Electrochemical approaches to the production of graphene flakes and their potential applications

Carbon

Volumn 54, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-21

  Low, C T J ^a,b   Walsh, F C ^a   Chakrabarti, M H ^b,c   Hashim, M A ^b   Hussain, M A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION; ELECTROLYTES; GRAPHENE; GRAPHITE; IONIC LIQUIDS;

ANALYTICAL METHOD; ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS; INTERCALATION OF LITHIUM; MANUFACTURING PROCEDURE; ONE STEP SYNTHESIS; ORGANIC ELECTROLYTE; STATE-OF-THE-ART METHODS; TERNARY EUTECTIC MELTS;

ELECTRIC DISCHARGES;

EID: 84872872646     PISSN: 00086223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.11.030     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T.J. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, and S.V. Morozov Two-dimensional atomic crystals Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 2005 10451 10453
2. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, and S.V. Dubonos Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films Science 306 2004 666 669
3. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010. Nobelprize.org. 24 September 12. < http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel-prizes/physics/laureates/2010/ >.
4. H.L. Guo, X.F. Wang, Q.Y. Qian, F.B. Wang, and X.H. Xia A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets ACS Nano 3 2009 2653 2659
5. N. Roy, R. Sengupta, and A.K. Bhowmick Modifications of carbon for polymer composites and nanocomposites Prog Polymer Sci 37 2012 781 819
6. D. Wei, L. Grande, V. Chundi, R. White, C. Bower, and P. Andrewa Graphene from electrochemical exfoliation and its direct applications in enhanced energy storage devices Chem Commun 48 2012 1239 1241
7. J. Lee, L. Tao, Y. Hao, R.S. Ruoff, and D. Akinwande Embedded-gate graphene transistors for high-mobility detachable flexible nanoelectronics Appl Phys Lett 100 2012 152104 152107
8. K.S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Morozov, H.L. Stormer, and U. Zeitler Room-temperature quantum hall effect in graphene Science 15 2007 1379
9. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M.I. Katsnelson, and I.V. Grigorieva Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene Nature 438 2005 197 200
10. K.I. Bolotin, K.J. Sikes, Z. Jiang, M. Klima, G. Fudenberg, and J. Hone Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene Solid State Commun 146 2008 351 355
11. L. Yan, Y.B. Zheng, F. Zhao, S. Li, X. Gao, and B. Xu Chemistry and physics of a single atomic layer: strategies and challenges for functionalization of graphene and graphene-based materials Chem Soc Rev 41 2012 97 114
12. D. Chen, L. Tang, and J. Li Graphene-based materials in electrochemistry Chem Soc Rev 39 2010 3157 3180
13. P. Thrower, and R.T. Loader Interstitial atom energies in graphite Carbon 7 1969 467 477
14. C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, X. Wu, N. Brown, and C. Naud Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene Science 312 2006 1191 1198
15. M. Choucair, P. Thordarson, and J.A. Stride Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication Nat Nanotechnol 4 2009 30 33
16. S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, G.H.B. Dommett, K.M. Kohlhaas, E.J. Zimney, and E.A. Stach Graphene-based composite material Nature 442 2006 282 286
17. Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F.M. Blighe, Z. Sun, and S. De High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite Nat Nanotechnol 3 2008 563 568
18. X.L. Li, G.Y. Zhang, X.D. Bai, X.M. Sun, X.R. Wang, and H.J. Dai Highly conducting graphene sheets with Langmuir-Blodgett films Nat Nanotechnol 3 2008 538 542
19. V.V. Singh, G. Gupta, A. Batra, A.K. Nigam, M. Boopathi, and P.K. Gutch Greener electrochemical synthesis of high quality graphene nanosheets directly from pencil and its SPR sensing application Adv Funct Mater 22 2012 2352 2362
20. V.V. Singh, D. Joung, L. Zhai, S. Das, S.I. Khondaker, and S. Seal Graphene based materials: past, present and future Prog Mater Sci 56 2011 1178 1271
21. S. Park, and R.S. Ruoff Chemical mehods for the production of graphenes Nat Nanotechnol 4 2009 217 224
22. M.J. Allen, V.C. Tung, and R.B. Kaner Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene Chem Rev 110 2010 132 145
23. C.N. Nolen, G. Denina, D. Teweldebrhan, B. Bhanu, and A.A. Balandin High-throughput large-area automated identification and quality control of graphene and few-layer graphene films ACS Nano 5 2011 914 922
24. K.S. Sivudu, and Y.R. Mahajan Challenges and opportunities for the mass production of high quality graphene: an analysis of worldwide patents Nanotech Insights 3 2012 6 19
25. C.Y. Su, A.Y. Lu, Y. Xu, F.R. Chen, A.N. Khlobystov, and L.J. Li High-quality thin graphene films from fast electrochemical exfoliation ACS Nano 5 2011 2332 2339
26. M. Hilder, B. Winther-Jensen, D. Li, M. Forsyth, and D.R. MacFarlane Direct electro-deposition of graphene from aqueous suspensions Phys Chem Chem Phys 13 2011 9187 9193
27. G. Wang, B. Wang, J. Park, Y. Wang, B. Sun, and J. Yao Highly efficient and large-scale synthesis of graphene by electrolytic exfoliation Carbon 47 2009 3242 3246
28. G.M. Morales, P. Schifani, G. Ellis, C. Ballesteros, M. Gerardo, and C. Barbero High-quality few layer graphene produced by electrochemical intercalation and microwave-assisted expansion of graphite Carbon 49 2011 2809 2816
29. M. Alanyalioǧlu, J.J. Segura, J. Oró-Sole, and N. Casañ-Pastor The synthesis of graphene sheets with controlled thickness and order using surfactant-assisted electrochemical processes Carbon 50 2012 142 152
30. J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, M.J. Fernandez-Merino, L. Guardia, A. Martinez-Alonso, and J.M.D. Tascon Environmentally friendly approaches toward the mass production of processable graphene from graphite oxide J Mater Chem 21 2011 298 306
31. Y. Shao, J. Wang, M. Engelhard, C. Wang, and Y. Lin Facile and controllable electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and its applications J Mater Chem 20 2010 743 748
32. J. Wang, K.K. Manga, Q. Bao, and K.P. Loh High-yield synthesis of few-layer graphene flakes through electrochemical expansion of graphite in propylene carbonate electrolyte J Am Chem Soc 133 2011 8888 8891
33. 2 coatings from aqueous methanesulfonic acid for the electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants Electrochem Commun 12 2010 70 74
34. Y. Zhu, S. Murali, W. Cai, X. Li, J.W. Suk, and J.R. Potts Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications Adv Mater 22 2010 3906 3924
35. W.S. Hummers, and R.E. Offeman Preparation of graphitic oxide J Am Chem Soc 80 1958 1339
36. C. Gomez-Navarro, R.T. Weitz, A.M. Bittner, M. Scolari, A. Mews, and M. Burghard Electronic transport properties of individual chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets Nano Lett 7 2007 3499 3503
37. H.A. Becerril, J. Man, Z. Liu, R.M. Stoltenberg, Z. Bao, and Y. Chen Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors ACS Nano 2 2008 463 470
38. G. Eda, G. Fanchini, and M. Chhowalla Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material Nat Nanotechnol 3 2008 270 274
39. C.-G. Lee, S. Park, R.S. Ruoff, and A. Dodabalapur Integration of reduced graphene oxide into organic field-effect transistors as conducting electrodes and as a metal modification layer Appl Phys Lett 95 2009 023304 023306
40. A.B. Bourlinos, D. Gournis, D. Petridis, T. Szabo, A. Szeri, and I. Dekany Graphite oxide: chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with aliphatic amines and amino acids Langmuir 19 2003 6050 6055
41. H.-J. Shin, K.K. Kim, A. Benayad, S.-M. Yoon, H.K. Park, and I.-S. Jung Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance Adv Funct Mater 19 2009 1987 1992
42. S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, X.Q. Chen, N.Q. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) J Mater Chem 16 2006 155 158
43. S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, and Y. Jia Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide Carbon 45 2007 1558 1565
44. Z. Zalan, L. Lazar, and F. Fueloep Chemistry of hydrazinoalcohols and their heterocyclic derivatives. Part 1: Synthesis of hydrazinoalcohols Curr Org Chem 9 2005 357 376
45. D. Li, M.B. Muller, S. Gilje, R.B. Kaner, and G.G. Wallace Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets Nat Nanotechnol 3 2008 101 105
46. S. Wang, P.J. Chia, L.L. Chua, L.H. Zhao, R.Q. Png, and S. Sivaramakrishnan Band-like transport in surface-functionalized highly solution-processable graphene nanosheets Adv Mater 20 2008 3440 3446
47. Z.-S. Wu, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, C. Jiang, and H.-M. Cheng Synthesis of high-quality graphene with a pre-determined number of layers Carbon 47 2009 493 499
48. X. Fan, W. Peng, Y. Li, X. Li, S. Wang, and G. Zhang Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: a green route to graphene preparation Adv Mater 20 2008 4490 4493
49. S. Dubin, S. Gilje, K. Wang, V.C. Tung, K. Cha, and A.S. Hall A one-step, solvothermal reduction method for producing reduced graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents ACS Nano 4 2010 3845 3852
50. I. Jung, D. Dikin, S. Park, W. Cai, S.L. Mielke, and R.S. Ruoff Effect of water vapor on electrical properties of individual reduced graphene oxide sheets J Phys Chem C 112 2008 20264 20268
51. D.R. Dreyer, S. Park, C.W. Bielawski, and R.S. Ruoff The chemistry of graphene oxide Chem Soc Rev 39 2010 228 240
52. D.C. Schafhaeutl Ueber die Verbindungen des Kohlenstoffes mit Silicium, Eisen und anderen Metallen, welche die verschiedenen Gallungen von Roheisen, Stahl und Schmiedeeisen bilden J Prakt Chem 21 1840 129 157
53. G. Eichinger, and J.O. Besenhard High energy density lithium cells. Part II: Cathodes and complete cells J Electroanal Chem 72 1976 1 31
54. M. Noel, and R. Santhanam Electrochemistry of graphite intercalation compounds J Power Sources 72 1998 53 65
55. D.D.L. Chung Exfoliation of graphite J Mater Sci 22 1987 4190 4198
56. A. Jnioui, A. Metrot, and A. Storck Electrochemical production of graphite salts using a three-dimensional electrode of graphite particles Electrochim Acta 27 1982 1247 1252
57. Y. Takada, and R. Fujii The electrochemical formation of graphite intercalation compound in γ-butyrolactone Tanso 122 1985 110 113
58. M. Noel, R. Santhanam, and M.F. Flora Effect of polypyrrole film on the stability and electrochemical activity of fluoride based graphite intercalation compounds in HF media J Appl Electrochem 24 1994 455 459
59. H. Takenaka, M. Kawaguchi, M. Lerner, and N. Bartlett Synthesis and characterization of graphite fluorides by electrochemical fluorination in aqueous and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1987 1431 1432
60. M. Inagaki, N. Iwashita, Z.D. Wang, and Y. Maeda Electrochemical synthesis of graphite intercalation compounds with nickel and hydroxides Synth Met 26 1988 41 47
61. E. Stumpp, P. Schuber, and E. Ehrhardt Preparation of metal halide graphite intercalation compounds by intercalate exchange Synth Met 34 1989 73 78
62. D.C. Alsmeyer, and R.L. McCreery In situ Raman monitoring of electrochemical graphite intercalation and lattice damage in mild aqueous acids Anal Chem 64 1992 1528 1533
63. J. Zhang, and E. Wang STM investigation of HOPG superperiodic features caused by electrochemical pretreatment J Electroanal Chem 399 1995 83 89
64. K.W. Hathcock, J.C. Brumfield, C.A. Goss, E.A. Irene, and R.W. Murray Incipient electrochemical oxidation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite: correlation between surface blistering and electrolyte anion intercalation Anal Chem 67 1995 2201 2206
65. 3 - graphite intercalation compound Synth Metal 73 1995 21 25
66. E. Bourelle, B. Claude-Montigny, and A. Metrot Electrochemical exfoliation of HOPG in formic-sulfuric acid mixtures Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 310 1998 321 326
67. D. Alliata, P. Häring, O. Haas, R. Kötz, and H. Siegenthaler Anion intercalation into highly oriented pyrolytic graphite studied by electrochemical atomic force microscopy Electrochem Commun 1 1999 5 9
68. B. Schnyder, D. Alliata, R. Kötz, and H. Siegenthaler Electrochemical intercalation of perchlorate ions in HOPG: an SFM/LFM and XPS study Appl Surface Sci 173 2001 221 232
69. M. Toyoda, H. Katoh, and M. Inagaki Intercalation of nitric acid into carbon fibers Carbon 39 2001 2231 2237
70. M. Toyoda, A. Shimizu, H. Iwata, and M. Inagaki Exfoliation of carbon fibers through intercalation compounds synthesized electrochemically Carbon 39 2001 1697 1707
71. M. Toyoda, J. Sedlacik, and M. Inagaki Intercalation of formic acid into carbon fibers and their exfoliation Synth Metal 130 2002 39 43
72. H.-S. Choo, T. Kinumoto, S.-K. Jeong, Y. Iriyama, T. Abe, and Z. Ogumi Mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in sulfuric acid solution J Electrochem Soc 154 2007 B1017 B1023
73. 3 system Inorg Mater 36 2000 214 218
74. 4 electrolyte with different concentrations J Phys Chem Solid 65 2004 219 222
75. M. Toyoda, A. Yoshinaga, Y. Amao, H. Takagi, Y. Soneda, and M. Inagaki Preparation of intercalation compounds of carbon fibers through electrolysis using phosphoric acid electrolyte and their exfoliation J Phys Chem Solid 67 2006 1178 1181
76. P.R. Singh, and X. Zeng Size-dependent intercalation of ions into highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in ionic liquids: an electrochemical atomic force microscopy study J Phys Chem C 115 2011 17429 17439
77. J.M. Friedrich, C. Ponce-de-León, G.W. Reade, and F.C. Walsh Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material J Electroanal Chem 561 2004 203 217
78. M.H. Chakrabarti, and E.P.L. Roberts Electrochemical separation of ferro/ferricyanide using a membrane free redox flow cell NED Univ J Res 5 2008 43 59
79. M.H. Chakrabarti, R.A.W. Dryfe, and E.P.L. Roberts Organic electrolytes for redox flow batteries J Chem Soc Pak 29 2007 294 300
80. W.K. Hsu, J.P. Hare, M. Terrones, H.W. Kroto, D.R.M. Walton, and P.J.F. Harris Condensed-phase nanotubes Nature 377 1995 687 689
81. G.Z. Chen, X. Fan, A. Luget, M.S.P. Shaffer, and D.J. Fray Electrolytic conversion of graphite to carbon nanotubes in fused salts J Electroanal Chem 446 1998 1 6
82. Q. Xu, C. Schwandt, G.Z. Chen, and D.J. Fray Electrochemical investigation of lithium intercalation into graphite from molten lithium chloride J Electroanal Chem 530 2002 16 22
83. N. Liu, F. Luo, H. Wu, Y. Liu, C. Zhang, and J. Chen One-step ionic liquid-assisted electrochemical synthesis of ionic-liquid-functionalized graphene sheets directly from graphite Adv Funct Mater 18 2008 1518 1525
84. X. You, J.H. Chang, B.K. Ju, and J.J. Pak An electrochemical route to graphene oxide J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11 2011 5965 5968
85. J. Lu, J.X. Yang, J. Wang, A. Lim, S. Wang, and K.P. Loh One-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoribbons, nanoparticles, and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite in ionic liquids ACS Nano 3 2009 2367 2375
86. B. Qi, L. He, X. Bo, H. Yang, and L. Guo Electrochemical preparation of free-standing few-layer graphene through oxidation-reduction cycling Chem Eng J 171 2011 340 344
87. S.-H. Lee, S.-D. Seo, Y.-H. Jin, H.-W. Shim, and D.-W. Kim A graphite foil electrode covered with electrochemically exfoliated graphene nanosheets Electrochem Commun 12 2010 1419 1422
88. M. Sima, I. Enculescu, and A. Sima Preparation of graphene and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells Optoelectron Adv Mater 5 2011 414 418
89. W. Zhang, Y. Zeng, N. Xiao, H.H. Hng, and Q. Yan One-step electrochemical preparation of graphene-based heterostructures for Li storage J Mater Chem 22 2012 8455 8461
90. V.S. Dilimon, and S. Sampath Electrochemical preparation of few layer-graphene nanosheets via reduction of oriented exfoliated graphene oxide thin films in acetamide-urea-ammonium nitrate melt under ambient conditions Thin Solid Films 519 2011 2323 2327
91. F.-R.F. Fan, S. Park, Y. Zhu, R.S. Ruoff, and A.J. Bard Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of partially oxidized highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces and of graphene oxide nanoparticles J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 937 939
92. Y. Li, Y. Hu, Y. Zhao, G. Shi, L. Deng, and Y. Hou An electrochemical avenue to green-luminescent graphene quantum dots as potential electron-acceptors for photovoltaics Adv Mater 23 2011 776 780
93. X. Michalet, F.F. Pinaud, L.A. Bentolila, J.M. Tsay, S. Doose, and J.J. Li Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics Science 307 2005 538 544
94. Q. Xu, C. Schwandt, and D.J. Fray Electrochemical investigation of lithium and tin reduction at a graphite cathode in molten chlorides J Electroanal Chem 562 2004 15 21
95. H. Zheng, K. Jiang, T. Abe, and Z. Ogumi Electrochemical intercalation of lithium into a natural graphite anode in quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquid electrolytes Carbon 44 2006 203 210
96. A. Bonanni, and M. Pumera Surfactants used for dispersion of graphenes exhibit strong influence on electrochemical impedance spectroscopic response Electrochem Commun 16 2012 19 21
97. A.T. Valota, I.A. Kinloch, K.S. Novoselov, C. Casiraghi, A. Eckmann, and E.W. Hill Electrochemical behavior of monolayer and bilayer graphene ACS Nano 5 2011 8809 8815
98. M. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Zhai, J. Zhai, W. Ren, and F. Wang Controlled synthesis of large-area and patterned electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films Chem Eur J 15 2009 6116 6120
99. Z. Wang, X. Zhou, J. Zhang, F. Boey, and H. Zhang Direct electrochemical reduction of single-layer graphene oxide and subsequent functionalization with glucose oxidase J Phys Chem C 113 2009 14071 14075
100. X.-Y. Peng, X.-X. Liu, D. Diamond, and K.T. Lau Synthesis of electrochemically-reduced graphene oxide film with controllable size and thickness and its use in supercapacitor Carbon 49 2011 3488 3496
101. G.K. Ramesha, and S. Sampath Electrochemical reduction of oriented graphene oxide films: an in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study J Phys Chem C 113 2009 7985 7989
102. Y. Harima, S. Setodoi, I. Imae, K. Komaguchi, Y. Ooyama, and J. Ohshita Electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide in organic solvents Electrochim Acta 56 2011 5363 5368
103. 2 nanocomposites for supercapacitors ACS Nano 4 2010 2822 2830
104. 2/graphene oxide nanocomposite Talanta 82 2010 1637 1641
105. 2 nanowall hybrids Nano Res 4 2011 648 657
106. A.P. Abbott, G. Capper, K.J. McKenzie, and K.S. Ryder Electrodeposition of zinc-tin alloys from deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride J Electroanal Chem 599 2007 288 294
107. M. Hayyan, F.S. Mjalli, M.A. Hashim, I.M. AlNashef, S.M. Al-Zahrani, and K.L. Chooi Long term stability of superoxide ion in piperidinium, pyrrolidinium and phosphonium cations-based ionic liquids and its utilization in the destruction of chlorobenzenes J Electroanal Chem 664 2012 26 32
108. I.M. AlNashef, M.L. Leonard, M.C. Kittle, M.A. Matthews, and J.W. Weidner Electrochemical generation of superoxide in room-temperature ionic liquids Electrochem Solid State Let 4 2001 D16 D18
109. M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M.H. Chakrabarti, S.A. Hajimolana, F.S. Mjalli, and M. Saleem Progress in flow battery research and development J Electrochem Soc 158 2011 R55 R79
110. Zhamu A, Jang J, Jang BZ. Electrochemical method of producing nano-scaled graphene platelets. US Patent 0026086, 2009.
111. J.C. Meyer, A.K. Geim, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, and S. Roth The structure of suspended graphene nanosheets Nature 446 2007 60 63
112. Z. Fan, Q. Zhao, T. Li, J. Yan, Y. Ren, and J. Feng Easy synthesis of porous graphene nanosheets and their use in supercapacitors Carbon 50 2012 1699 1703
113. F. Varchon, P. Mallet, L. Magaud, and J.Y. Veuillen Rotational disorder in few-layer graphene films on 6H-SiC(000-1): a scanning tunneling microscopy study Phys Rev B 77 2008 165415 165419
114. P. Khanra, T. Kuila, S.H. Bae, N.H. Kim, and J.H. Lee Electrochemically exfoliated graphene using 9-anthracene carboxylic acid for supercapacitor application J Mater Chem 2012 10.1039/C2JM34838A
115. X.L. Li, X.R. Wang, L. Zhang, S.W. Lee, and H.J. Dai Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors Science 319 2008 1229 1232
116. D.Y. Pan, J.C. Zhang, Z. Li, and M.H. Wu Hydrothermal route for cutting graphene sheets into blue-luminescent graphene quantum dots Adv Mater 22 2010 734 738
117. L.G. Cancado, K. Takai, T. Enoki, M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, and H. Mizusaki Measuring the degree of stacking order in graphite by Raman spectroscopy Carbon 46 2008 272 275
118. 2 J Appl Phys 48 1977 1914 1920
119. K. Müllen, and J.P. Rabe Nanographenes as active components of single-molecule electronics and how a scanning tunneling microscope puts them to work Acc Chem Res 41 2008 511 520
120. D.W. Boukhvalov, and M.I. Katnelson Modeling of graphite oxide J Am Chem Soc 130 2008 10697 10701
121. J. Hou, Y. Shao, M.W. Ellis, R.B. Moore, and B. Yi Graphene-based electrochemical energy conversion and storage: fuel cells, supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries Phys Chem Chem Phys 13 2011 15384 15402
122. 2 composite electrodes for supercapacitors Carbon 49 2011 2917 2925
123. J. Wang, H. Yin, X. Meng, J. Zhu, and S. Ai Preparation of the mixture of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanospheres with high adsorptivity by electrolyzing graphite rod and its application in hydroquinone detection J Electroanal Chem 662 2011 317 321
124. D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, E.J. Zimney, R.D. Piner, G.H.B. Dommett, and G. Evmenenko Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper Nature 448 2007 457 460
125. N. Shang, P. Papakonstantinou, P. Wang, and S.R.P. Silva Nanocomposite graphene-based material for fuel cell applications J Phys Chem C 114 2010 15837 15841
126. J.-D. Qiu, G.-C. Wang, R.-P. Liang, X.-H. Xia, and H.-W. Yu Controllable deposition of platinum nanoparticles on graphene as an electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells J Phys Chem C 115 2011 15639 15645
127. 3+ redox couples for a vanadium redox flow battery Carbon 49 2011 693 700
128. A.A. Elzatahry, A.M. Abdullah, T.A.S. El-Din, A.M. Al-Enizi, A.A. Maarouf, and A. Galal Nanocomposite graphene-based material for fuel cell applications Int J Electrochem Sci 7 2012 3115 3126
129. M.H. Chakrabarti, E.P.L. Roberts, C.H. Bae, and M. Saleem Ruthenium based redox flow battery for solar energy storage Energy Conv Manage 52 2011 2501 2508
130. C.-T. Hsieh, J.-M. Wei, H.-T. Hsiao, and W.-Y. Chen Fabrication of flower-like platinum clusters onto graphene sheets by pulse electrochemical deposition Electrochim Acta 64 2012 177 182
131. C.H. Bae, E.P.L. Roberts, M.H. Chakrabarti, and M. Saleem All-chromium redox flow battery for renewable energy storage Int J Green Energy 8 2011 248 264
132. H.-M. Tsai, S.-Y. Yang, C.-C.M. Ma, and X. Xie Preparation and electrochemical properties of graphene-modified electrodes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries Electroanalysis 23 2011 2139 2143
133. H.F. Dong, W.C. Gao, F. Yan, H.X. Ji, and H.X. Ju Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between quantum dots and graphene oxide for sensing biomolecules Anal Chem 82 2010 5511 5517
134. X.M. Geng, L. Niu, Z.Y. Xing, R.S. Song, G.T. Liu, and M.T. Sun Aqueous-processable noncovalent chemically converted graphene-quantum dot composites for flexible and transparent optoelectronic films Adv Mater 22 2010 638 642
135. Y. Wang, H.B. Yao, X.H. Wang, and S.H. Yu One-pot facile decoration of CdSe quantum dots on graphene nanosheets: novel graphene-CdSe nanocomposites with tunable fluorescent properties J Mater Chem 21 2011 562 566
136. Z. Chen, S. Berciaud, C. Nuckolls, T.F. Heinz, and L.E. Brus Energy transfer from individual semiconductor nanocrystals to graphene ACS Nano 4 2010 2964 2968
137. S. Krishnamurthy, I.V. Lightcap, and P.V. Kamat Electron transfer between methyl viologen radicals and graphene oxide: reduction, electron storage and discharge J Photo Chem Photobiol A Chem 221 2011 214 219
138. Y. Shao, J. Wang, H. Wu, J. Liu, I.A. Aksay, and Y. Lin Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review Electroanalysis 22 2010 1027 1036
139. F.Y. Ban, S.R. Majid, N.M. Huang, and H.N. Lim Graphene oxide and its electrochemical performance Int J Electrochem Sci 7 2012 4345 4351
140. W. Choi, I. Lahiri, R. Seelaboyina, and Y.S. Kang Synthesis of graphene and its applications: a review Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 35 2010 52 71
141. 3 electrocatalyst supported on graphene for enhancing reactions at the cathode in all-vanadium redox flow batteries Carbon 50 2012 2372 2374
142. X. Li, C.W. Magnuson, A. Venugopal, R.M. Tromp, J.B. Hannon, and E.M. Vogel Large-area graphene single crystals grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of methane on copper J Am Chem Soc 133 2011 2816 2819
143. D.A.C. Brownson, and C.E. Banks Graphene electrochemistry: fabricating amperometric biosensors Analyst 136 2011 2084 2089
144. D.L. Nika, and A.A. Balandin Two-dimensional phonon transport in graphene J Phys Condens Matter 24 2012 233203 233220
145. D.C. Elias, R.R. Nair, T.M.G. Mohiuddin, S.V. Morozov, P. Blake, and M.P. Halsall Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation: evidence for graphane Science 323 2009 610 613