Macromolecular MRI contrast agents: Structures, properties and applications

Progress in Polymer Science

Volumn 38, Issue 3-4, 2013, Pages 462-502

  Tang, Jianbin ^a   Sheng, Yuqi ^a   Hu, Hongjie ^b   Shen, Youqing ^a  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Blood pool agent; Contrast agent; Dendrimer; Macromolecular contrast agent; Magnetic resonance imaging; Tumor imaging

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; CHELATION; DENDRIMERS; DRUG DELIVERY; MACROMOLECULES; MEDICAL IMAGING;

BLOOD POOL; CONTRAST AGENT; GADOLINIUM CHELATES; LYMPHATIC IMAGING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI); MRI CONTRAST AGENTS; NONINVASIVE VISUALIZATION; TUMOR IMAGING;

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

EID: 84874349729     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.07.001     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. S.P. Lin, and J.J. Brown MR contrast agents: physical and pharmacologic basics Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25 2007 884 899
2. M. Burns BIO-TECH report #260. The US market for medical imaging contrast media 2006 Bio-tech Systems, Inc. Las Vegas, NV p. 1-9
3. A.J.L. Villaraza, A. Bumb, and M.W. Brechbiel Macromolecules, dendrimers, and nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging: the interplay between size, function, and pharmacokinetics Chemical Reviews 110 2010 2921 2959
4. K.W.Y. Chan, and W.T. Wong Small molecular gadolinium(III) complexes as MRI contrast agents for diagnostic imaging Coordination Chemistry Reviews 251 2007 2428 2451
5. F.R. Ye, T.Y. Ke, E.K. Jeong, X.L. Wang, Y.G. Sung, M. Johnson, and Z.R. Lu Noninvasive visualization of in vivo drug delivery of poly(l-glutamic acid) using contrast-enhanced MRI Molecular Pharmaceutics 3 2006 507 515
6. P. Caravan, J.J. Ellison, T.J. McMurry, and R.B. Lauffer Gadolinium(III) chelates as MRI contrast agents: structure, dynamics, and applications Chemical Reviews 99 1999 2293 2352
7. D.P.J. Pan, S.D. Caruthers, A. Senpan, A.H. Schmieder, S.A. Wickline, and G.M. Lanza Revisiting an old friend: manganese-based MRI contrast agents Wires Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 3 2011 162 173
8. G.P. Yan, L. Robinson, and P. Hogg Magnetic resonance imaging CAs: overview and perspectives Radiography 13 2007 e5 e19
9. C. Sun, J.S.H. Lee, and M.Q. Zhang Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60 2008 1252 1265
10. D.E. Sosnovik, M. Nahrendorf, and R. Weissleder Magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging: agents, techniques and cardiovascular applications Basic Research in Cardiology 103 2008 122 130
11. S. Mornet, S. Vasseur, F. Grasset, and E. Duguet Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapy Journal of Materials Chemistry 14 2004 2161 2175
12. C.T. Adkins, J.N. Dobish, C.S. Brown, B. Mayrsohn, S.K. Hamilton, F. Udoji, K. Radford, T.E. Yankeelov, J.C. Gore, and E. Harth High relaxivity MRI imaging reagents from bimodal star polymers Polymer Chemistry 3 2012 390 398
13. J.I. Kim, C. Chun, B. Kim, J.M. Hong, J.K. Cho, S.H. Lee, and S.C. Song Thermosensitive/magnetic poly(organophosphazene) hydrogel as a long-term magnetic resonance contrast platform Biomaterials 33 2012 218 224
14. S. Okada, S. Mizukami, and K. Kikuchi Switchable MRI contrast agents based on morphological changes of pH-responsive polymers Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 20 2012 769 774
15. X. Shi, X. Liu, X. Wu, Z.R. Lu, S.K. Li, and E.K. Jeong Ocular pharmacokinetic study using T(1) mapping and Gd-chelate-labeled polymers Pharmaceutical Research 28 2011 3180 3188
16. P. Tallury, S. Santra, P. Sharma, B.M.D. Matos, N. Bengtsson, S. Biswas, A.K. Saha, G.A. Walter, E.A. Scott, and B.M. Moudgil Fluorescent and paramagnetic chitosan nanoparticles that exhibit high magnetic resonance relaxivity: synthesis, characterization and in vitro studies Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 7 2011 724 729
17. W.L. Zhang, N. Li, J. Huang, S.F. Luo, M.X. Fan, S.Y. Liu, B. Muir, and J.H. Yu Gadolinium-conjugated folate poly(ethylene glycol)-polyamidoamine dendrimer-carboxyl nanoparticles as potential tumor-targeted, circulation-prolonged macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents II Journal of Applied Polymer Science 121 2011 3175 3184
18. M. Spanoghe, D. Lanens, R. Dommisse, A. Vanderlinden, and F. Alderweireldt Proton relaxation enhancement by means of serum-albumin and poly-l-lysine labeled with DTPA-Gd(III)-relaxivities as a function of molecular-weight and conjugation efficiency Magnetic Resonance Imaging 10 1992 913 917
19. H. Kobayashi, and M.W. Brechbiel Dendrimer-based macromolecular MRI contrast agents: characteristics and application Molecular Imaging 2 2003 1 10
20. H. Kobayashi, and M.W. Brechbiel Nano-sized MRI contrast agents with dendrimer cores Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 57 2005 2271 2286
21. S. Langereis, Q.G. de Lussanet, M.H.P. van Genderen, W.H. Backes, and E.W. Meijer Multivalent contrast agents based on gadolinium- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-terminated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers for magnetic resonance imaging Macromolecules 37 2004 3084 3091
22. E. Toth, I. van Uffelen, L. Helm, A.E. Merbach, D. Ladd, K. Briley-Saebo, and K.E. Kellar Gadolinium-based linear polymer with temperature-independent proton relaxivities: a unique interplay between the water exchange and rotational contributions Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 36 1998 S125 S134
23. D.M.J. Doble, M. Botta, J. Wang, S. Aime, A. Barge, and K.N. Raymond Optimization of the relaxivity of MRI contrast agents: effect of poly(ethylene glycol) chains on the water-exchange rates of Gd-III complexes Journal of the American Chemical Society 123 2001 10758 10759
24. 3A macrocycles and polyethylene glycol coupled to dendrimers-effect of molecular weight on physical and biological properties of macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents Journal of Alloys and Compounds 249 1997 185 190
25. A.N. Oksendal, and P.A. Hals Biodistribution and toxicity of MR imaging contrast media Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3 1993 157 165
26. V.S. Vexler, O. Clement, H. Schmittwillich, and R.C. Brasch Effect of varying the molecular-weight of the MR contrast agent Gd-DTPA-polylysine on blood pharmacokinetics and enhancement patterns Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4 1994 381 388
27. G. Schuhmann-Giampieri, H. Schmitt-Willich, T. Frenzel, W.R. Press, and H.J. Weinmann In vivo and in vitro evaluation of Gd-DTPA-polylysine as a macromolecular contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging Investigative Radiology 26 1991 969 974
28. Y. Zong, J. Guo, T. Ke, A.M. Mohs, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu Effect of size and charge on pharmacokinetics enhancement of biodegradable and in vivo MRI contrast polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes Journal of Controlled Release 112 2006 350 356
29. X.H. Wang, Y. Feng, T.Y. Ke, M. Schabel, and Z.R. Lu Pharmacokinetics and tissue retention of (Gd-DTPA)-cystamine copolymers, a biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Pharmaceutical Research 22 2005 596 602
30. G.P. Yan, R.X. Zhuo, Y.H. Yang, L.Y. Li, M.L. Liu, and C.H. Ye Tumor-selective macromolecular MRI contrast agents Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 17 2002 139 151
31. X.X. Wen, E.F. Jackson, R.E. Price, E.E. Kim, Q.P. Wu, S. Wallace, C. Charnsangavej, J.G. Gelovani, and C. Li Synthesis and characterization of poly(l-glutamic acid) gadolinium chelate: a new biodegradable MRI contrast agent Bioconjugate Chemistry 15 2004 1408 1415
32. A. Barge, L. Tei, D. Upadhyaya, F. Fedeli, L. Beltrami, R. Stefania, S. Aime, and G. Cravotto Bifunctional ligands based on the DOTA-monoamide cage Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 6 2008 1176 1184
33. Z.R. Lu, X.H. Wang, D.L. Parker, K.C. Goodrich, and H.R. Buswell Poly(l-glutamic acid) Gd(III)-DOTA conjugate with a degradable spacer for magnetic resonance imaging Bioconjugate Chemistry 14 2003 715 719
34. 3A) conjugate as a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent Experimental Biology and Medicine 232 2007 1081 1089
35. J. Rudovsky, M. Botta, P. Hermann, K.I. Hardcastle, I. Lukes, and S. Aime PAMAM dendrimeric conjugates with a Gd-DOTA phosphinate derivative and their adducts with polyaminoacids: the interplay of global motion, internal rotation, and fast water exchange Bioconjugate Chemistry 17 2006 975 987
36. M.M. Ali, M. Woods, P. Caravan, A.C.L. Opina, M. Spiller, J.C. Fettinger, and A.D. Sherry Synthesis and relaxometric studies of a dendrimer-based pH-responsive MRI contrast agent Chemistry: A European Journal 14 2008 7250 7258
37. R.F.H. Viguier, and A.N. Hulme A sensitized europium complex generated by micromolar concentrations of copper(I): toward the detection of copper(I) in biology Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 2006 11370 11371
38. D.E. Prasuhn, R.M. Yeh, A. Obenaus, M. Manchester, and M.G. Finn Viral MRI contrast agents: coordination of Gd by native virions and attachment of Gd complexes by azide-alkyne cycloaddition Chemical Communications 2007 1269 1271
39. T.L. Mindt, C. Muller, F. Stuker, J.F. Salazar, A. Hohn, T. Mueggler, M. Rudin, and R. Schibli A "click chemistry" approach to the efficient synthesis of multiple imaging probes derived from a single precursor Bioconjugate Chemistry 20 2009 1940 1949
40. J.M. Bryson, W.J. Chu, J.H. Lee, and T.M. Reineke A beta-cyclodextrin "click cluster" decorated with seven paramagnetic chelates containing two water exchange sites Bioconjugate Chemistry 19 2008 1505 1509
41. S. Aime, M. Botta, S.G. Crich, G. Giovenzana, G. Palmisano, and M. Sisti Novel paramagnetic macromolecular complexes derived from the linkage of a macrocyclic Gd(III) complex to polyamino acids through a squaric acid moiety Bioconjugate Chemistry 10 1999 192 199
42. L. Frullano, and P. Caravan Strategies for the preparation of bifunctional gadolinium(III) chelators Current Organic Synthesis 8 2011 535 565
43. E.J. Werner, J. Kozhukh, M. Botta, E.G. Moore, S. Avedano, S. Aime, and K.N. Raymond 1,2-Hydroxypyridonate/terephthalamide complexes of gadolinium(III): synthesis, stability, relaxivity, and water exchange properties Inorganic Chemistry 48 2009 277 286
44. A. Datta, and K.N. Raymond Gd-hydroxypyridinone (HOPO)-based high-relaxivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents Accounts of Chemical Research 42 2009 938 947
45. V.C. Pierre, M. Botta, S. Aime, and K.N. Raymond Substituent effects on Gd(III)-based MRI contrast agents: optimizing the stability and selectivity of the complex and the number of coordinated water molecules Inorganic Chemistry 45 2006 8355 8364
46. V.C. Pierre, M. Botta, and K.N. Raymond Dendrimeric gadolinium chelate with fast water exchange and high relaxivity at high magnetic field strength Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 2005 504 505
47. J. Xu, S.J. Franklin, D.W. Whisenhunt, and K.N. Raymond Gadolinium complex of tris(3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-didehydropyridine-4-carboxamido) ethyl amine- A new class of gadolinium magnetic-resonance relaxation agents Journal of the American Chemical Society 117 1995 7245 7246
48. W.C. Floyd, P.J. Klemm, D.E. Smiles, A.C. Kohlgruber, V.C. Pierre, J.L. Mynar, J.L. Mnar, J.M.J. Frechet, and K.N. Raymond Conjugation effects of various linkers on Gd(III) MRI contrast agents with dendrimers: optimizing the hydroxypyridinonate (HOPO) ligands with nontoxic, degradable esteramide (EA) dendrimers for high relaxivity Journal of the American Chemical Society 133 2011 2390 2393
49. Z.W. Bai, and R.X. Zhuo The synthesis and relaxivity of polyesteramide MRI contrast agent Ion Exchange Adsorption 12 1996 332 338 (in Chinese)
50. M. Ouyang, R.X. Zhuo, and G.C. Fu Study on synthesis and relaxivity of paramagnetic polyester metal complexes for MRI Chinese Journal of Reaction Polymer 4 1995 99 106
51. M.G. Duarte, M.H. Gil, J.A. Peters, J.M. Colet, L. Vander Elst, R.N. Muller, and C.F.G.C. Geraldes Synthesis, characterization, and relaxivity of two linear Gd(DTPA)-polymer conjugates Bioconjugate Chemistry 12 2001 170 177
52. Z.R. Lu, D.L. Parker, K.C. Goodrich, X.H. Wang, J.G. Dalle, and H.R. Buswell Extracellular biodegradable macromolecular gadolinium(III) complexes for MRI Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 51 2004 27 34
53. A.M. Mohs, Y.D. Zong, J.Y. Guo, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu PEG-g-poly(GdDTPA-co-l-cystine): effect of PEG chain length on in vivo contrast enhancement in MRI Biomacromolecules 6 2005 2305 2311
54. R.L. Lucas, M. Benjamin, and T.M. Reineke Comparison of a tartaric acid derived polymeric MRI contrast agent to a small molecule model chelate Bioconjugate Chemistry 19 2008 24 27
55. D.L. Ladd, R. Hollister, X. Peng, D. Wei, G. Wu, D. Delecki, R.A. Snow, J.L. Toner, K. Kellar, J. Eck, V.C. Desai, G. Raymond, L.B. Kinter, T.S. Desser, and D.L. Rubin Polymeric gadolinium chelate magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: design, synthesis, and properties Bioconjugate Chemistry 10 1999 361 370
56. A.M. Mohs, X.H. Wang, K.C. Goodrich, Y.D. Zong, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu PEG-g-poly(GdDTPA-co-l-cystine): a biodegradable macromolecular blood pool contrast agent for MR imaging Bioconjugate Chemistry 15 2004 1424 1430
57. P.F. Sieving, A.D. Watson, and S.M. Rocklage Preparation and characterization of paramagnetic polychelates and their protein conjugates Bioconjugate Chemistry 1 1990 65 71
58. T.S. Desser, D.L. Rubin, H.H. Muller, F. Qing, S. Khodor, G. Zanazzi, S.W. Young, D.L. Ladd, J.A. Wellons, K.E. Kellar, J.L. Toner, and R.A. Snow Dynamics of tumor imaging with Gd-DTPA polyethylene-glycol polymers-dependence on molecular-weight Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4 1994 467 472
59. G. Adam, J. Neuerburg, E. Spuntrup, A. Muhler, K. Scherer, and R.W. Gunther Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR-imaging of the upper abdomen-enhancement properties of gadobutrol, gadolinium-DTPA-polylysine, and gadolinium-DTPA- cascade-polymer Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 32 1994 622 628
60. J.C. Bock, F. Kaufmann, and R. Felix Comparison of gadolinium-DTPA and macromolecular gadolinium-DTPA-polylysine for contrast-enhanced pulmonary time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography Investigative Radiology 31 1996 652 657
61. J. Mäurer, F.D. Knollmann, C. Veuskens, W. Ebert, H. Bauer, and R. Felix Contrast enhanced high resolution MRI of cutaneous melanomas using Gd-DTPA and Gd-DTPA-polylysine: experimental results Skin Research and Technology 4 1998 49 53
62. E.E. Uzgiris, H. Cline, B. Moasser, B. Grimmond, M. Amaratunga, J.F. Smith, and G. Goddard Conformation and structure of polymeric contrast agents for medical imaging Biomacromolecules 5 2004 54 61
63. S. Aime, M. Botta, S.G. Crich, G. Giovenzana, G. Palmisano, and M. Sisti A macromolecular Gd(III) complex as pH-responsive relaxometric probe for MRI applications Chemical Communications 1999 1577 1578
64. S. Aime, F. Fedeli, A. Sanino, and E. Terreno A R2/R1 ratiometric procedure for a concentration-independent, pH-responsive, Gd(III)-based MRI agent Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 2006 11326 11327
65. B. Zarabi, A. Nan, J. Zhuo, R. Gullapalli, and H. Ghandehari Macrophage targeted N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide conjugates for magnetic resonance imaging Molecular Pharmaceutics 3 2006 550 557
66. Y.L. Wang, F.R. Ye, E.K. Jeong, Y. Sun, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu Noninvasive visualization of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor targeting of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] in mice using contrast enhanced MRI Pharmaceutical Research 24 2007 1208 1216
67. H.Y. Lee, H.W. Jee, S.M. Seo, B.K. Kwak, G. Khang, and S.H. Cho Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-gadolinium (DTPA-Gd)-conjugated polysuccinimide derivatives as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents Bioconjugate Chemistry 17 2006 700 706
68. A.A. Bogdanov, R. Weissleder, H.W. Frank, A.V. Bogdanova, N. Nossif, B.K. Schaffer, E. Tsai, M.I. Papisov, and T.J. Brady A new macromolecule as a contrast agent for MR-angiography-preparation, properties, and animal studies Radiology 187 1993 701 706
69. C. Li, and S. Wallace Polymer-drug conjugates: recent development in clinical oncology Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60 2008 886 898
70. C. Li Poly(l-glutamic acid)-anticancer drug conjugates Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 2002 695 713
71. G.L. Jain, and A.R. Ray Syntheses and characterization of random copolymers of aspartic-acid with lactic-acid and glycolic acid Makromolekulare Chemie 182 1981 2557 2561
72. G. Giammona, B. Carlisi, and S. Palazzo Reaction of alpha,beta-poly(n- hydroxyethyl)-dl-aspartamide with derivatives of carboxylic-acids Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 25 1987 2813 2818
73. J. Kopecek, and P. Kopeckova HPMA copolymers: origins, early developments, present, and future Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 2010 122 149
74. K. Ulbrich, and V. Subr Structural and chemical aspects of HPMA copolymers as drug carriers Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 2010 150 166
75. R. Duncan, and M.J. Vicent Do HPMA copolymer conjugates have a future as clinically useful nanomedicines? A critical overview of current status and future opportunities Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 2010 272 282
76. Q.L. Xu, L.T. Zhu, M.H. Yu, F.D. Feng, L.L. An, C.F. Xing, and S. Wang Gadolinium(III) chelated conjugated polymer as a potential MRI contrast agent Polymer 51 2010 1336 1340
77. Y.D. Zong, X.H. Wang, K.C. Goodrich, A.M. Mohs, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu Contrast-enhanced MRI with new biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes in tumor-bearing mice Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 53 2005 835 842
78. F.N. Franano, W.B. Edwards, M.J. Welch, M.W. Brechbiel, O.A. Gansow, and J.R. Duncan Biodistribution and metabolism of targeted and nontargeted protein-chelate-gadolinium complexes-evidence for gadolinium dissociation in vitro and in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13 1995 201 214
79. C. Casali, M. Janier, E. Canet, J.F. Obadia, S. Benderbous, C. Corot, and D. Revel Evaluation of Gd-DOTA-labeled dextran polymer as an intravascular MR contrast agent for myocardial perfusion Academic Radiology 5 1998 S214 S218
80. P. Caravan, G. Parigi, J.M. Chasse, N.J. Cloutier, J.J. Ellison, R.B. Lauffer, C. Luchinat, S.A. McDermid, M. Spiller, and T.J. McMurry Albumin binding, relaxivity, and water exchange kinetics of the diastereoisomers of MS-325, a gadolinium(III)-based magnetic resonance angiography contrast agent Inorganic Chemistry 46 2007 6632 6639
81. M.H. Ou, C.H. Tu, S.C. Tsai, W.T. Lee, G.C. Liu, and Y.M. Wang Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of two gadolinium(III) TTDA-like complexes and their interaction with human serum albumin Inorganic Chemistry 45 2006 244 254
82. F.E. Armitage, D.E. Richardson, and K.C. Li Polymeric contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: synthesis and characterization of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid conjugated to polysaccharides Bioconjugate Chemistry 1 1990 365 374
83. T.H. Helbich, A. Gossman, P.A. Mareski, B. Raduchel, T.P.L. Roberts, D.M. Shames, M. Muhler, K. Turetschek, and R.C. Brasch A new polysaccharide macromolecular contrast agent for MR imaging: biodistribution and imaging characteristics Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 11 2000 694 701
84. P. Lebduskova, J. Kotek, P. Hermann, L.V. Elst, R.N. Muller, I. Lukes, and J.A. Peters A gadolinium(III) complex of a carboxylic-phosphorus acid derivative of diethylenetriamine covalently bound to inulin, a potential macromolecular MRI contrast agent Bioconjugate Chemistry 15 2004 881 889
85. R. Rebizak, M. Schaefer, and E. Dellacherie Polymeric conjugates of Gd(III)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and dextran. 1. Synthesis, characterization, and paramagnetic properties Bioconjugate Chemistry 8 1997 605 610
86. R. Rebizak, M. Schaefer, and E. Dellacherie Polymeric conjugates of Gd(III)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and dextran. 2. Influence of spacer arm length and conjugate molecular mass on the paramagnetic properties and some biological parameters Bioconjugate Chemistry 9 1998 94 99
87. Y. Song, E.K. Kohlmeir, and T.J. Meade Synthesis of multimeric MR contrast agents for cellular imaging Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 2008 6662 6663
88. J.M. Bryson, W.J. Chu, J.H. Lee, and T.M. Reineke A beta-cyclodextrin "Click Cluster" decorated with seven paramagnetic chelates containing two water exchange sites Bioconjugate Chemistry 19 2008 1505 1509
89. E. Battistini, E. Gianolio, R. Gref, P. Couvreur, S. Fuzerova, M. Othman, S. Aime, B. Badet, and P. Durand High-relaxivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent based on supramolecular assembly between a gadolinium chelate, a modified dextran, and poly-beta-cyclodextrin Chemistry: A European Journal 14 2008 4551 4561
90. S. Aime, E. Gianolio, F. Uggeri, S. Tagliapietra, A. Barge, and G. Cravotto New paramagnetic supramolecular adducts for MRI applications based on non-covalent interactions between Gd(III)-complexes and beta- or gamma-cyclodextrin units anchored to chitosan Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 100 2006 931 938
91. S.H. Medina, and M.E.H. El-Sayed Dendrimers as carriers for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents Chemical Reviews 109 2009 3141 3157
92. H. Kobayashi, S.K. Jo, S. Kawamoto, H. Yasuda, X.Z. Hu, M.V. Knopp, M.W. Brechbiel, P.L. Choyke, and R.A. Star Polyamine dendrimer-based MRI contrast agents for functional kidney imaging to diagnose acute renal failure Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 20 2004 512 518
93. U. Boas, and P.M.H. Heegaard Dendrimers in drug research Chemical Society Reviews 33 2004 43 63
94. B.H. Zinselmeyer, S.P. Mackay, A.G. Schatzlein, and I.F. Uchegbu The lower-generation polypropylenimine dendrimers are effective gene-transfer agents Pharmaceutical Research 19 2002 960 967
95. 125I-labelled polyamidoamine dendrimers in vivo Journal of Controlled Release 65 2000 133 148
96. K. Rittner, A. Benavente, A. Bompard-Sorlet, F. Heitz, G. Divita, R. Brasseur, and E. Jacobs New basic membrane-destabilizing peptides for plasmid-based gene delivery in vitro and in vivo Molecular Therapy 5 2002 104 114
97. J.C. Roberts, M.K. Bhalgat, and R.T. Zera Preliminary biological evaluation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Starburst (TM) dendrimers Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 30 1996 53 65
98. S. Svenson, and D.A. Tomalia Commentary-dendrimers in biomedical applications-reflections on the field Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 57 2005 2106 2129
99. B. Misselwitz, H. Schmitt-Willich, W. Ebert, T. Frenzel, and H.J. Weinmann Pharmacokinetics of Gadomer-17, a new dendritic magnetic resonance contrast agent Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 12 2001 128 134
100. Q. Dong, D.R. Hurst, H.J. Weinmann, T.L. Chenevert, F.J. Londy, and M.R. Prince Magnetic resonance angiography with gadomer-17-an animal study original investigation Investigative Radiology 33 1998 699 708
101. Y.J. Fu, H.J. Raatschen, D.E. Nitecki, M.F. Wendland, V. Novikov, L.S. Fournier, C. Cyran, V. Rogut, D.M. Shames, and R.C. Brasch Cascade polymeric MRI contrast media derived from poly(ethylene glycol) cores: initial syntheses and characterizations Biomacromolecules 8 2007 1519 1529
102. T.L. Kaneshiro, E.K. Jeong, G. Morrell, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu Synthesis and evaluation of globular Gd-DOTA-monoamideconjugates with precisely controlled nanosizes for magnetic resonance angiography Biomacromolecules 9 2008 2742 2748
103. M. Tan, Z. Ye, E.K. Jeong, X. Wu, D.L. Parker, and Z.R. Lu Synthesis and evaluation of nanoglobular macrocyclic Mn(II) chelate conjugates as non-gadolinium(III) MRI contrast agents Bioconjugate Chemistry 22 2011 931 937
104. 3+-loaded polyamidoamine and hyperbranched dendrimers Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 12 2007 406 420
105. Z. Sideratou, D. Tsiourvas, T. Theodossiou, M. Fardis, and C.M. Paleos Synthesis and characterization of multifunctional hyperbranched polyesters as prospective contrast agents for targeted MRI Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 20 2010 4177 4181
106. W.T. Chen, D. Thirumalai, T.T.F. Shih, R.C. Chen, S.Y. Tu, C.I. Lin, and P.C. Yang Dynamic contrast-enhanced folate-receptor-targeted MR imaging using a Gd-loaded PEG-dendrimer-folate conjugate in a mouse xenograft tumor model Molecular Imaging and Biology 12 2010 145 154
107. G. Zhang, R. Zhang, X. Wen, L. Li, and C. Li Micelles based on biodegradable poly(l-glutamic acid)-b-polylactide with paramagnetic Gd ions chelated to the shell layer as a potential nanoscale MRI-visible delivery system Biomacromolecules 9 2007 36 42
108. C.H. Reynolds, N. Annan, K. Beshah, J.H. Huber, S.H. Shaber, R.E. Lenkinski, and J.A. Wortman Gadolinium-loaded nanoparticles: new contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging Journal of the American Chemical Society 122 2000 8940 8945
109. J.L. Turner, D.P.J. Pan, R. Plummer, Z.Y. Chen, A.K. Whittaker, and K.L. Wooley Synthesis of gadolinium-labeled shell-crosslinked nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging applications Advanced Functional Materials 15 2005 1248 1254
110. P. Gong, Z.Y. Chen, Y.Y. Chen, W. Wang, X.S. Wang, and A.G. Hu High-relaxivity MRI contrast agents prepared from miniemulsion polymerization using gadolinium(III)-based metallosurfactants Chemical Communications 47 2011 4240 4242
111. Z.L. Cheng, D.L.J. Thorek, and A. Tsourkas Gadolinium-conjugated dendrimer nanoclusters as a tumor-targeted T-1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 2010 346 350
112. S. Kaida, H. Cabral, M. Kumagai, A. Kishimura, Y. Terada, M. Sekino, L. Aoki, N. Nishiyama, T. Tani, and K. Kataoka Visible drug delivery by supramolecular nanocarriers directing to single-platformed diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic tumor model Cancer Research 70 2010 7031 7041
113. E. Nakamura, K. Makino, T. Okano, T. Yamamoto, and M. Yokoyama A polymeric micelle MRI contrast agent with changeable relaxivity Journal of Controlled Release 114 2006 325 333
114. K. Shiraishi, K. Kawano, Y. Maitani, and M. Yokoyama Polyion complex micelle MRI contrast agents from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lysine) block copolymers having Gd-DOTA; preparations and their control of T(1)-relaxivities and blood circulation characteristics Journal of Controlled Release 148 2010 160 167
115. K. Shiraishi, K. Kawano, T. Minowa, Y. Maitani, and M. Yokoyama Preparation and in vivo imaging of PEG-poly(l-lysine)-based polymeric micelle MRI contrast agents Journal of Controlled Release 136 2009 14 20
116. M.R. Longmire, M. Ogawa, P.L. Choyke, and H. Kobayashi Biologically optimized nanosized molecules and particles: more than just size Bioconjugate Chemistry 22 2011 993 1000
117. H. Kobayashi, and M.W. Brechbiel Dendrimer-based nanosized MRI contrast agents Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 5 2004 539 549
118. P.L. Choyke, and H. Kobayashi Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney using macromolecular contrast agents Abdominal Imaging 31 2006 224 231
119. E.C. Wiener, M.W. Brechbiel, H. Brothers, R.L. Magin, O.A. Gansow, D.A. Tomalia, and P.C. Lauterbur Dendrimer-based metal-chelates- A new class of magnetic-resonance-imaging contrast agents Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 31 1994 1 8
120. N. Sato, H. Kobayashi, A. Hiraga, T. Saga, K. Togashi, J. Konishi, and M.W. Brechbiel Pharmacokinetics and enhancement patterns of macromolecular MR contrast agents with various sizes of polyamidoamine dendrimer cores Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 46 2001 1169 1173
121. H. Kobayashi, N. Sato, A. Hiraga, T. Saga, Y. Nakamoto, H. Ueda, J. Konishi, K. Togashi, and M.W. Brechbiel 3D-micro-MR angiography of mice using macromolecular MR contrast agents with polyamidoamine dendrimer core with reference to their pharmacokinetic properties Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 45 2001 454 460
122. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, T. Saga, N. Sato, A. Hiraga, J. Konishi, K. Togashi, and M.W. Brechbiel Micro-MR angiography of normal and intratumoral vessels in mice using dedicated intravascular MR contrast agents with high generation of polyamidoamine dendrimer core: reference to pharmacokinetic properties of dendrimer-based MR contrast agents Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 14 2001 705 713
123. H. Kobayashi, N. Sato, S. Kawamoto, T. Saga, A. Hiraga, T. Ishimori, K. Togashi, J. Konishi, and M.W. Brechbiel 3D MR angiography of intratumoral vasculature using a novel macromolecular MR contrast agent Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 46 2001 579 585
124. K. Shirakawa, H. Kobayashi, Y. Heike, S. Kawamoto, M.W. Brechbiel, F. Kasumi, T. Lwanaga, F. Konishi, M. Terada, and H. Wakasugi Hemodynamics in vasculogenic mimicry and angiogenesis of inflammatory breast cancer xenograft Cancer Research 62 2002 560 566
125. H. Kobayashi, K. Shirakawa, S. Kawamoto, T. Saga, N. Sato, A. Hiraga, L. Watanabe, Y. Heike, K. Togashi, J. Konishi, M.W. Brechbiel, and H. Wakasugi Rapid accumulation and internalization of radiolabeled herceptin in an inflammatory breast cancer xenograft with vasculogenic mimicry predicted by the contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI with the macromolecular contrast agent G6-(1B4M-Gd)(256) Cancer Research 62 2002 860 866
126. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, T. Saga, N. Sato, A. Hiraga, T. Ishimori, Y. Akita, M.H. Mamede, K. Togashi, and J. Konishi Novel liver macromolecular MR contrast agent with a polypropylenimine diaminobutyl dendrimer core: comparison to the vascular MR contrast agent with the polyamidoamine dendrimer core Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 46 2001 795 802
127. D.E. Owens 3rd, and N.A. Peppas Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles International Journal of Pharmaceutics 307 2006 93 102
128. L.M. Kaminskas, B.J. Boyd, P. Karellas, G.Y. Krippner, R. Lessene, B. Kelly, and C.J.H. Porter The impact of molecular weight and PEG chain length on the systemic pharmacokinetics of PEGylated poly l-lysine dendrimers Molecular Pharmaceutics 5 2008 449 463
129. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, T. Saga, N. Sato, A. Hiraga, T. Ishimori, K. Togashi, J. Konishi, and M.W. Brechbiel Positive effects of polyethylene glycol conjugation to generation-4 polyamidoamine dendrimers as macromolecular MR contrast agents Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 46 2001 781 788
130. S. Sadekar, A. Ray, M. Janat-Amsbury, C.M. Peterson, and H. Ghandehari Comparative biodistribution of PAMAM dendrimers and HPMA copolymers in ovarian-tumor-bearing mice Biomacromolecules 12 2011 88 96
131. Y. Geng, P. Dalhaimer, S. Cai, R. Tsai, M. Tewari, T. Minko, and D.E. Discher Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery Nature Nanotechnology 2 2007 249 255
132. H. Kobayashi, N. Sato, S. Kawamoto, T. Saga, A. Hiraga, T.L. Haque, T. Ishimori, J. Konishi, K. Togashi, and M.W. Brechbiel Comparison of the macromolecular MR contrast agents with ethylenediamine-core versus ammonia-core generation-6 polyamidoamine dendrimer Bioconjugate Chemistry 12 2001 100 107
133. L. Vander Elst, I. Raynal, M. Port, P. Tisnes, and R.N. Muller In vitro relaxometric and luminescence characterization of P792 (Gadomelitol, Vistarem((R))), an efficient and rapid clearance blood pool MRI contrast agent European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2005 1142 1148
134. T.D. Nguyen, P. Spincemaille, A. Vaidya, M.R. Prince, Z.R. Lu, and Y. Wang Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography with biodegradable (Gd-DTPA)-cystamine copolymers: comparison with MS-325 in a swine model Molecular Pharmaceutics 3 2006 558 565
135. H. Maeda, J. Wu, T. Sawa, Y. Matsumura, and K. Hori Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review Journal of Controlled Release 65 2000 271 284
136. D. Hanahan, and R.A. Weinberg Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation Cell 144 2011 646 674
137. M. Zhao, M. Yang, X.M. Li, P. Jiang, E. Baranov, S.K. Li, M.X. Xu, S. Penman, and R.M. Hoffman Tumor-targeting bacterial therapy with amino acid auxotrophs of GFP-expressing Salmonella typhimurium Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 2005 755 760
138. J. Fang, H. Nakamura, and H. Maeda The EPR effect: unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 63 2011 136 151
139. H. Daldrup, D.M. Shames, M. Wendland, Y. Okuhata, T.M. Link, W. Rosenau, Y. Lu, and R.C. Brasch Correlation of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging with histologic tumor grade: comparison of macromolecular and small-molecular contrast media American Journal of Roentgenology 171 1998 941 949
140. A. Gossmann, Y. Okuhata, D.M. Shames, T.H. Helbich, T.P.L. Roberts, M.F. Wendland, S. Huber, and R.C. Brasch Prostate cancer tumor grade differentiation with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the rat: comparison of macromolecular and small-molecular contrast media-preliminary experience Radiology 213 1999 265 272
141. Y. Feng, E.K. Jeong, A.M. Mohs, L. Emerson, and Z.R. Lu Characterization of tumor angiogenesis with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents in mice Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 60 2008 1347 1352
142. A. Gossmann, T.H. Helbich, N. Kuriyama, S. Ostrowitzki, T.P.L. Roberts, D.M. Shames, N. van Bruggen, M.F. Wendland, M.A. Israel, and R.C. Brasch Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a surrogate marker of tumor response to anti-angiogenic therapy in a xenograft model of glioblastoma multiforme Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 15 2002 233 240
143. C.D. Pham, T.P.L. Roberts, N. van Bruggen, O. Melnyk, J. Mann, N. Ferrara, R.L. Cohen, and R.C. Brasch Magnetic resonance imaging detects suppression of tumor vascular permeability after administration of antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor Cancer Investigation 16 1998 225 230
144. C.C. Cyran, Y.J. Fu, H.J. Raatschen, V. Rogut, B. Chaopathomkul, D.M. Shames, M.F. Wendland, B.M. Yeh, and R.C. Brasch New macromolecular polymeric MRI contrast agents for application in the differentiation of cancer from benign soft tissues Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 27 2008 581 589
145. T. Barrett, H. Kobayashi, M. Brechbiel, and P.L. Choyke Macromolecular MRI contrast agents for imaging tumor angiogenesis European Journal of Radiology 60 2006 353 366
146. T. Barrett, M. Brechbiel, M. Bernardo, and P.L. Choyke MRI of tumor angiogenesis Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 26 2007 235 249
147. K. Turetschek, S. Huber, E. Floyd, T. Helbich, T.P.L. Roberts, D.M. Shames, K.S. Tarlo, M.F. Wendland, and R.C. Brasch MR imaging characterization of microvessels in experimental breast tumors by using a particulate contrast agent with histopathologic correlation Radiology 218 2001 562 569
148. C.F. vanDijke, R.C. Brasch, T.P.L. Roberts, N. Weidner, A. Mathur, D.M. Shames, J.S. Mann, F. Demsar, P. Lang, and H.C. Schwickert Mammary carcinoma model: correlation of macromolecular contrast-enhanced MR imaging characterizations of tumor microvasculature and histologic capillary density Radiology 198 1996 813 818
149. H. Kobayashi, K. Reijnders, S. English, A.T. Yordanov, D.E. Milenic, A.L. Sowers, D. Citrin, M.C. Krishna, T.A. Waldmann, J.B. Mitchell, and M.W. Brechbiel Application of a macromolecular contrast agent for detection of alterations of tumor vessel permeability induced by radiation Clinical Cancer Research 10 2004 7712 7720
150. J.D. Byrne, T. Betancourt, and L. Brannon-Peppas Active targeting schemes for nanoparticle systems in cancer therapeutics Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60 2008 1615 1626
151. S.D. Konda, M. Aref, S. Wang, M. Brechbiel, and E.C. Wiener Specific targeting of folate-dendrimer MRI contrast agents to the high affinity folate receptor expressed in ovarian tumor xenografts Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 12 2001 104 113
152. E.C. Wiener, S. Konda, A. Shadron, M. Brechbiel, and O. Gansow Targeting dendrimer-chelates to tumors and tumor cells expressing the high-affinity folate receptor Investigative Radiology 32 1997 748 754
153. S. Erdogan, Z.O. Medarova, A. Roby, A. Moore, and V.P. Torchilin Enhanced tumor MR imaging with gadolinium-loaded polychelating polymer-containing tumor-targeted liposomes Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 27 2008 574 580
154. J.H. Lee, J.A. Engler, J.F. Collawn, and B.A. Moore Receptor mediated uptake of peptides that bind the human transferrin receptor European Journal of Biochemistry 268 2001 2004 2012
155. L.A. Han, J.F. Li, S.X. Huang, R.Q. Huang, S.H. Liu, X. Hu, P.W. Yi, D. Shan, X.X. Wang, H. Lei, and C. Jiang Peptide-conjugated polyamidoamine dendrimer as a nanoscale tumor-targeted T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Biomaterials 32 2011 2989 2998
156. G. Schuhmanngiampieri, H. Schmittwillich, and T. Frenzel Biliary-excretion and pharmacokinetics of a Gadolinium chelate used as a liver-specific contrast agent for magnetic-resonance-imaging in the rat Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 82 1993 799 803
157. G. Schuhmanngiampieri, H. Schmittwillich, W.R. Press, C. Negishi, H.J. Weinmann, and U. Speck Preclinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA as a contrast agent in MR imaging of the hepatobiliary system Radiology 183 1992 59 64
158. B. Hamm, T. Staks, A. Muhler, M. Bollow, M. Taupitz, T. Frenzel, K.J. Wolf, H.J. Weinmann, and L. Lange Phase-I clinical-evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA as a hepatobiliary MR contrast agent-safety, pharmacokinetics, and MR-imaging Radiology 195 1995 785 792
159. P. Reimer, E.J. Rummeny, K. Shamsi, T. Balzer, H.E. Daldrup, B. Tombach, T. Hesse, T. Berns, and P.E. Peters Phase II clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA: dose, safety aspects, and pulse sequence Radiology 199 1996 177 183
160. T.J. Vogl, S. Kummel, R. Hammerstingl, M. Schellenbeck, G. Schumacher, T. Balzer, W. Schwarz, P.K. Muller, W.O. Bechstein, M.G. Mack, O. Sollner, and R. Felix Liver tumors: comparison of MR imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA and Gd-DTPA Radiology 200 1996 59 67
161. H. Kobayashi, T. Saga, S. Kawamoto, N. Sato, A. Hiraga, T. Ishimori, J. Konishi, K. Togashi, and M.W. Brechbiel Dynamic micro-magnetic resonance imaging of liver micrometastasis in mice with a novel liver macromolecular magnetic resonance contrast agent DAB-Am64-(1B4M-Gd)(64) Cancer Research 61 2001 4966 4970
162. Y.J. Fu, and R.X. Zhuo Studies on hepatocyte-targeting magnetic resonance imaging macromolecular contrast media Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 13 1997 336 343
163. R.X. Zhuo, Y.J. Fu, and J. Liao Synthesis, relaxivity and biodistribution of novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents: polylysine (Gd-DTPA/DOTA) with pendent galactose moieties as hepatocyte-targeting groups Chinese Chemical Letters 8 1997 157 160
164. K. Luo, G. Liu, B. He, Y. Wu, Q.Y. Gong, B. Song, H. Ai, and Z.W. Gu Multifunctional gadolinium-based dendritic macromolecules as liver targeting imaging probes Biomaterials 32 2011 2575 2585
165. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, S.K. Jo, N. Sato, T. Saga, A. Hiraga, J. Konishi, S. Hu, K. Togashi, M.W. Brechbiel, and R.A. Star Renal tubular damage detected by dynamic micro-MRI with a dendrimer-based magnetic resonance contrast agent Kidney International 61 2002 1980 1985
166. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, R.A. Star, T.A. Waldmann, Y. Tagaya, and M.W. Brechbiel Micro-magnetic resonance lymphangiography in mice using a novel dendrimer-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Cancer Research 63 2003 271 276
167. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, Y. Sakai, P.L. Choyke, R.A. Star, M.W. Brechbiel, N. Sato, Y. Tagaya, J.C. Morris, and T.A. Waldmann Lymphatic drainage imaging of breast cancer in mice by micro-magnetic resonance lymphangiography using a nano-size paramagnetic contrast agent Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96 2004 703 708
168. B. Misselwitz, H. Schmitt-Willich, M. Michaelis, and J.J. Oellinger Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography using a polymeric T1 contrast agent-initial experience with gadomer-17 Investigative Radiology 37 2002 146 151
169. H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, P.L. Choyke, N. Sato, M.V. Knopp, R.A. Star, T.A. Waldmann, Y. Tagaya, and M.W. Brechbiel Comparison of dendrimer-based macromolecular contrast agents for dynamic micro-magnetic resonance lymphangiography Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 50 2003 758 766
170. G.B. Hong, R.X. Yuan, B.L. Liang, J. Shen, X.Q. Yang, and X.T. Shuai Folate functionalized polymeric micelle as hepatic carcinoma-targeted, MRI-ultrasensitive delivery system of antitumor drugs Biomedical Microdevices 10 2008 693 700
171. J.S. Guthi, S.G. Yang, G. Huang, S.Z. Li, C. Khemtong, C.W. Kessinger, M. Peyton, J.D. Minna, K.C. Brown, and J.M. Gao MRI-visible micellar nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery to lung cancer cells Molecular Pharmaceutics 7 2010 32 40
172. V.I. Shubayev, T.R. Pisanic, and S.H. Jin Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61 2009 467 477
173. T. Lammers, F. Kiessling, W.E. Hennink, and G. Storm Nanotheranostics and image-guided drug delivery: current concepts and future directions Molecular Pharmaceutics 7 2010 1899 1912
174. A. Vaidya, Y.G. Sun, Y. Feng, L. Emerson, E.K. Jeong, and Z.R. Lu Contrast-enhanced MRI-guided photodynamic cancer therapy with a pegylated bifunctional polymer conjugate Pharmaceutical Research 25 2008 2002 2011
175. D. Wang, S.C. Miller, X.M. Liu, B. Anderson, X.S. Wang, and S.R. Goldring Novel dexamethasone-HPMA copolymer conjugate and its potential application in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Research and Therapy 9 2007 R2/1-9
176. X.M. Liu, L.D. Quan, J. Tian, Y. Alnouti, K. Fu, G.M. Thiele, and D. Wang Synthesis and evaluation of a well-defined HPMA copolymer-dexamethasone conjugate for effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Pharmaceutical Research 25 2008 2910 2919
177. X.M. Liu, S.C. Miller, and D. Wang Beyond oncology-application of HPMA copolymers in non-cancerous diseases Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 2010 258 271