Conflict cultures in organizations: How leaders shape conflict cultures and their organizational-level consequences

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 97, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1131-1147

  Gelfand, Michele J ^a   Leslie, Lisa M ^b   Keller, Kirsten ^c   de Dreu, Carsten ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Conflict management; Culture; Leadership; Norms; Organizations

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONFLICT; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LEADERSHIP; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION;

ADULT; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; GROUP PROCESSES; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LEADERSHIP; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE;

EID: 84874078667     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0029993     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Amanatullah, E., Morris, M. W., & Curhan, J. R. (2008). Negotiators who give too much: Unmitigated communion, relational anxieties, and economic costs in distributive and integrative bargaining. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 723-738. doi:10.1037/a0012612
2. Argyris, C. (1971). Management information systems: The challenge to rationality and emotionality. Management Science, 17, B275-B292. doi:10.1287/mnsc.17.6.B275
3. Barling, J., Loughlin, C. A., & Kelloway, E. K. (2002). Developmental test of a model linking safety-specific transformational leadership and occupational injuries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 488-496. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.488
4. Beersma, B., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2005). Conflict's consequences: Effects of social motives on postnegotiation creative and convergent group functioning and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 358-374. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.358
5. Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1964). The managerial grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
6. Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349-381). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
7. Brannick, M. T., Chan, D., Conway, J. M., Lance, C. E., & Spector, P. E. (2010). What is method variance and how can we cope with it? A panel discussion. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 407-420. doi: 10.1177/1094428109360993
8. Bunderson, J. S., & Sutcliff, K. M. (2003). Management team learning orientation and business unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 552-560. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.552
9. Chen, G., Liu, C., & Tjosvold, D. (2005). Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in China. Journal ofManagement Studies, 42, 277-300. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00497.x
10. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386-400. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386
11. Constantino, C. A., & Merchant, C. S. (1996). Designing conflict management systems: A guide to creating productive and healthy organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
12. De Church, L. A., & Marks, M. A. (2001). Maximizing the benefits of task conflict: The role of conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 4-22. doi:10.1108/eb022847
13. De Dreu, C. K. W. (2006). When too much and too little hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams. Journal of Management, 32, 83-107. doi:10.1177/ 0149206305277795
14. De Dreu, C. K. W. (2007). Coopertive outcome interdependance task reflexivity and team effectiveness: A motivated processing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 628-638. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.628
15. De Dreu, C. K. W., Evers, A., Beersma, B., Kluwer, E. S., & Nauta, A. (2001). A theory-based measure of conflict management strategies in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 645-668. doi: 10.1002/job.107
16. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Gelfand, M. J. (Eds.). (2008). The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
17. De Dreu, C. K. W., van Dierendonck, D., & Dijkstra, M. T. (2004). Conflict at work and individual well-being. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15, 6-26. doi:10.1108/eb022905
18. De Dreu, C. K. W., & van Vianen, A. E. M. (2001). Managing relationship conflict and the effectiveness of organizational teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 309-328. doi:10.1002/job.71
19. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003a). Task versus relationship conflict, team perfomance and team member satisfaction: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 741-749. doi:10.1037/ 0021-9010.88.4.741
20. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003b). Toward a contingency theory of conflict and performance in groups and organizational teams. In M. A. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. Smith (Eds.), International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working (pp. 151-166) Chichester, UK: Wiley.
21. De Dreu, C. K. W., & West, M. A. (2001). Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1191-1201. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191
22. DeLisi, P. S. (1998). A modern-day tragedy. Journal of Management Inquiry, 7, 118-130. doi:10.1177/105649269872005
23. Deutsch, M. (1949). A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2, 129-152. doi:10.1177/001872674900200204
24. Dobbins, G. H., & Zaccaro, S. J. (1986). The effects of group cohesion and leader behavior on subordinate satisfaction. Group & Organization Studies, 11, 203-219. doi:10.1177/105960118601100305
25. Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H. (1998). Common methods bias: Does common methods variance really bias the results? Organizational Research Methods, 1, 374-406. doi:10.1177/109442819814002
26. Dragoni, L. (2005). Understanding state goal orientation: Leadership and work-group climate as key antecedents (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park.
27. Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383. doi:10.2307/ 2666999
28. Finkelstein, S. (2005). When bad things happen to good companies: Strategy failure and flawed executives. Journal of Business Strategy, 26, 19-28. doi:10.1108/02756660510586300
29. Gelfand, M. J., Leslie, L. M., & Keller, K. (2008). On the etiology of organizational conflict cultures. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 137-166. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.06.001
30. Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C.,... Yamaguchi, S. (2011, May 27). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332, 1100-1104. doi:10.1126/ science.1197754
31. Gittell, J. H. (2003). The Southwest Airlines way: Using the power of relationships to achieve high performance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
32. Goncalo, J. A., & Staw, B. M. (2006). Individualism- collectivism and group creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100, 96-109.
33. Harman, H. H. (1967). Modern factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
34. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
35. Hogg, M. A. (2010). Influence and leadership. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 1166-1207).New York, NY: Wiley.
36. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Cultures, leadership and organizations: A 62 nation GLOBE study. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Jaffee, D. (2008). Conflict at work throughout the history of organizations. In C. K. W. De Dreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations (pp. 55-77). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
38. James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 85-98. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.1.85
39. Janssen, O., & van de Vliert, E. (1996). Concern for the other's goals: Key to (de-) escalation of conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 7, 99-120. doi:10.1108/eb022777
40. Jehn, K. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256-282. doi:10.2307/2393638
41. Jehn, K., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 238-251. doi:10.2307/3069453
42. Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 386-408. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.20208687
43. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizing. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
44. Kelley, H. H., & Stahelski, A. J. (1970). Social interaction basis of cooperators and competitors beliefs about others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 66-91. doi:10.1037/h0029849
45. Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 175-192. doi:10.2307/20159571
46. Klein, K. J., Bliese, P. D., Kozlowksi, S. W. J., Dansereau, F., Gavin, M. B., Griffin, M. A.,... Bligh, M. C. (2000). Multilevel analytical techniques: Commonalities, differences and continuing questions. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 512-553). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
47. Kolb, D., & Putnam, L. (1992). The multiple faces of conflict in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 311-324. doi:10.1002/ job.4030130313
48. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach in theory and research in organization: Contextual, temporal and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 3-90). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
49. Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., & De Grada, E. (2006). Groups as epistemic providers: Need for closure and the unfolding of group centrism. Psychological Review, 113, 84-100. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.113.1.84
50. Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing". Psychological Review, 103, 263-283. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
51. Lance, C. E., Dawson, B., Birkelbach, D., & Hoffman, B. J. (2010). Method effects, measurement error and substantive conclusions. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 435-455. doi:10.1177/ 1094428109352528
52. Leung, K., & Brew, F. P. (2009). A cultural analysis of harmony and conflict: Towards an integrated model of conflict styles. In R. S. Wyer, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research and application (pp. 411-428). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
53. Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created "social climates". Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 269-299. doi:10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
54. Lovelace, K., Shapiro, D. L., & Weingart, L. R. (2001). Maximizing cross-functional new product teams' innovativeness and constraint adherence: A conflict communications perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 779-793. doi:10.2307/3069415
55. Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in organizations: Three perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
56. Martin, J., & Meyerson, D. (1998). Women and power: Conformity, resistance, and disorganized coaction. In R. Kramer & M. Neale (Eds.), Power and influence in organizations (pp. 311-348). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
58. Mayer, D., Nishii, L., Schneider, B., & Goldstein, H. (2007). The precursors and products of justice climates: Group leader antecedents and employee attitudinal consequences. Personnel Psychology, 60, 929-963. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00096.x
59. Morill, C. (1995). The executive way: Conflict management in corporations. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
60. Nunnally, K. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
61. O'Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1996). Culture as social control: Corporations, cults and commitment. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 157-200.
62. Packard, D. (1995). The HP way: How Bill Hewlett and I built our company. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
63. Perlow, L. (2003). When you say yes but mean no: How silencing conflict wrecks relationships and companies. New York, NY: Crown Business.
64. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method bias in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
65. Pruitt, D. G., & Rubin, J. Z. (1986). Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement. New York, NY: Random House.
66. Rahim, A., & Magner, N. R. (1995). Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 122-132. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.122
67. Rahim, M. A. (1983). A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 368-376. doi:10.2307/ 255985
68. Roberson, M. A., & Colquitt, J. A. (2005). Shared and configural justice: A social network model of justice in teams. Academy of Management Review, 30, 595-607. doi:10.5465/AMR.2005.17293715
69. Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, G. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attributes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224-253. doi:10.2307/2392563
70. Schein, E. H. (1983). The role of the founder in creating organizational culture. Organizational Dynamics, 12, 13-28. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(83)90023-2
71. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
72. Schein, E. H. (2003). DEC is dead, long live DEC: The lasting legacy of digital equipment corporation. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
73. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00609.x
74. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., & Macey, W. H. (2011). Organizational climate research: Achievements and the road ahead. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), The handbook of organizational culture and climate (2nd ed., pp. 29-49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
75. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Mayer, D. M., Saltz, J. L., & Niles-Jolly, K. (2005). Understanding organization customer links in service settings. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 1017-1032. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2005.19573107
76. Schneider, B., Salvaggio, A. N., & Subirats, M. (2002). Service climate: A new direction for climate research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 220-229.
77. Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. (1998). Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Tests of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 150-163. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.462
78. Schulte, M., Ostroff, C., Shmulyian, S., & Kinicki, A. (2009). Organizational climate configurations: Relationship to collective attitudes, customer satisfaction, and financial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 618-634. doi:10.1037/a0014365
79. Schwartz, S. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
80. Sheehy, G. (2008, August). Hillaryland at war. Vanity Fair. Retrieved from http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/08/clinton200808
81. Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organization Research Methods, 13, 456 - 476. doi:10.1177/ 1094428109351241
82. Simons, T. L., & Peterson, R. S. (2000). Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 102-111. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.102
83. Slaikeu, K. A., & Hasson, R. H. (1998). Controlling the cost of conflict: How to design a system for your organization. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
84. Smeesters, D., Warlop, L., Van Avermaet, E., Corneille, O., & Yzerbyt, V. (2003). Do not prime hawks with doves: The interplay of construct activation and consistency of social value orientation on cooperative behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 972-987. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.972
85. Spector, P. E. (1987). Method variance as an artifact in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Myth or significant problem? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 438-443. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.438
86. Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221-232. doi:10.1177/ 1094428105284955
87. Steinel, W., De Dreu, C. K. W., Ouwehand, E., & Ramirez-Marin, J. Y. (2009). When constituencies speak in multiple tongues: The relative persuasiveness of hawkish minorities in representative negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 67-78. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.12.002
88. Taggar, S. (2002). Individual creativity and group ability to utilize individual creative resources: A multilevel model. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 315-330. doi:10.2307/3069349
89. Ten Velden, F. S., Beersma, B., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2007). Majority and minority influence in group negotiation: The moderating effects of social motivation and decision rules. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 259-268. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.259
90. Thomas, K. W. (1976). Conflict and conflict management. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 889-935). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
91. Tice, H., & Morand, D. (1991). Organizational subculture and countercultures. In G. Miller (Ed.), Studies in organizational sociology (pp. 45-69). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
92. Tjosvold, D. (1998). Cooperative and competitive goal approach to conflict: Accomplishments and challenges. Applied Psychology, 47, 285-313. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1998.tb00025.x
93. Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.118
94. Tumulty, K. (2008, June 5). How Obama did it. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1811857,00.html
95. Ury, W. L., Brett, J. M., & Goldberg, S. B. (1988). Getting disputes resolved: Designing systems to cut the costs of conflict. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
96. Van de Vliert, E. (1997). Complex interpersonal conflict behavior. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
97. Van de Vliert, E., & Kabanoff, B. (1990). Toward theory-based measures of conflict management. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 199-209. doi:10.2307/256359
98. Van de Walle, D. (1997). Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 995-1015. doi:10.1177/0013164497057006009
99. Van Dyck, C., Frese, M., Baer, M., & Sonnentag, S. (2005). Organizational error management culture and its impact on performance: A two-study replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1228-1240. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1228
100. Van Lange, P. A. M. (1992). Confidence in expectations: A test of the triangle hypothesis. European Journal of Personality, 6, 371-379. doi: 10.1002/per.2410060505
101. Walton, R. E., Dutton, J. M., & Cafferty, T. P. (1969). Organizational context and interdepartmental conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14, 522-542. doi:10.2307/2391590
102. Weingart, L. R., Brett, J. M., Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. (2007). Conflicting social motives in negotiating groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 994-1010.
103. Weingart, L., & Olekalns, M. (2004). Communication processes in negotiation. In M. Gelfand & J. Brett (Eds.), Handbook of negotiation and culture (pp. 143-157). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
104. Zohar, D. (2002). The effects of leadership dimensions, safety climate, and assigned priorities on minor injuries in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 75-92. doi:10.1002/job.130