Self-administration of d-amphetamine by rats, Psychopharmacologia, 12, 158-163.
208. PICKENS, R. & THOMPSON, T. (1968) Cocaine reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed ratio size, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 161, 122-129.
209. PICKENS, R. & THOMPSON, T. (1971) Characteristics of stimulant drug reinforcement, in: THOMPSON, T. & PICKENS, R. (Eds) Stimulus Properties of Drugs, pp. 177-192 (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts).
210. PRADO-ALCALA, R. A. (1985) Is cholinergic activity of the caudate nucleus involved in memory? Life Sciences, 37, 2135-2142.
211. PRADO-ALCALA, R. A. & COBOS-ZAPIAIN, G. G. (1977) Learning deficits induced by cholinergic blockade of the caudate nucleus as a function of experience, Brain Research, 138, 190-196.
212. PRADO-ALCALA, R. A. & COBOS-ZAPIAIN, G. G. (1979) Improvement of learned behavior through cholinergic stimulation of the caudate nucleus, Neuroscience Letters, 14, 253-258.
213. RASSNICK, S., STINUS, L. & KOOB, G. F. (1993) The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mesolimbic dopamine system on oral self-administration of ethanol in the rat, Brain Research, 623, 16-24.
214. RASSNICK, S., D'AMICO, E., RILEY, E., PULVIRENTI, L., ZIEGLGANSBERGER, W. & KOOB, G. F. (1992) GABA and nucleus accumbens glutamate neurotransmission modulate ethanol self-administration in rats, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 502-505.
215. REAVILL, C., STOLERMAN, I. P., KUMAR, R. & GARCHA, H. S. (1986) Chlorisondamine blocks acquisition of the conditioned taste aversion produced by ( - )-nicotine, Neuropharmacology, 25, 1067-1069.
216. RECTOR, D. M., POE, G. R. & HARPER, R. M. (1993) Imaging of hippocampal and neocortical neural activity following intravenous cocaine administration in freely behaving cats, Neuroscience, 54, 633-641.
217. REICHHR, M. A. & HOLMAN, E. W. (1977) Location preference and flavor aversion reinforced by amphetamine in rats, Animal Learning and Behavior, 5, 343-346.
218. RIDLEY, R. M., AITKEN, D. M. & BAKER, H. F. (1989) Learning about rules but not about reward is impaired following lesions of the cholinergic projection to the hippocampus, Brain Research, 502, 306-318.
219. RISINGER, F. O., MALOTT, D. H., RILEY, A. L. & CUNNINGHAM, C. L. (1992) Effect of Ro 15-4513 on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 43, 97-102.
220. ROBBINS, T. W. & EVERITT, B. J. (1987) Comparative functions of the central noradrenergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, Neuropharmacology, 78, 893-901.
221. ROBERTS, D. C. S. & KOOB, G. F. (1982) Disruption of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the ventral tegmental area in rats, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 17, 901-904.
222. ROBERTS, D. C. S., CORCORAN, M. E. & FIBIGER, H. C. (1977) On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 6, 615-620.
223. ROBERTS, D. C. S., KOOB, G. F., KLONOFF, P. & FIBIGER, H. C. (1980) Extinction and recovery of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydoparnine lesions of the nucleus accumbens, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 12, 781-787.
224. ROBERTS, D. C. S., LOH, E. A. & VICKERS, G. (1989) Self-administration of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule in rats: dose-response relationship and effect of haloperidol pretreatment, Psychopharmacology, 97, 535-538.
225. ROBINSON, T. E. & BERRIDGE, K. C. (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
226. SAMSON, H. H., HARAGUCHI, M., TOLLIVER, G. A. & SADEGHI, K. G. (1989) Antagonism of ethanol-reinforced behavior by the benzodiazepine inverse agonists RO 15-4513 and FG 7142: relation to sucrose reinforcement, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 33, 601-608.
227. SAMSON, H. H., HODGE, C. W., TOLLIVER, G. A. & HARAGUCHI, M. (1993) Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol-reinforced behavior: the involvement of the nucleus accumbens, Brain Research Bulletin, 30, 133-141.
228. SAMSON, H. H., PFEFFER, A. O. & TOLLIVER, G. A. (1988) Oral ethanol self-administration in rats: models of alcohol-seeking behavior, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 591-598.
229. SAMSON, H. H., TOLLIVER, G. A., PFEFFER, A. O., SADEGHI, K. G. & MILLS, F. G. (1987) Oral ethanol reinforcement in the rat: effect of the partial inverse benzodiazepine agonist RO 15-4513, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 27, 517-519.
230. SCHUCKIT, M. A. & MONTEIRO, M. G. (1988) Alcoholism, anxiety and depression, British Journal of Addictions, 83, 1373-1380.
231. SHARP, P. E., MCNAUGHTON, B. L. & BARNES, C. A. (1985) Enhancement of hippocampal field potentials in rats exposed to a complex, novel environment, Brain Research, 339, 361
232. SHERMAN, J. E., PICKMAN, C., RICE, A., LIEBESKIND, J. C. & HOLMAN, E. W. (1980a) Rewarding and aversive effects of morphine: temporal and pharmacological properties, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 13, 501-515.
233. SHERMAN, J. E., ROBERTS, T., ROSKAM, S. E. & HOLMAN, E. W. (1980b) Temporal properties of the rewarding and aversive effects of amphetamine in rats, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 13, 597-599.
234. SILVERSTONE, P. H., DONE, C. & SHARP, T. (1993) In vivo monoamine release during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, NeuroReport, 4, 1043-1045.
235. SINCLAIR, J. D. (1974) Rats learning to work for alcohol, Nature, 249, 590-592.
236. SINGH, H. K., OTT, T. & MATTHIES, H. (1974) Effect of intrahippocampal injection of atropine on different phases of a learning experiment, Psychopharmacology, 38, 247-258.
237. SKINNER, B. F. (1938) The Behavior of Organisms (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts).
238. SUFFER, B. L. (1983) Schedule-induction of nicotine self-administration, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 19, 1005-1009.
239. SMITH, S. G. & DAVIS, W. M. (1973) Behavioral control by stimuli associated with acquisition of morphine, Behavioral Biology, 9, 777-780.
240. SMITH, C. A. & HOLMAN, E. W. (1987) Rewarding and aversive effects of stimulant drugs in infant rats, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 26, 211-215.
241. SMITH, J. E., Co, C., FREEMAN, M. E., SANDS, M. P. & LANE, J. D. (1980) Neurotransmitter turnover in rat striatum is correlated with morphine self-administration, Nature, 287, 152-154.
242. SMITH, J. E., GUERIN, G. F., Co, C., BARR, T. S. & LANE, J. D. (1985) Effects of 6-OHDA lesions of the central medial nucleus accumbens on rat intravenous morphine self-administration, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 23, 843-849.
243. SPYRAKI, C., FIBIGER, H. C. & PHILLIPS, A. G. (1982a) Cocaine-induced place preference conditioning: lack of effects of neuroleptics and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, Brain Research, 253, 195-203.
244. SPYRAKI, C., FIBIGER, H. C. & PHILLIPS, A. G. (1982b) Dopaminergic substrates of amphetamine-induced place preference conditioning, Brain Research, 253, 185-193.
245. SPYRAKI, C., NOMIKOS, G. G. & VARONOS, D. D. (1987) Intravenous cocaine-induced place preference: attenuation by haloperidol, Behavioural Brain Research, 26, 57-62.
246. SQUIRE, L. R., KNOWLTON, B. & MUSEN, G. (1993) The structure and organization of memory, Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 453-495.
247. SQUIRE, L. R. & ZOLA-MORGAN, S. (1991) The medial temporal lobe memory system, Science, 253, 1380-1386.
248. STAUBU, U. & HUSTON, J. P. (1980) Avoidance learning enhanced by post-trial morphine injection, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 28, 487-490.
249. STEFURAK, T. L., MARTIN, G. & VAN DER KOOY, D. (1990) The representation in memory of morphine's unconditioned motivational effects depends on the nature of the conditioned stimulus, Psychobiology, 18, 435-442.
250. STEIN, L. & BELLUZZI, J. D. (1989) Cellular investigations of behavioral reinforcement, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 13, 69-80.
251. STEWART, J. (1992) Neurobiology of conditioning to drugs of abuse, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 335-346.
252. STEWART, J. & EIKELBOOM, R. (1987) Conditioned drug effects, in: IVERSEN, L. L., IVERSEN, S. D. & SNYDER, S. H. (Eds) Handbook of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 19, 1-57 (New York, Plenum).
253. STEWART, R. B. & GRUPP, L. A. (1989) Conditioned place aversion mediated by self-administered ethanol in the rat: a consideration of blood ethanol levels, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 32, 431-437.
254. STEWART, J., DE WITT, H. & EIKELBOOM, R. (1984) Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants, Psychological Review, 91, 251-268.
255. STOLERMAN, I. P. & D'MELLO, G. D. (1978) Amphetamine-induced taste aversion demonstrated with operant behaviour, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 8, 107-111.
256. STOLERMAN, I. P. & SHOAIB, M. (1991) The neurobiology of tobacco addiction, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 12, 467-173.
257. SUZUKI, T., FUNADA, M., NARITA, M., MISAWA, M. & NAGASE, H. (1993) Morphine-induced place preference in the CXBK mouse: characteristics of mu opioid receptor subtypes, Brain Research, 602, 45-52.
258. THORNDIKE, E. L. (1898) Animal intelligence. An experimental study of the associative processes in animals, Psychological Monographs, 2, 1-109.
259. THORNDIKE, E. L. (1911) Animal Intelligence (New York, Macmillan).
260. TOATES, F. M. (1986) Motivational Systems (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press).
261. TOIDE, K, & ARIMA, T. (1989) Effects of cholinergic drugs on extracellular levels of acetylcholine and choline in rat cortex, hippocampus and striatum studied by brain dialysis, European Journal of Pharmacology, 173, 133-141.
262. TOLMAN, E. C. (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men, Psychological Review, 56, 144-155.
263. TOLMAN, E. C. (1949) There is more than one kind of learning, Psychological Review, 56, 144-155.
264. TOMAZ, C., AGUIAR, M. S. & NOGUEIRA, P. J. C. (1990) Facilitation of memory by peripheral administration of substance P and naloxone using avoidance and habituation learning tasks, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 14, 447-453.
265. TROWILL, J. A., PANKSEPP, J. & GANDELMAN, R. (1969) An incentive model of rewarding brain stimulation, Psychological Review, 76, 264-281.
266. URRUTIA, A. & GRUOL, D. L. (1992) Acute alcohol alters the excitability of cerebellar Pukinje neurons and hippocampal neurons in culture, Brain Research, 569, 26-37.
267. VAN DER KOOY, D., MUCHA, R. F., O'SHAUGHNESSY, M. & BUCENIEKS, P. (1982) Reinforcing effects of brain microinjections of morphine revealed by conditioned place preference, Brain Research, 243, 107-117.
268. VIAUD, M. D. & WHITE, N. M. (1989a) Dissociation of visual and olfactory conditioning in the neostriatum of rats, Behavioural Brain Research, 32, 31-42.
269. VIAUD, M. D. & WHITE, N. M. (1989b) Differential effects of scopolamine injected into neostriatum on acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of conditioned emotional responses, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 734 (Abstract).
270. WANG, J., AIGNER, T. & MISHKIN, M. (1990) Effects of neostriatal lesions on visual habit formation in rhesus monkeys, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 16, 617
271. WEEKS, J. R. (1962) Experimental morphine addiction: method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats, Science, 138, 143-144.
272. WEEKS, J. R. & COLLINS, R. J. (1968) Patterns of intravenous self-injection by morphine addicted rats, in: WICKLER, A. (Ed. ) The Addictive States, 288-298 (Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins).
273. WEINBERGER, S. B., RIEDEL, C. A., JANAK, P. H. & MARTTNEZ, JR., J. L. (1992) Cocaine enhances oneway avoidance responding in mice, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 41, 851-854.
274. WEISS, F., HURD, Y. L., UNGERSTEDT, U., MARKOU, A., PLOTSKY, P. M. & KOOB, G. F. (1992) Neurochemical correlates of cocaine and ethanol self-administration, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 220-241.
275. WELZL, H., KUHN, G. & HUSTON, J. P. (1989) Self-administration of small amounts of morphine through glass micropipettes into the ventral tegmental area of the rat, Neuropharmacology, 28, 1017-1023.
276. WEST, R. (1991) Psychological theories of addiction, in: GLASS, I. B. (Ed. ) Addiction Behaviour, pp. 20-24 (London, Tavistock/Routledge).
277. WHITE, N. M. (1988) Effect of nigrostriatal dopamine depletion on the post-training, memory improving action of amphetamine, Life Sciences, 43, 7-12.
278. WHITE, N. M. (1989) A functional hypothesis concerning the striatal matrix and patches: mediation of S-R memory and reward, Life Sciences, 45, 1943-1957.
279. WHITE, N. M. & CARR, G. D. (1985) The conditioned place preference is affected by two independent reinforcement processes, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 23, 37-42.
280. WHITE, N. M. & HIROI, N. (1993) Amphetamine conditioned cue preference and the neurobioiogy of drug seeking, Seminars in the Neurosciences, 5, 329-336.
281. WHITE, N. M. & LEGREE, P. (1984) Effect of posttraining exposure to an aversive stimulus on retention, Physiological Psychology, 12, 233-236.
282. WHITE, N. M., MAJOR, R. & SIEGEL,J. (1978) Effect of morphine on one-trial appetitive learning, Life Sciences, 23, 1967-1972.
283. WHITE, N. M. & MCDONALD, R. J. (1993) Acquisition of a spatial conditioned place preference is impaired by amygdala lesions and improved by fornix lesions, Behavioural Brain Research, 55, 269-281.
284. WHITE, N. M. & MILNER, P. M. (1992) The psychobiology of reinforcers, Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 443-471.
285. WHITE, N. M. & VIAUD, M. D. (1991) Localized intracaudate dopamine D2 receptor activation during the post-training period improves memory for visual or olfactory conditioned emotional responses in rats, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 55, 255-269.
286. WHITE, N. M., MESSIER, C. & CARR, G. D. (1987) Operationalizing and measuring the organizing influence of drugs on behavior, in: BOZARTH, M. A. (Ed. ) Methods of Measuring the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs, pp. 591-618 (New York, Springer-Verlag).
287. WHITE, N. M., SKLAR, L. & AMIT, Z. (1977) The reinforcing action of morphine and its paradoxical side effect, Psychopharmacology, 52, 63-66.
288. WILSON, M. C. & SCHUSTER, C. R. (1972) The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the rhesus monkey, Psychopharma-cology, 26, 115-126.
289. WISE, C. D. & STEIN, L. (1970) Amphetamine: facilitation of behavior by augmented release of norepinephrine from the medial forebrain bundle, in: COSTA, E. & GARATTINI, S. (Eds) Amphetamines and Related Compounds, pp. 463-485 (New York, Raven Press).
290. WISE, R. A. (1982) Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 39-87.
291. WISE, R. A. (1988) The neurobiology of craving: implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 118-132.
292. WISE, R. A. (1989) Opiate reward: sites and substrates, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 13, 129-133.
293. WISE, R. A. & HOFFMAN, D. C. (1992) Localization of drug reward mechanisms by intracranial injections, Synapse, 10, 247-263.
294. WISE, R. A., BAUCO, P., CARLEZON JR W. A. & TROJNIAR, W. (1992) Self-stimulation and drug reward mechanisms, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 192-198.
295. WISE, R. A., SPINDLER, J., DE WITT, H. & GERBER, G.J. (1978) Neuroleptic-induced "anhedonia" in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food, Science, 201, 262-264.
296. WOOD, P. L. & RAO, T. S. (1991) Morphine stimulation of mesolimbic and mesocortical but not nigrostriatal dopamine release in the rat as reflected by changes in 3-methoxytyramine levels, Neuropharmacology, 30, 399-401.
297. WOODS, J. H. & SCHUSTER, C. R. (1971) Opiates as reinforcing stimuli, in: THOMPSON, T. & PICKENS, R. (Eds) Stimulus Properties of Drugs, pp. 163-175 (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts).
298. 2 dopamine antagonist on behavior maintained by cocaine or food, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 32, 691-697.
299. YAMAMOTO, T. & FUJIMOTO, Y. (1991) Brain mechanisms of taste aversion learning in the rat, Brain Research Bulletin, 27, 403-406.
300. YOKEL, R. A. & WISE, R. A. (1975) Increased lever pressing for amphetamine after pimozide in rats: implications for a dopamine theory of reward, Science, 187, 547-549.
301. YOKEL, R. A. & WISE, R. A. (1978) Amphetamine-type reinforcement by dopaminergic agonists in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 58, 289-296.
302. YOUNG, P. T. (1959) The role of affective processes in learning and motivation, Psychological Review, 66, 104-125.
303. ZOLA-MORGAN, S. & SQUIRE, L. R. (1993) Neuroanatomy of memory, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 547-563.